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Basic Mathematics: Wasantha Disanayake
Basic Mathematics: Wasantha Disanayake
Basic Mathematics
1. Algebra
1. Binomial Expansion
We learnt the following expansions in G.C.E. (O/L)
( + ) , ( − ) , ( + ) and ( − )
v. ( + − )
(03) Given that + = 4 and = 5 find the value of (i) + and (ii) +
1 1 1
4. (2 +5 ) 5. + 6. −
2 1 2
7. − 8. − 9. (4 −3 )
2
10. ( +2 ) 11. (2 − ) 12. (3 + 2 )
1 1
13. + 14. − 15. ( −2 )
25. Evaluate
(i) 101 (ii) 198 (iii) 401 (iv) 999
26. Evaluate
27. Evaluate
(a) 51 + 3 × 51 × 49 + 3 × 51 × 49 + 49
(b) 101 − 3 × 1012 × 99 + 3 × 101 × 99 − 99
1 1
29. If + = , find the values of (a) + 2 and (b) + 3 in terms of a.
3
40. If ( + ) = , show that + +3 = 3 3
2. Factorization
Factorization of algebraic expression
2.1 Trinomials
Examples for trinomials.
Ex:- − 5 − 6, 2 −5 −3 , 3 −5 −2
Difference of squares. −
− = − + −
= ( − )+ ( − )
= ( − )( + )
− = ( − )( + )
(01) Factorise: −
(02) Factorise: −1
(03) Factorise: +4
(04) Factorise: 1 − +2 −
Factorizing + and −
Consider the product ( + )( − + )
( + )( − + )
= ( − + )+ ( − + )
= − + + − +
= +
Therefore + = ( + )( − + )
+ = ( + )( − + )
− = ( − )( + + )
(01) Factorise: 81 −3
1
(02) Factorise: + 3
(04) Factorise: 8 +( + )
(05) Factorise: − 27( − )
(06) Factorise: ( + ) +
Write the expansion of ( + ) and show that + =( + ) −3 ( + )
Using the above results factorise + + −3
(07) Factorise:
1. − −6 2. + 4 − 96
3. +5 −6 4. − 4 − 12
5. + − 42 6. − 9 + 18
7. 2 +5 +3 8. 2 −5 +3
9. 2 +5 −3 10. 2 −5 −3
11. 10 − 7 − 12 12. 15 + −2
13. 18 − 33 − 216 14. 6 − 55 + 126
15. 2 −5 +3 16. 6 −5 −6
17. 4 +8 +3 18. 2 − 27 + 13
19. 40 + 49 − 24 20. 32 − 36 − 35
21. 24 − 17 − 20 22. 18 −3 − 10
23. ( − 3 ) − 38( − 3 ) − 80 24. ( + + ) − 3( + + ) − 28
25. 2( + ) − 3( + ) − 27 26. 6( + ) − 5( − ) − 6( − )
27. + − ( − 1)( − 2) 28. − − ( − 1)( − 2)
29. − + +1 30. +2 + ( + )( − )
31. +( − 1) − 32. + − (6 −5 + )
33. 4( − ) − 8( − )−5
34. 10( + 2 ) + 21( + 2 )(2 − ) − 10(2 − )
35. 2(2 + ) − 5(2 + )( − 2 ) + 3( − 2 )
(08) Factorise:
1
1. −4 2. − 3. − 2
4. − 5. 4−9 6. ( −4 ) −9
7. 16 − ( + ) 8. 9−( − ) 9. 12 −3
25. + +1 26. 4 + 11 +9
(09) Evaluate:
1. 100 − 99 2. 94 − 36 3. 12.38 − 7.62
4. 6.2 − 3.8 5. 100 × 99 + 1 6. 11.7 × 9.3 + 8.3 × 9.3
7. √148 × 140 + 16 8. 319 − 318 × 320 9. 12.5 − 13 × 12
10. 103 × 97
(10) Factorise:
1. +8 2. 27 − 3. 125 − 64
1 1
4. 8 − 5. + 3 6. − 3
7. + 8. − 9. +( + )
3. Algebraic Fractions
Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.)
Lowest common Multiple of simple polynomials can be easily found resolved into their
elementary factors.
i. Find the L.C.M. of 8 , 12 , and 18
ii. Find the L.C.M. of 2 − 8, 3 + 3 − 6 and 6 − 6 − 12
i. −( )
ii. − +
iii. + −
iv. + −
v. + −1
vi.
vii. Simplify × ×
viii.
( )
÷
1+ 1+2
ix. Given that = 2 −1 and = 1− . Find in terms of only.
x. Simplify.
(a) + +
(b) +
(c) − −
1 2 −3 −2
(e) − 1− − 2 −1
(f) − +
(g) − −
(h) −
(i) + −
(j) − +
(k) + +
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
(l) + +
( )( )
(m) ×
(n) × ×
( ) ( )
(o) × ×
(p) − ÷ −
(q) 2− ÷ 2+
(r) − ÷ −
1 1
(s) If = + and = − , find in terms of .
1−
(t) If = 1+ , express in terms of .
1+ 1−
(u) If = 1− and = 1+ find in terms of .
+ =−
+ + =− +
2 2
−4
+ =
2 4
−4
+ =±
2 4
− ±√ −4
=
2
− −√ −4 − +√ −4
= , =
2 2
(b) Solve: + =
(01) Solve: 6 2+ 1 + 35 +1 + 62 = 0
2
(02) Solve: 2 +1 −3 −1 =8
(05) Solve: √4 − 2 + √2 + 3 = 6 ≥
(b) − =
(c) − =2
(d) − − =
4( −3) −2
(e) 6 − 3
= 5
(f) +2= −
(g) − =2
(i) − =
(j) − = +1
(i)
( )( )
+( )( )
−( )( )
=0
(j)
( )( )
−( )( )
=( )( )
(k)
( )
−( )
−
(l) − −
(p) − =0
4. +5 +6=0
1 1
5. 3 ( + 7)2 + ( + 7) 2 = 10
6. + 4√ = 12
7. + 3√5 = 50
1 1 3
8. 2 − 2 =2
1 2
9. 3 + 3 =2
2 2
10. 9 3 +4 3 = 37
11. + = 12
12. + =2
13. = −
1 1
15. 2 + −7 + +6 =0
1 1
16. 9 + 2 − 27 + +8=0
1 1
17. + 2 −5 + +4=0
1 1
18. 3 + 2 − 16 + + 26 = 0
1 1
19. 2 + 2 −9 − + 14 = 0
1 1
20. 8 + 2 − 42 − + 29 = 0
1 2 1
21. − −3 − =8
22. 3 +3 = 10
23. 5 +5 =5 +5
24. 4 +4 = 10
25. √ + 2 + √ + 9 = 7
26. 2√ + 1 − 3√2 − 5 = √ − 2
27. √3 − 5 − √2 − 5 = 1
28. 2 = 65(2 − 1) + 57
29. ( − 6)( − 5)( + 1)( + 2) = 144
29
30. − +2 + = 4
10. Solve.
i. +2 =4 ii. 3 −2 =7
3 +5 =9 2 − 5 = 12
iii. 5 − 3 = 18 iv. 53 + 47 = 59
3 = 11 + 2 47 + 53 = 41
v. −2 1 vi. 2 1
= + = 18
3
1 1 2
= − = −1
+1 2
vii. 2 3 viii. 3 2
+ = −5 − =2
3 5 9 4
− = 21 − =1
ix. 2 x. 5
5 − =9 4 + =3
5 4
2 − = 12 3 − = 10
xiii. − = − = − xiv. −1 +2 2 +2
= =
2 3 9
xv. ( + ) +( − ) =2
( − ) +( + ) =2
11. Solve.
i. −2 =1 ii. −2 =1
=2 + −2 +2 = 25
iii. 2 +3 =5 iv. + =4
+2 = 10 + − =8
v. 3 + 2 = 25 vi. 2 −3 =2
=4 4 −4 − 18 =5
vii. − =7 viii. 4 −3 = 13
− =5 5 + 2 = 18
ix. + − +6 −1 =0 x. + =2
3 +5 −2 =0 +2 +3 + 4 + 5 = 15
xi. −2 − = 14 xii. − +3 = 15
2 +3 + = −2 3 −2 = −5
xv. ( + 3) = 4 xvi. − 2 + 3 = 17
3 ( − 4) = 5 2 + + 5 = 17
3 −4 −2 =1
xvii. 2 + 3 − 4 = 10 xviii. + 3 − 2 = 19
4 −5 +3 =2 3 − − =7
2 + =8 −2 + 5 + =2
xix. 4 + 3 − 2 = 11
3 − 7 + 3 = 10
9 −8 +5 =8
= =
index, exponent
base
An equation in which the variable is an exponent is called exponential equation.
For example 2 = 32 is an exponential equation.
Solve: (a) 2 = 10 × 5
(b) 16 = 1/8
5.1. Logarithm
Consider = 3 . It will be observed that y must be positive for all real values of x.
When = 2, =9 = 0, =1
1
= 3, = 27 = −4, = 81
i.e; 3 = ⇔ log =
In general, if = , ( > 0, > 0) then is called the logarithm of to the base and is
written as log =
= ⇔ = , , > , ≠
For example:
2 = 32 ⇔ log 32 = 5
3 = ⇔ log = −4
= ⇔ log =5
= ⇔ log =1
= +
= −
= where p is rational.
log = ⇔ =
log = ⇔ =
(a) = × = ⇔ log = +
= + = +
−
(b) = = ⇔ log = −
= − = −
(c) =( ) =
= =
3. Solve:
3 log + log 96 = 2 log 9 + log 4
4 log + 6 log 3 = log 625 + log 9
+
(a) (b) (c)
( ) +
(04) Simplify.
4 1 27
× ×
9 3 8
(05) Solve:
1
(a) 3 = 243 (b) 16 =
8
1
(c) 4 = (d) 27 = 3×9
2
(e) 3 =9 (f) 9 −4×3 +3 =0
log 8
(c) (d) 3 log 2 + 2 log 5 − log 2
log 4
+ 1 1
(12) If + =7 , show that log = 2 log + 2 log
3
+ 1 1
(13) If log = 2 log + 2 log , prove that =
2
(15) If , , are any consecutive three positive integers, prove that log(1 + ) = 2 log
as : = : .
Here , , , are called proportional.
Properties of proportions.
If : = : , then
+ +
=
− −
=
+ +
=
− −
Let = =
⇒ = and =
( )
(a) = = = +1
+ + ( + 1)
= = = +1
Hence, =
( )
(b) = = = −1
− − ( − 1)
= = = −1
Hence, =
( ) ( )
(c) = = ( )
=( )
+ + ( + 1) ( + 1)
= = =
− − ( − 1) ( − 1)
Hence, =
i.e., If = , then = =
Let = =
⇒ = and =
+ + ( + )
= = =
+ + ( + )
Hence, = =
3. If = , show that =
6
6. If = + find the value of +
7. If : = 5: 3 and : = 4: 5 find : :
If : = 3: 4 and : = 4: 5 find : :
8. If : = 7: 5 find 5 − 2 : 3 + 2
9. If 3 + 5 : 5 + 12 = 11: 12 find :
10. If 5 − :2 − = 6: 1 find :
11. If : = : , prove that
(a) (2 + 3 ): (2 + 3 ) = (2 − 3 ): (2 − 3 )
(b) (3 + 5 ): (3 − 5 ) = (3 + 5 ): (3 − 5 )
2
13. If = + find the value of +
(a) = (b) =