Aimstutorial 2B Laq Saq

AIMSTUTORIAL MATHEMAITCS -2B
2B AIMSTUTORIAL MATHEMAITCS -2B

2B
1. Find the equation of the circle passing through points (3, 4), (3, 2), and (1, 4)
Sol: Let A (3, 4), B (3, 2), and C (1, 4) Let the required eq’’n of the circle be Solving eq’’n (2) & (3)
𝟐 𝟐
𝐒 ≡ 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲 + 𝐜 = 𝟎 ….(*)
A (3, 4) lies on (*) 6g + 4f + c + 13 = 0

( ) + 2f(4) + c = 0
⇨ (3) + (4) + 2g(3) 2g + 8f + c + 17 = 0
9 + 16 + 6g + 8f + c = 0 4g − 4f − 4 = 0 {{÷ by 4}
𝟔𝐠 + 𝟖𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟏)
⇨𝐠 − 𝐟 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 … … … . ((𝟓)
B (3, 2) lies on (*) Solving eq’’n (4) & (5)
( ) + 2f(2) + c = 0
⇨ (3) + (2) + 2g(3) ⇨g − (−3) − 1 = 0
9 + 4 + 6g + 4f + c = 0 ⇨g + 3 − 1 = 0
𝟔𝐠 + 𝟒𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟐) ⇨g + 2 = 0
𝐠 = −𝟐
C (1, 4) lies on (*) Sub ′g′ and ′f′ values in eq’n (1)
( ) + 2f(4) + c = 0
⇨ (1) + (4) + 2g(1) ⇨ 6(−2) + 8(−3) + c + 25 = 0
1 + 16 + 2g + 8f + c = 0 ⇨−12 − 24 + 25 + c = 0 ⇨ c = 11
𝟐𝐠 + 𝟖𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟑) sub the values of ′g′ , ′f′ and ′c′ in (∗)
Solving eq’’n (1) & (2) (−3)y + (11) = 0
x + y + 2(−2)x + 2(−
6g + 8f + c + 25 = 0
∴ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝐲 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎
6g + 4f + c + 13 = 0
0 + 4f + 12 = 0 {÷ by 4
4}
⇨ 𝐟 = −𝟑 … … … . (𝟒)
Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

2B
2. Show that the points (1, 1), ((-6, 0), (-2, 2) and (-2, -8)
8) are concyclic.
Sol: Let A (1, 1), B (-6,
6, 0), C ((-2, 2) and D (-2, -8) Solving eq’’n (2) & (3)
Let the required eq’’n of the circle be −12g + 0 + c + 36 = 0
𝐒 ≡ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲 + 𝐜 = 𝟎 …(*) −4g + 4f + c + 8 = 0
A (1, 1) lies on (*) −8g − 4f + 28 = 0 {÷ by − 4}
( ) + 2f(1) + c = 0
⇨ (1) + (1) + 2g(1) ⇨𝟐𝐠 + 𝐟 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟓)
1 + 1 + 2g + 2f + c = 0
𝟐𝐠 + 𝟐𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟏) Solving eq’’n (4) & (5)
7 1 -17 7
B (-6, 0) lies on (*) 2 1 -7 2
( 6) + 2f(0) + c = 0
⇨ (−6) + (0) + 2g(−6
36 + 0 − 12g + 0 + c = 0 (g, f)= , = , = (2, 3)
−𝟏𝟐𝐠 + 𝟎 + 𝐜 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟐) Sub ′g and ′f values in eq’n (1)
⇨ 2(2) + 2(3) + c + 2 = 0
C (-2, 2) lies on (*) ⇨4 + 6 + 2 + c = 0 ⇨ c = −12
( 2) + 2f(4) + c = 0
⇨ (−2) + (2) + 2g(−2 sub the values of ′g′ , ′f′ and ′c′ in (∗)
4 + 4 − 4g + 4f + c = 0 ( )y + (−12) = 0
x + y + 2(2)x + 2(3)y
−𝟒𝐠 + 𝟒𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟖 = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟑)
∴ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
Solving eq’’n (1) & (2)
Since D (-2, -8)
8) also lies on (*)
2g + 2f + c + 2 = 0
⇨ (−2) + (−8) + 4(−
−2) + 6(−8) − 12
−12g + 0 + c + 36 = 0
=4 + 64 − 8 − 48 − 12
14g + 2f − 34 = 0 {÷
÷ by 2}
= 68 − 68 = 0 ∴ Givin point are concyclic .
⇨ 𝟕𝐠 + 𝐟 − 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟒)

2B
3. Show that the points (1, 2), (3, -4), (5, -6)
6) and (19, 8) are concyclic.
Sol: Let A (1, 2), B (3, -4),
4), C (5, -6) and D (19, 8) Solving eq’’n (2) & (3)
Let the required eq’’n of the circle be 6g − 8f + c + 25 = 0
𝐒 ≡ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲 + 𝐜 = 𝟎 …(*) 10g − 12f + c + 61 = 0
A (1, 2) lies on (*) −4g + 4f − 36 = 0 {÷ by − 4}
( ) + 2f(2) + c = 0
⇨ (1) + (2) + 2g(1) ⇨𝟏𝐠 − 𝐟 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟓)
1 + 4 + 2g + 4f + c = 0
𝟐𝐠 + 𝟒𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟏) Solving eq’’n (4) & (5)
1 -3 5 1
B (3, -4) lies on (*) 1 -1 9 1
( ) + 2f(−4) + c = 0
⇨ (3) + (−4) + 2g(3)
9 + 16 + 6g − 8f + c = 0 (g, f)= , = , = (−11, −2)
𝟔𝐠 − 𝟖𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟐) Sub ′g and ′f values in eq’n (1)
⇨ 2(−11) + 4(−2) + c + 5 = 0
C (5, -6) lies on (*) ⇨−22 − 8 + 5 + c = 0 ⇨ c = 25
( ) + 2f(−6) + c = 0
⇨ (5) + (−6) + 2g(5) sub the values of ′g′ , ′f′ and ′c′ in (∗)
25 + 36 + 10g − 12f + c = 0 x + y + 2(−11)x + 2((−2)y + (25) = 0
𝟏𝟎𝐠 − 𝟏𝟐𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟔𝟏 = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟑)
∴ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝐱 − 𝟒𝐲 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎
Since D (19, 8) also lies on (*)
2g + 4f + c + 5 = 0
(19) − 4(8) + 25 = 0
⇨ (19) + (8) − 22(19
6g − 8f + c + 25 = 0
=361 + 64 − 418 − 32 + 25 = 0
−4g + 12f − 20 = 0 {÷ by − 4}
450 − 450 = 0 ∴ Givin point are concyclic .
⇨ 𝟏𝐠 − 𝟑𝐟 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟒)

2B
4. If (2, 0), (0, 1), (4, 5) and (0, c) are concyclic, and then find the value of c. Solving eq’’n (2) & (3)
Sol: Let A (2, 0), B (0, 1), C (4, 5) and D (0, c) 0 + 2f + k + 1 = 0
Let the required eq’’n of the circle be 8g + 10f + k + 41 = 0
𝐒 ≡ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲 + 𝐤 = 𝟎 …(*) −8g − 8f − 40 = 0 {÷ by − 8} ⇨𝐠 + 𝐟 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟓)
A (2, 0) lies on (*)
( ) + 2f(0) + k = 0
⇨ (2) + (0) + 2g(2) Solving eq’’n (4) & (5)
4 + 0 + 4g + 0 + k = 0 4 -2 3 4
𝟒𝐠 + 𝟎 + 𝐤 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟏) 1 1 5 1 (g, f)= , = − ,−
B (0, 1) lies on (*) Sub ′g′ and ′f values in eq’n (1) ⇨ 4(− ) + k + 4 = 0
( ) + 2f(1) + k = 0
⇨ (0) + (1) + 2g(0)
⇨k = −4= =
0 + 1 + 0 + 2f + k = 0
sub the values of ′g′ , ′f′ and ′k′ in (∗)
𝟎 + 𝟐𝐟 + 𝐤 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟐)
x +y +2 − x+2 − y+( ) = 0
C (4, 5) lies on (*)

x +y − x− y+ =0
( ) + 2f(5) + c = 0
⇨ (4) + (5) + 2g(4)
Since D (0, c) also lies on (*)
16 + 25 + 8g + 10f + k = 0
⇨ (0) + (c) − (0)) − (c) + =0
𝟖𝐠 + 𝟏𝟎𝐟 + 𝐤 + 𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟑)
⇨(c) − (c) + = 0 ⇨ 3c − 17c + 14 = 0
Solving eq’’n (1) & (2) ⇨3c − 3c − 14c + 14 = 0

4g + 0 + k + 4 = 0 ⇨3c[c − 1] − 14[c − 1] = 0
0 + 2f + k + 1 = 0 ⇨[c − 1](3c − 14) = 0
4g − 2f + 3 = 0 ⇨[c − 1] = 0 or (3c − 14
14) = 0 c = 1 or c =
⇨ 𝟒𝐠 − 𝟐𝐟 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟒)

2B
5. Find the equation of the circle whose centre llies on X-axis

axis and passing
through (-2, 3), (4, 5)
Given centre (−g, −f) lies on X − axis
Sol: Let A (-2,
2, 3), B (4, 5)
⇨Y − coordinate is zero i. e. , 𝐟 = 𝟎
Let the required eq’’n of the circle be
sub f = 0 in eq n(3)
𝐒 ≡ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲 + 𝐜 = 𝟎 …(*)
⇨3g + 0 + 7 = 0
A (-2, 3) lies on (*)
⇨3g = −7
( 2) + 2f(3) + c = 0
⇨ (−2) + (3) + 2g(−2
𝟕
⇨ 𝐠=−
4 + 9 − 4g + 6f + c = 0 𝟑
−𝟒𝐠 + 𝟔𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟏)
Sub ′g′ and ′f′ values in eq’n (1)
B (4, 5) lies on (*) ⇨ −4(− ) + 6(0) + c + 13 = 0
( ) + 2f(5) + c = 0
⇨ (4) + (5) + 2g(4) ⇨ + 13 + c = 0 ⇨ c = =−
16 + 25 + 8g + 10f + c = 0 sub the values of ′g′, ′f′ and ′c′ in (∗)
𝟖𝐠 + 𝟏𝟎𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟐)
x +y +2 − (0)y + ( − ) = 0
x + 2(0
Solving eq’’n (1) & (2) ∴ 𝟑(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 ) − 𝟏𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝟕 = 𝟎
−4g + 6f + c + 13 = 0
8g + 10f + c + 41 = 0
−12g − 4f − 28 = 0 {{÷ by − 4}
⇨ 𝟑𝐠 + 𝐟 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟑)

2B
6. Find the equation of the circle passing through points (4, 1), (6, 5)and whose
centre lies on the line 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 − 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎.
Sol: Let A (4, 1), B (6, 5) Solving eq’’n (3) & (4)
Let the required eq’’n of the circle be 1 2 11 1
𝐒 ≡ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲 + 𝐜 = 𝟎 …. .. (*) 4 3 24 4
A (4, 1) lies on (*) (g, f)= , = − ,−
( ) + 2f(1) + c = 0
⇨ (4) + (1) + 2g(4) = (−3, −4)
16 + 1 + 8g + 2f + c = 0 Sub ′g′ and ′f′ values in eq’n (1)
𝟖𝐠 + 𝟐𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟏) ⇨ 8(−3) + 2(−4) + c + 17 = 0
⇨−24 − 8 + 17 + c = 0 ⇨ c = 15
B (6, 5) lies on (*) sub the values of ′g′ , ′f′ and ′c′ in (∗)
( ) + 2f(5) + c = 0
⇨ (6) + (5) + 2g(6) (−4)y + (15) = 0
x + y + 2(−3)x + 2(−
36 + 25 + 12g + 10f + c = 0
∴ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟔𝐱 − 𝟖𝐲 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎.
𝟏𝟐𝐠 + 𝟏𝟎𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟔𝟏 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟐)
8g + 2f + c + 17 = 0
12g + 10f + c + 61 = 0
−4g − 8f − 44 = 0 {÷ by − 4}
⇨ 𝟏𝐠 + 𝟐𝐟 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟑)
Given centre (−g, −f)lieson

)lieson 4x + 3y − 24 = 0
⇨4(−g) + 3(−f) − 24 = 0
⇨𝟒𝐠 + 𝟑𝐟 + 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟒)

2B
2. Show that the points (1, 1), ((-6, 0), (-2, 2) and (-2, -8)
8) are concyclic.
1. Find the equation of the circle passing through points (3, 4), (3, 2), and Sol: Let A (1, 1), B (-6,
6, 0), C ((-2, 2) and D (-2, -8)
(1, 4)
The required eq’’n of the circle passing through A (𝑥
( , 𝑦 ), B ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ) is
Sol: Let A (3, 4), B (3, 2), and C (1, 4)
𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
The required eq’’n of the circle passing through A ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ), B ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ) is
( − 𝒚𝟏 )(𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝒌 𝒙𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝒚 𝒚𝟏 𝟏 =𝟎
𝒙 𝒚 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏
( − 𝒚𝟏 )(𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝒌 𝒙𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝒚 𝒚𝟏 𝟏 =𝟎
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 ⇨ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 6) + (𝑦
( − 1)(𝑦 − 0) + 𝑘 1 1 1 =0
−6 0 1
𝑥 𝑦 1 (0 + 6)] = 0
⇨𝑥2+6𝑥 − 1𝑥 − 6 + 𝑦 − 1𝑦 + 𝑘[𝑥(1 − 0) − 𝑦(1 + 6) + 1(0
⇨ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦
( − 4)(𝑦 − 2) + 𝑘 3 4 1 =0 ⇨𝑥2+5𝑥 − 6 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑘[𝑥(1) − 𝑦(7) + 1(6)] = 0
3 2 1
⇨𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟔 + 𝒌[𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟔] = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟏)
( − 3) +
⇨𝑥 2−3𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑦 + 8 + 𝑘[𝑥(4 − 2) − 𝑦(3
16−12=0
𝑪(−𝟐, 𝟐)𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 . . (𝟏)
⇨𝑥 2−6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 8 + 𝑘[𝑥(2) − 𝑦(0) + 1(−6)] = 0
⇨𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟕 + 𝒌[𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔] = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟏) ⇨ (−2) + 2 + 5(−2)) − 1(2) − 6 + 𝑘[−2 − 7(2) + 6] = 0
⇨ 4 + 4 − 10 − 2 − 6 + 𝑘[−16 + 6] = 0
ℎ . . (1)
𝐶(1, 4)𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ −10 = 10𝑘 ⇨𝑘 1, 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑘 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (1)
= −1
( ) + 17 + 𝑘[2(1) − 6] = 0
⇨ 1 + 4 − 6(1) − 6(4) ⇨ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6 − 1[𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 6] = 0
⇨𝒙2+𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 … … . (𝟐)
⇨ 34 − 30 − 4𝑘 = 0
4 = 4𝑘 ⇨𝑘 = 1 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑘 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝑫(−𝟐, −𝟖)
(−2) + 6(−8) − 12
⇨ (−2) + (−8) + 4(−
⇨ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 17 + 1[2𝑥 − 6] = 0 ⇨ 4 + 64 − 8 − 48 − 12
⇨ 68 − 68 = 0 ∴ 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄.

⇨𝒙2+𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎

2B
3. Show that the points (1, 2), (3, -4), (5, -6)
6) and (19, 8) are concyclic. 4. If (2, 0), (0, 1), (4, 5) and (0, c) are concyclic, and then find the value of c.
Sol: Let A (1, 2), B (3, -4),
4), C (5, -6) and D (19, 8) Sol: Let A (2, 0), B (0, 1), C (4, 5) and D (0, c)
The required eq’’n of the circle passing through A ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ), B ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ) is The required eq’’n of the circle passing through A ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ), B ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ) is
𝒙 𝒚 𝟏 𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
( − 𝒚𝟏 )(𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝒌 𝒙𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝒚 𝒚𝟏 𝟏 =𝟎 ( − 𝒚𝟏 )(𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝒌 𝒙𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝒚 𝒚𝟏 𝟏 =𝟎
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏
𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 1
⇨ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦
( − 2)(𝑦 + 4) + 𝑘 1 2 1 =0 ⇨ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 0) + (𝑦
( − 0)(𝑦 − 1) + 𝑘 2 0 1 =0
3 −4 1 0 1 1
( − 3) +
⇨𝑥 2−3𝑥 − 1𝑥 + 3 + 𝑦 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑦 − 8 + 𝑘[𝑥(2 + 4) − 𝑦(1 [𝑥(0 − 1) − 𝑦(2 − 0) + 1(2 − 0)] = 0
⇨𝑥2−2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑘[𝑥
1−4−6=0
[𝑥(−1) − 𝑦(2) + 1(2)] = 0
⇨𝑥2−2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑘[𝑥
⇨𝑥 2−4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 5 + 𝑘[𝑥(6) − 𝑦(−2) + 1(−10)] = 0
⇨𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒌[[−𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐] = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐
⇨𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓 + 𝒌[𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎] = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟏)
( )
𝑪(𝟒, 𝟓)𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 . . (𝟏)

𝑪(𝟓, −𝟔)𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 . . (𝟏)
⇨ (4) + (5) − 2(4)) − 1(5) + 𝑘[−1(4) − 2(5) + 2] = 0

( ) + 2(−6) − 5 + 𝑘[6(5) + 2(−6) − 10
⇨ (5) + (−6) − 4(5) 10] = 0
[−4 − 10 + 2] = 0
⇨ 16 + 25 − 8 − 5 + 𝑘[−
⇨ 25 + 36 − 20 − 12 − 5 + 𝑘[30 − 12 − 10] = 0
28 = 12𝑘 ⇨𝑘 = , 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑘 = 𝑖𝑛 (1)
24 = −8𝑘 ⇨𝑘 = −3, 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑘 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (1)
⇨ (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦)) + [−𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2] = 0 ⇨ 3c − 17c + 14 = 0
⇨ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 − 3[6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 10] = 0
⇨3c − 3c − 14c + 14 = 0
⇨𝑥 2+𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 − 18𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 30 = 0 ⇨3(𝑥2+𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦) − 7𝑥 − 14𝑦 + 14 = 0 = 0
⇨3c[c − 1] − 14[c − 1] = 0
⇨𝒙2+𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟐) ⇨𝟑𝒙2+𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎 … … (𝟐)
⇨[𝑐 − 1]](3𝑐 − 14) = 0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄.
⇨[𝑐 − 1]] = 0 𝑜𝑟 (3𝑐 − 14) = 0
𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝑫(𝟏𝟗, 𝟖) ⇨ (19
19) + (8) − 22(19) − 4(8) + 25 𝑫(𝟎, 𝒄 ) 𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒏 (𝟐)
𝑐 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑐 =
⇨ 361 + 64 − 418 − 32 + 25 (0) − 17(𝑐) + 14 = 0
⇨ 3(0) + 3(𝑐) − 13(0
⇨ 450 − 450 = 0 ∴ 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄.

2B
5. Find the equation of the circle whose centre lies on X

X-axis
axis and passing 6. 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬 (𝟒, 𝟏), (𝟔, 𝟓)
through (-2, 3), (4, 5) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 − 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎𝟎.
Sol: Let A (-2,
2, 3), B (4, 5) The required eq’’n of the circle passing through A (𝑥 , 𝑦 ), B ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ) is
The required eq’’n of the circle passing through A ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ), B ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ) is 𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
( − 𝒚𝟏 )(𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝒌 𝒙𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝒚 𝒚𝟏 𝟏 =𝟎
𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏
( − 𝒚𝟏 )(𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝒌 𝒙𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝒚 𝒚𝟏 𝟏 =𝟎
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝑥 𝑦 1
⇨ (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) + (𝑦
( − 1)(𝑦 − 5) + 𝑘 4 1 1 =0
𝑥 𝑦 1
6 5 1
⇨ (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) + (𝑦
( − 3)(𝑦 − 5) + 𝑘 −2 3 1 =0
4 5 1 ( − 6) +
⇨𝑥2−4𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 24 + 𝑦 − 5𝑦 − 𝑦 + 5 + 𝑘[𝑥(1 − 5) − 𝑦(4
120−6=0
(−2 − 4) +
⇨𝑥 2−4𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 8 + 𝑦 − 5𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 15 + 𝑘[𝑥(3 − 5) − 𝑦(−
1−10−12=0
⇨𝑥2−10𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 29 + 𝑘[𝑥(−4) − 𝑦(−2) + 1(14)]] = 0
⇨𝑥 2−2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8𝑦 + 7 + 𝑘[𝑥(−2) − 𝑦(−6) + 1(−22)] = 0 ⇨𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐𝟗 + 𝒌[−𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒] = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟏)
⇨𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟕 + 𝒌[−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟐𝟐] = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟏)
( ) 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10𝑥 − 4𝑘𝑥 − 6
6𝑦 + 2𝑘𝑦 + 29 + 14𝑘 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑥 − 8𝑦
𝑦 + 6𝑘𝑦 + 7 − 22𝑘 = 0 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥[5 + 2𝑘]] − 2𝑦[3 − 𝑘] + 29 + 14𝑘 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥[1 + 𝑘]] − 2
2𝑦[4 − 3𝑘] + 7 − 22𝑘 = 0 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (−𝑔, −𝑓) = [5
[ + 2𝑘, 3 − 𝑘]
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (−𝑔, −𝑓) = [1
[ + 𝑘, 4 − 3𝑘] Given centre lies on 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 24
Given centre lies on 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ⇨ 𝑦 = 0 ⇨4(5 + 2𝑘) + 3(3 − 𝑘)) = 24
⇨4 − 3𝑘 = 0 ⇨ 3𝑘 = 4 ⇨ 𝑘 = ⇨ 20 + 8𝑘 + 9 − 3𝑘 = 24 ⇨ 5𝑘 = 24 − 29
𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑘 = 𝑖𝑛 (1) ⇨ 𝑘 = − = −1, 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑘 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (1)
⇨ (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 7) + [−2𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 22] = 0 ⇨ (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 29) − 1[−4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 14] = 0
𝒙2+𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎……….(𝟐)
⇨3(𝑥2+𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 7) − 8𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 88 = 0
⇨3𝑥2+3𝑦 − 6𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 21 − 8𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 88 = 0
⇨𝟑𝒙2+𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝟕 = 𝟎 … … (𝟐)

2B
MODEL:-2 8. Show that the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟏𝟖𝐲 +

𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎 Touch each other. Find the point of contact and eq’’n of tangent at
7. Show that the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟔𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟖𝐲 + point of contact.
𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 touch each other. Find the point of contact and eq’’n of tangent at
point of contact. Sol: eq’’n s of the given circles
Sol: eq’’n s of the given circles S ≡ x + y − 4x − 6y − 12 = 0 … . . (1)
S ≡ x + y − 6x − 2y + 1 = 0 … . . (1) S′ ≡ x + y + 6x + 18yy + 26 = 0 … . . (2)
S′ ≡ x + y + 2x − 8y + 13 = 0 … . . (2) 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬 (−𝐠, −𝐟): C (2,

( 3), C (−3, −9)
𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬 (−𝐠, −𝐟): C (3,

( 1), C (−1, 4) 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬(𝐫) = 𝐠𝟐 + 𝐟𝟐 − 𝐜
𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬(𝐫) = 𝐠𝟐 + 𝐟𝟐 − 𝐜
𝑟 = √3 + 1 − 1 = √3
3 =3 𝑟 = √2 + 3 + 12 = √ 4 + 9 + 12 = 5
𝑟 = √1 + 4 − 13 = √
√17 − 13 = √4 = 2 𝑟 = √3 + 9 − 26 = √
√9 + 81 − 26 = √64 = 8
𝐶𝐶 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦
𝑦 −𝑦 )
= (−1 − 3) + (4 − 1)) 𝐶𝐶 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦
𝑦 −𝑦 )
= (−4) + (3) = √25

25 =5 = (−3 − 2) + (9 − 3))
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 = (−5) + (−12) = √
√25 + 144 =√169=13
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚. 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 = 𝒓 𝟏 + 𝒓 𝟐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚.
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐶 𝐶 Internally in the ratio 𝑟 : 𝑟 = 3: 2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐶 𝐶 Internally in the ratio 𝑟 : 𝑟 = 5: 8 =
𝑚: 𝑛 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑚: 𝑛 P= , = ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P= , = ,
= , = ,
= , = , 𝑒𝑞 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑠 = 0
𝑒𝑞 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑠 = 0 x + y − 4x − 6y − 12 = 0
x + y − 6x − 2y + 1 = 0 x + y + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0
x + y + 2x − 8y + 13 = 0 -10x-246y -38=0
38=0 {{÷ −2}
-8x+6y -12=0 {÷ −2} ∴ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎. ∴ 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟎.

2B
9. Show that the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟔𝐱 − 𝟗𝐲 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎, 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 − 10. S .T the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝟓(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 ) − 𝟖𝐱 −

𝟏𝟔𝐲 = 𝟎 Touch each other. Find the point of contact and eq’’n of tangent 𝟏𝟒𝐲 − 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎
at point of contact. Touch each other. Find the point of contact and eq’’n of tangent at point of
contact.
Sol: eq’’n s of the given circles
Sol: eq’’n s of the given circles
S ≡ x + y − 6x − 9y − 13 = 0 … . . (1)
S ≡ x + y − 4x − 6y − 12 = 0 … . . (1)
S′ ≡ x + y − 2x − 16y = 0 … . . (2)
S′ ≡ x + y − x − y − 32 = 0 … . . (2)
𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬 (−𝐠, −𝐟): C 3, , C (1, 8)
( 3 3), C ,
𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬(𝐫) = 𝐠𝟐 + 𝐟 𝟐 − 𝐜
𝑟 = 3 + − 13 = 9+ − 13
√
= = 𝑟 = √2 + 3 + 12 = √4
4 + 9 + 12 = 5
𝑟 = √1 + 8 − 0 = √1 + 64 = √65 𝑟 = ( ) +( ) + = = = √9 = 3
𝐶𝐶 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦
𝑦 −𝑦 ) = (1 − 3) + 8 −
𝐶𝐶 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦
𝑦 −𝑦 )
√
= (−2) + (− ) = 4+ =
= −2 + −3
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 = |𝒓𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 | 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚.
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐶 𝐶 externally in the ratio 𝑟 : 𝑟 = = (− ) + (− ) = = =√4 =2

√
: √65 = 1: 2 = 𝑚: 𝑛
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 = |𝒓𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 | 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P= , = , = , = (5
(5, 1) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐶 𝐶 externally in the ratio
𝑒𝑞 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑠 = 0
𝑟 : 𝑟 = 5: 3 = 𝑚: 𝑛
x + y − 6x − 9y + 13 = 0
( ) ( )
x + y − 2x − 16y = 0 P= , = ,
-4x+7y
4x+7y +13=0 {{÷ −} ∴ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎.
= , = − , = (1, 1)
2B
𝑒𝑞 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 5𝑠 − 𝑠 = 0
5x + 5y − 20x − 30y − 60 = 0 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
5x + 5y − 8x − 14y − 32 = 0 Eq’’n of tangent is (𝑦 − 𝑦 )𝑚 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑝(1, )

-12x-16y -28=0
28=0 {{÷ −4} 𝟗
⇨ 𝒚− = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝟏)) … … … (𝟏)
𝟐
∴ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎.
( )
⇨ = 𝑚(𝑥 − 1) ⇨ 2
2𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑚 + 9 = 0
11. Find the transverse common tangents of the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟 =⊥ 𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝟏𝟎𝐲 + 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎, 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝐲 + 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝑟 =⊥ 𝑙𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶 (2, 5)𝑡𝑜 (1)
Sol: eq’’n s of the given circles | | | ( ) ( ) |
𝑑= ⇨ =1
√ ( ) ( )
S ≡ x + y − 4x − 10y + 28 = 0 … . . (1) S ≡ x + y + 4x − 6y + 4 =
0 … . . (2) ⇨
| |
=1 S.O.B.S ⇨ (2𝑚 − 1) = 4𝑚 + 4
√
( , 5), C (−2, 3))
⇨ 4𝑚 + 1 − 4𝑚 = 4𝑚 + 4 𝑚=∞=
⇨ −3 = 4𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = −
𝑟 = √2 + 5 − 28 = √ √4 + 25 − 28 = 1 , 𝑟 = √2 + 3 − 4 =
√4 + 9 − 4 = √9 = 3
𝐶𝐶 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦
𝑦 −𝑦 )
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑖𝑖)𝑚 = − 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (1)
= (−2 − 2) + (3 − 5)) 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒(1) 𝑚 = 0 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝑦− = − (𝑥
( − 1)
= (−4) + (−2) = √16
16 + 4 =√20 𝑦− = (𝑥 − 1))
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 > 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 There exits two transverse common tangents ⇨4𝑦 − 18 = −3𝑥 + 3
𝒙−𝟏=𝟎
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐶 𝐶 Internally in the ratio 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎..
𝑟 : 𝑟 = 1: 3 = 𝑚: 𝑛
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P= , = ,
= , = , = (1, )

2B
12. Find the direct common tangents of the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝐱 − 𝟒𝐲 − ⇨ 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 − 22𝑚 − 4 = 0
𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎,
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 (1)
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝐱 + 𝟒𝐲 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎.
| | | ( ) ( ) |
Sol: eq’’n s of the given circles 𝑑= = =5
√ ( ) ( )
S ≡ x + y + 22x— 4y − 100 = 0 … . . (1) S′ ≡ x + y − 22

22x + 4y + | |
⇨ =5 S.O.B.S
√
100 = 0 … . . (2)
⇨ (11𝑚 + 2) = 25(𝑚 + 1)
𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬 (−𝐠, −𝐟): C (−11
( 11, 2), C (11, −2
2)
⇨ 121𝑚 + 4 + 44𝑚 = 25𝑚 + 25
⇨ 96𝑚 + 44𝑚 − 21 = 0
𝑟 = √11 + 2 + 100 = √121 + 4 + 100
⇨ 96𝑚 + 72𝑚 − 28𝑚 − 21 = 0
= √225 = 15
⇨ 24𝑚(4𝑚 + 3) − 7(4𝑚
𝑚 + 3) = 0
𝑟 = √11 + 4 − 100 = √121 + 4 − 100
⇨ (24𝑚 − 7)(4𝑚 + 3)) = 0
= √25 = 5 (24𝑚 − 7) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4𝑚
( 𝑚 + 3) = 0
𝐶𝐶 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦
𝑦 −𝑦 ) 𝒎=
𝟕
,𝒎 = −
𝟑
𝟐𝟒 𝟒
= (11 + 11) + (−2 − 2)
∴ 𝑒𝑞 𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒
= (22) + (−4) = √484
484 + 16 =√500 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒊)𝒎 = 𝟐𝟒
𝟕
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 > 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 There exits two direct common tangents

(𝑦 + 4) = (𝑥 − 22))
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐶 𝐶 Internally in the ratio
⇨ 24𝑦 + 96 = 7𝑥 − 156
𝑟 : 𝑟 = 15: 3 = 3: 1 = 𝑚
𝑚: 𝑛
7𝑥 − 24𝑦 − 250 = 0.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P= , = ,
𝟑
Case (ii) 𝒎 = −
𝟒
= , = , = (22, −4)
(𝑦 + 4) = (𝑥 − 22))
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
⇨ 4𝑦 + 16 = −3𝑥 + 66
Eq’’n of tangent is (𝑦 − 𝑦 )𝑚 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑝(22, −4)
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 50 = 0.
⇨(𝒚 + 𝟒) = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝟐𝟐)) … … … (𝟏)
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎.
⇨ (𝑦 + 4) = 𝑚𝑥 − 22𝑚
2B
MODEL:-3 12. Show that the poles of tangents to the circle x2+y2=a2 w.r.to the circle
(x + a) 2+y2=2a2 lie on y2+4ax=0.
11. Find the equation of the circles which touch
Sol: Given circles
2x-3y+1=0
3y+1=0 at (1, 1) and having radius√𝟏𝟑. 𝑥 2+𝑦2=r2…… (1)
Sol: given two circles touch the line x 2+y2 +2𝑎𝑥 - a2=0…. (2)
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 … … … ((1)
𝐴𝑡 𝑃(1, 1) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑟) = √13 Let P(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) be the pole of the tangents to the circle (1) w. r. t the circle (2)
The centre’s 𝐶 , 𝐶 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⊥ 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 (1)𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑃(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = (1, 1) Now the polar of p w.r.t to S=0 is S1=0
Slope of (1) = - ( ) = ⇒xx1+yy1+a(x+x1) - a2 =0
Slope of line 𝐶 𝐶 = ⇒𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝑦𝑦 + (𝑎 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎 ) = 0…. (1)
𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

⇒𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√ √ 𝑟 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)
The centres 𝐶 , 𝐶 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
| |
𝑎 = 𝑥 ± 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑏 = 𝑦 ± 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑=
√
= 1 ± √13 , 1 ± √13
13 = {1±(−2), 1 ± 3}
√ √
𝑎=
( )
= (1-2,
2, 1+3) and (1+2, 1
1-3)
⇨ 𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑎) S.O.B
= (-1, 4) and (3, -2)
⇨(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)
Eq’’n of the circle with 𝐶 (−1, 4) ⇨𝑥 + 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 =𝑥 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = √13
(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 ⇨𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑥 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 1) +(𝑦 − 4) = √13 the pole of the tangents to the circle (1) w. r. t the circle (2)lie on the curve
⇒ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟖𝐲 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑥 = 0
Eq’’n of the circle with 𝐶 (3, −2)

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = √13
(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
⇒ (𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦 + 2) = √13 ⇒ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟒𝐲 = 𝟎.

2B
13. If 𝛉𝟏 , 𝛉𝟐 are the angles of inclination of tangents through a point p to

the circle x2+y2 =a2, then find locus of p when cot cot𝛉𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝛉𝟐 =k.
14. Prove that the combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from
Sol: given equation of the circle x2+y2=a2………. (1)
an external point p (𝐱 𝟏 , 𝐲𝟏 ) to the circle S=0 is 𝐒𝟏 𝟐 = 𝐒𝐒𝟏𝟏 .
: Let P(x1, y1) be the any point on the locus
Sol: Suppose that the tangents drawn from P to the circle S=0 touch the
Equation of tangent through p with slope ‘m’ is
circle at A and B the equation of AB is 𝑆 = 0.
y=𝒎𝒙 ± 𝒂√𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
⇨𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦 ) + 𝑐 = 0… (1)
(𝑥 , 𝑦 )
This passes through P(𝑥
⇒ 𝑌 =𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑎√1 + 𝑚 Let Q (x , y ) be any point on these tangents. Now the locus of Q will be the
⇒ 𝑌 -𝑚𝑥 = ±𝑎√1 + 𝑚 S.O.B equation of pair of tangents drawn from P.
⇒ (𝑌 − 𝑚𝑥 ) = (±𝑎√1
1+𝑚 ) The segment PQ is divided by the line AB in the ratio -𝑆 : 𝑆 or 𝑆 : 𝑆
⇒𝑦 +𝑚 𝑥 − 2𝑚𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎 (1 + 𝑚 )
⇒𝑦 +𝑚 𝑥 − 2𝑚𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑚 ) = …….(2)
⇒(𝑥 − 𝑎 )𝑚 − (2𝑥 𝑦 )𝑚 + (𝑦 − 𝑎 ) = 0{𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0}
But 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝐵 = 𝑆
Where m1, m2 bee the slopes of the tangents which make angles
𝜃 , 𝜃 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ∴ = ……. (3)
m1=tan𝜃 , m2=tan𝜃 𝑚 +𝑚 =− ,𝑚 𝑚 =
From (2), (3) we get = S.O.B
Given cot𝛉𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝛉𝟐 =k.
⇒ =
⇒ + =𝑘 ⇒𝑆 𝑆 = 𝑆
Hence the equation of the locus of
⇒ + =𝑘
⇒ =𝑘 Q (x , y ) is S = SS .
⇒𝑚 + 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚 𝑚
{∵ (x , y ) replaced by (x, y)}
⇒ =𝑘
⇒2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑘(𝑦 −𝑎 )
∴ The equation of locus of P(x1, y1) is

𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝒌(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )

2B
15. Find the pair of tangents drawn from (1, 3) to the circle 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 −
𝟐𝐱 + 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎 and also find the angle b/w them. 16. Find the eq’’n of the circle which touches the circle 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 +
Sol: Given eq’’n of the circle 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
S ≡ x + y − 2x + 4y − 11 = 0 at (-1,
1, 1) internally with radius 2.
P (1, 3) = (𝑥 , 𝑦 )
Sol: S ≡ x + y − 4x + 6y − 12 = 0 … . . (1)
𝑆 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑦+𝑦 ) + 𝑐
( −3)
𝑆 = 1𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1(𝑥 + 1)) + 2(𝑦 + 3) − 11 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬(𝐫) = 𝐠𝟐 + 𝐟𝟐 − 𝐜

𝑆 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1 + 2
2𝑦 + 6 − 11
𝑟 = √2 + 3 + 12 = √
√4 + 9 + 12
𝑆 = 5𝑦 − 6
= √25 = 5
𝑆11 = 𝐱𝟏 𝟐 + 𝐲𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱𝟏 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲𝟏 + 𝐜
𝑙𝑒𝑡 C be the centre and 𝑟 be the radius of the required circle.
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ

ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
= (1) + (3) − 2(1)) + 4
4(3) − 11
C C =r −r =5−2= 3
𝑆 =9
Hence C divides C P in the ratio 3: 2 internally, where P(-1,
1, 1)
𝐸𝑞’𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
C = , =( , − )
(5𝑦 − 6) = ( x + y − 2x + 4y − 11)(9)
eq n of the
he required circle is
⇨25𝑦 + 36 − 60𝑦 = 9
9x + 9y − 18x + 36y − 99
(𝐱 − 𝐚)𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝐛)𝟐 = ((𝐫)𝟐
9x − 16y − 18x + 96
96y − 135 = 0
| | ⇨ (x − ) + (y + ) = (2)
Required angle cos 𝜃 =
( ) ( )
⇨x + − +y + + =4
| |
cos 𝜃 =
( ) ( )
⇨ 25x + 1 − 10x + 25yy + 9 + 30y = 100
| |
cos 𝜃 = ⇨ 5x +5y − 2x + 6y − 18 = 0

2B
17. Find the eq’’n of the circle which touches the circle 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 −
𝟒𝐲 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎 at (5, 5) externally with radius 5.
Sol: S ≡ x + y − 2x − 4y − 20 = 0 … . . (1)

( 2)
𝑟 = √1 + 2 + 20 = √
√25 = 5
𝑙𝑒𝑡 C (𝑥, 𝑦)be

be the centre and 𝑟 be the radius of the required circle.
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝑎𝑣𝑒
C C = r + r = 5 + 5 = 10 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 P is the midpoint of C C
Where P (5, 5)= ,
⇨ = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =5
1 + 𝑎 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 + 𝑏 = 10
⇨𝑎 = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏=8
eq n of the
he required circle is
(𝐱 − 𝐚)𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝐛)𝟐 = ((𝐫)𝟐
⇨ (x − 9) + (y − 8) = (5)
⇨ x + 81 − 18x + y + 64 − 16y = 25
⇨ x +y − 18x − 16y + 120 = 0
Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

AIMSTUTORIAL MATHEMAITCS -2B AIMSTUTORIAL MATHEMAITCS -2B
1. Equation of a parabola in standard form 1. Find the coordinates of the vertex and focus, the equation of the
Proof: directrix and axis of the parabola 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎.
 Let S be the focus, l=0 be the directrix of the parabola.
Sol: the given equation is 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0
 Let P (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) be a point on the parabola.
 Let M, Z be the projections of the P, S on l=0 respectively. ⇨𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5
 Let N be the projection of p on SZ.
⇨𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 𝑥 − 5 + 2
 Let A be the midpoint of SZ, ⇨SA=AZ
Let SA=AZ=a, A is called vertex of the parabola. ⇨(𝑦 + 2) = (𝑥 − 1)
 Take AS as X-axis
axis and AY as YY-axis
⇨[𝑦 − (−2)] = (𝑥 − 1) Comparing with[𝑦 − 𝑘] = 4𝑎((𝑥 − ℎ)
⇨A
A (0, 0), S (a, 0) and P ((𝑥 , 𝑦 ) We get, 4a=1⇨a=1/4
⇨a=1/4 and (h, k) = (1, -2)
PM=NZ=NA+AZ=
PM=NZ=NA+AZ=|𝑥 + 𝑎| i. Vertex (1, -2) (ii)
(ii)Focus(h+a, k)=(1+ , −2)= , −2
2
(iii) Equation of the directrix is 𝑥=h-a
⇨𝑥 = 1 − = ⇨ 4𝑥 − 3 = 0
ii. Length of the latus rectum is 4a=1.
iii. Eq’’n of axis 𝑦 − 𝛽 = 0 ⇨ 𝑦 + 2 = 0
2. Find the coordinates of the vertex and focus, the equation of the
directrix and axis of the parabola 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎.
Sol: the given equation is 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3 = 0
⇨𝑥 − 2𝑥 = −4𝑦 + 3
⇨𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 = −4𝑦
𝑦+3+1
⇨(𝑥 − 1) = −4(𝑦 − 1) ⇨[𝑥 − 1] = −4(𝑦 − 1)

𝑺𝑷
From the definition of the parabola 𝑷𝑴 = 𝒆=1
Comparing with[𝑥 − ℎ
ℎ] = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)
S.O.B We get, 4a=4⇨a=1
⇨a=1 and (h, k) = (1, 1)
𝑆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑀
(𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 0
0) = (𝑥 + 𝑎) 1. Vertex (1, 1)
⇨ 𝑥 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑥 2. Focus(h, k-a)=(1, 1 − 1)=(1, 0)
3. Equation of the directrix is
⇨ 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦=k+a ⇨𝑦 = 1 + 1 = 2 ⇨ 𝑦 − 2 = 0 = 0
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 4. Length of the latus rectum is 4a=4.
𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 5. Eq’’n of axis 𝑥 − 𝛼 = 0 ⇨ 𝑥 − 1 = 0
Q.No: 20 Parabola Q.No: 20 Parabola

4. Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to the yy-axis 5. Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to the xx-axis
and passing through the points (4, 5), ((-2, 11), (-4, 21). and passing through the points ((-2, 1), (1, 2), (-1, 3).
Sol: The equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to the yy-axis Sol: Sol: The equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to the yy-
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 … (∗) axis 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 … (∗)
(4, 5) lies on (*) (-2, 1) lies on (*)
⇨ 5 = 𝑎(4) + 𝑏(4 (4) + 𝑐 ⇨ −2 = 𝑎(1) + 𝑏(1) ( )+𝑐
⇨ 5 = 16𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 𝑐 … … (1) ⇨ −2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 … … (1)
(-2, 11) lies on (*) (1, 2) lies on (*)

⇨ 11 = 𝑎(−2) + 𝑏 𝑏(−2) + 𝑐 ⇨ 1 = 𝑎(2) + 𝑏(2) ( )+𝑐
⇨ 11 = 4𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 … … (2) ⇨ 1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 … … (2)
(-4, 21) lies on (*) (-1, 3) lies on (*)

⇨ 21 = 𝑎(−4) + 𝑏 𝑏(−4) + 𝑐 ⇨ −1 = 𝑎(3) + 𝑏(3) ( )+𝑐
⇨ 21 = 16𝑎 − 4𝑏 + 𝑐 … … (3) ⇨ −1 = 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 … … (3)
Solving (1) & (2) solving (1) & (3) Solving (1) & (2) solving (1) & (3)
5 = 16𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 𝑐 5 = 16𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 𝑐 11 = 4𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 −2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 −2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐
21 = 16𝑎 − 4𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 −1 = 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐
−6 = 12𝑎 + 6𝑏 … . (4) -16=8b………(5) −3 = −3𝑎 − 𝑏 … . (4) -1=-8a-2b………(5)
⇨ 𝑏 = −2
𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑏 = −2 𝑖𝑛 (4) Solving (4) & (5)
⇨−6 = 12𝑎 − 12 -3 -1 3 -3
⇨ 12𝑎 = −6 + 12 = 6 -8 -2 1 -8
⇨𝑎 = =
(a, b)= , = , = − ,
Sub a, b in (1)
⇨5= − 8 + 𝑐⇨𝑐𝑐 = 5 Substituting the values of a,b in (1) we get
Substituting the values of a,b and c in (*) we get the required equation ⇨ − + + 𝑐 = −2
of the parabola ⇨ 8 + 𝑐 = −2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + (−2)𝑥
) +5 ∴ 𝑐 = −10
⇨ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 10 = 0. Substituting the values of a,b and c in (*) we get the required equation
of the parabola
𝑦=− 𝑥 + − 𝑥 − 10
⇨ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 21𝑥 + 10 = 0.

6. Show that the equation of common tangents to the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 7. Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is (-2,
( 2, 3) and directrix is
𝟐𝒂𝟐 and the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖𝒂𝒙 are y=±(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂). the line 2x+3y-4=0.
4=0. Also find the length of the latex rectum and the
Sol: equation of the axis of the parabola.
Given equation of the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑎 … (1) Sol:
𝑥 + 𝑦 = √2𝑎 , 𝑟 = √2𝑎 Given S (-2, 3)
Eq’’n of directrix l=2𝑥
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0.
Parabola 𝑦 = 8𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑥 … . . … (2)
Let P (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) be a point on the parabola.
[𝑦 = 4𝑎 𝑥, 𝑎 = 2𝑎]
Draw a perpendicular PM on the to the line L=0.
⇨ = 1 ⇨ 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑀 ⊥ 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 =
Let ‘m’ be the slope of common tangent. √
Equation of tangent to (1), (𝑥 + 2) + (𝑦 − 3)) = S.O.B
√
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √2𝑎 √1
1 + 𝑚 ….. .. ... (3)
( )
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑟 1 + 𝑚 ⇨(𝑥 + 2) + (𝑦 − 3)) =
𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑟
⇨ 13[𝑥 + 4 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 9 − 6𝑦 ]
Equation of tangent to (2),
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + .. ... (4) = 4𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 16 + 12𝑥 𝑦 − 24𝑦 − 16𝑥
𝑎
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 ⇨13𝑥 + 52 + 52𝑥 + 13𝑦 + 117 − 78𝑦
𝑚
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 4𝑎′𝑥 -4𝑥 − 9𝑦 − 16 − 12
12𝑥 𝑦 + 24𝑦 + 16𝑥 = 0
(3), (4) Represents same line
⇨9𝑥 − 12𝑥 𝑦 +4𝑦 + 68𝑥 − 54𝑦 + 153 = 0
±√2𝑎 √1 + 𝑚 =
𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∴ Locus of P is
⇨2𝑎 (1 + 𝑚 )= 9𝑥 − 12𝑥𝑦+4𝑦 + 68
68𝑥 − 54𝑦 + 153 = 0 is the eq’’n of the para
parabola.
⇨𝑚 (1 + 𝑚 )= 2 Length of latus rectum=4a=2
rectum=4a=2|2𝑎| = 2|𝑠𝑧|
⇨𝑚 + 𝑚 − 2 = 0
⇨𝑚 + 2𝑚 − 𝑚 − 2 = 0 =2[⊥ 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆
𝑆(−2, 3) 𝑡𝑜 𝑙 = 0]
⇨𝑚 (𝑚 + 2)-1(𝑚 𝑚 + 2)=0 ( ) ( )
=2 =2 =2 =
⇨(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 + 2 2)=0 √ √ √ √
⇨𝑚 − 1 = 0, 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 + 2 = 0
Eq’’n of the axis is the line ⊥ 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑥
⇨𝑚 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = −2 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
∴𝑚 = ±1 sub in (4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ
ℎ 𝑆(−2, 3) is
𝑦 = ±𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) − 𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑦 ) = 0
±
y=±(𝑥 + 2𝑎).
⇨3(𝑥 + 2) − 2(𝑦 − 3)) = 0
⇨3𝑥 + 6 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0 ∴3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 12 = 0

8. Prove that the area of the triangle inscribed in the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 9. Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the tangents at
𝟏 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ), (𝑥 , 𝑦 ), (𝑥
( ,𝑦 )
is |(𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )(𝒚
)( 𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 )(𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 )| Sq.uints where𝒚𝟏, 𝒚𝟐, 𝒚𝟑 are
𝟖𝒂
to the Parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 is
ordinates of its vertices. 𝟏
𝑺𝒐𝒍: Given eq’’n of the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥….(1) |(𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 )(𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 )| Sq.uints where𝒚𝟏, 𝒚𝟐, 𝒚𝟑 are
𝟏𝟔𝒂
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = (a𝑡𝑡 , 2a𝑡 ); ordinates of its vertices.
𝐵 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = (a𝑡 , 2a𝑡 ) 𝑺𝒐𝒍: Given eq’’n of the parabo
parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥….(1)
𝐶 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = (a𝑡 , 22a𝑡 ) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐷 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = (a𝑡 , 2a𝑡 );
𝐴 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 (1) ⇨ 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 ⇨ 𝑥 = 𝐸 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = (a𝑡 , 2a𝑡𝑡 )
𝐹 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = (a𝑡 , 2a𝑡𝑡 )
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 In scribed in the parabola
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦 −𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒
= 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦 −𝑦
𝐴 = [a𝑡 𝑡 , a(𝑡 + 𝑡 ) ];
𝐵 = [a𝑡 𝑡 , a(𝑡 + 𝑡 ) ]
𝑦 −𝑦
= 𝐶 = [a𝑡 𝑡 , a(𝑡 + 𝑡 ) ]
𝑦 −𝑦
(𝑦 − 𝑦 )(𝑦
( + 𝑦 ) (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 In scribed in the parabola
= 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦 −𝑦
(𝑦 − 𝑦 )(𝑦
( + 𝑦 ) (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) = 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦 −𝑦
( )( ) (𝑦
( +𝑦 ) 1
= a𝑡 𝑡 − a𝑡 𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑡 + a𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 − a𝑡
(𝑦
( +𝑦 ) 1 = a𝑡 𝑡 − a𝑡 𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑡 + a𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 − a𝑡
( )( )
= |𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 − 𝑦 | 𝑡 (𝑡 − 𝑡 ) (𝑡
( −𝑡 )
=
𝑡 (𝑡 − 𝑡 ) (𝑡
( −𝑡 )
|(𝑦 − 𝑦 )(𝑦 − 𝑦 ))(𝑦 − 𝑦 )| Sq.uints ( )( ) 𝑡 1

= = (𝑡 − 𝑡 )(𝑡 − 𝑡 ))|𝑡 − 𝑡 |
𝑡 1
= |(𝑡 − 𝑡 )(𝑡 − 𝑡 )(𝑡

) 𝑡 − 𝑡 )| Sq.uints
𝑦 = 2a𝑡 ⇨ 𝑡 =
( ) ( ) ( )
= . . Sq.uints
𝟏
|(𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 )(
)(𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 )| Sq.uints.
𝟏𝟔𝒂

10. If a normal chord at point ‘t’ on the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 subtends a

right angle at vertex, then prove that 𝒕 = ±√𝟐
Sol: Given eq’’n of the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥……. (1)
Eq’’n of the normal at ‘t’ on the parabola is
𝑦 + 𝑥𝑡 = 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 ⇨ = 1 … … . (2)
ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)) Using (2) we get,
𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥(1)
⇨ 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥( )
⇨𝑦 = 4𝑥( )
⇨𝑦 (2𝑡 + 𝑡 ) = 4𝑥
𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑥𝑡)
⇨𝑦 (2𝑡 + 𝑡 ) = 4𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 𝑡
⇨4𝑡𝑥 − 𝑦 (2𝑡 + 𝑡 ) + 4𝑥𝑦 = 0
Subtends a right angle 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑦 = 0

⇨4𝑡 − 2𝑡 − 𝑡 = 0
⇨2𝑡 − 𝑡 = 0
⇨𝑡(2 − 𝑡 ) = 0
⇨ 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 2
𝒕 = ±√𝟐

AIMSTUTORIAL MATHEMAITCS -2A AIMSTUTORIAL MATHEMAITCS -2A
SOME STANDARD ELEMENTRY INTEGRALS

𝒅
𝒅 12. (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
1. (𝒄) = 𝟎 ⇨ ∫(𝟎). 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
⇨ ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄.
𝒅 𝒙𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝒏 𝟏
2. = . (𝑛 + 1)𝒙𝒏 = 𝒙𝒏 ⇨ ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄.
𝒅𝒙 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏
𝒅
13. (𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙)) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒙
3. (𝒙) = 𝟏 ⇨ ∫ 𝟏𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒄. ⇨ ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒄.
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
4. (𝒌𝒙) = 𝒌 ⇨ ∫ 𝒌𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝒄. 14. (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
⇨ ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄.
𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
5. (𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒙|)) = ⇨ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒙| + 𝒄.
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝒅
15. (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
6. √𝒙 = 𝟐 ⇨ ∫ √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝒙 + 𝒄. ⇨ ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄.
𝒅𝒙 √𝒙
𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
16. (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝟐
|𝒙|
7. ∫ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = |𝒙| + 𝒄 ⇨∫
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏
𝒙 + 𝒄.
𝟏 𝒙𝟐
𝒅
8. (𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝒆𝒙 ⇨ ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄.
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
17. (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒙) = −
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒅 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒙 ⇨ ∫− 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄.
9. 𝒅𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂) = 𝒂𝒙 ⇨ ∫ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 + 𝒄. 𝟏 𝒙𝟐
𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 18. (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝒙) = 𝟏
10. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 ⇨ ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄. 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
⇨∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄.
𝟏 𝒙𝟐
𝒅
11. (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙
⇨ ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄.
Q.No: 20 &21 Quadratic expressions Q.No: 20 &21 Quadratic expressions
Model-1: [𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 − 𝑰] Part-3 I =∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝒙 𝟏 𝒑𝒙 𝒒 𝑳
1. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒙 ∴ ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒙 𝒄
𝒅𝒙 𝑶𝑹 ∫ 𝑸 𝒅𝒙 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
[ ]
Sol:
{ L = AQ’ + B } add and sub =
Part-1
Let 𝑥 + 1 = [𝐴(𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 12) + 𝐵] … … … (1) =∫ 𝑑𝑥

⇨𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴((2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵
⇨𝑥+1=2
2𝐴𝑥 + 3𝐴 + 𝐵 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝐵

𝐵. 𝑆
2A=1 ⇨A= ; 3A+ B=1 ⇨B=1-3 ⇨B= - =∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏

𝒙
√ ∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝒄
𝑿𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
Part-2
= √ tan
Now I=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √
= tan +𝑐
√ √
=𝐴 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝒇 (𝒙)
( )
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1| + √
tan +𝑐
√
∴∫ ( )
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙=𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒇(𝒙)|+c
𝒇(𝒙)
I= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1| + tan +𝑐
√ √
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 12|+B I (consider) … (2))

[𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 − 𝑰𝑰]] I =∫ 𝑑𝑥
Part-3 √
𝟐𝒙 𝟓 𝒑𝒙 𝒒 𝑳
2. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ∴∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝑶𝑹 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒙 𝒄 𝑸 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
{ L = AQ’ + B }
Part-1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 2𝑥 + 5 = [𝐴(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 10) + 𝐵] 𝑒𝑞 𝑛 … (1) { add and sub = }
2𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴((2𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 𝒙
( ) 𝟏
∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 +𝒄
2𝑥 + 5 = 2𝐴𝑥
𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐴 + 𝐵 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒂
=∫ 𝟐
𝑑𝑥
( ) 𝟑
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝐵
𝐵. 𝑆
2A=2⇨A= 1 -2A+B=5⇨B=5+
⇨B=5+ (2A) ⇨B= 7 =sinh +𝑐
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 10 + 7 sinh +𝑐
√
[ ]
Part-2 Now I=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √
=1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √
𝒇 (𝒙
(𝒙)
∫ 𝒅𝒙=𝟐 𝒇(𝒙)+c
(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙
= 2√𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 10+𝐵 I (consider) … (2)

3. ∫
𝟓 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = ∫
𝟓 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = ∫
𝟓 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = I =∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ [ ]
𝒙 𝟐 (𝒙 𝟐)(𝟓 𝒙) 𝒙𝟐 𝟕𝒙 𝟏𝟎 Part-3
𝒑𝒙 𝒒 𝑳
∴∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝑶𝑹 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 { add and sub = }
𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒙 𝒄 𝑸
Sol: { L = AQ’ + B }
Part-1 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
Let 5 − 𝑥 = [𝐴(−𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 10) + 𝐵] 𝑒𝑞 𝑛
5 − 𝑥 = 𝐴(−
−2𝑥 + 7) + 𝐵
= 𝑑𝑥
5 − 𝑥 = −2𝐴𝑥
𝐴𝑥 + 7𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝐵. 𝑆
= 𝑑𝑥
-2A= -1⇨A=
⇨A= ; 7A+ B=5 ⇨B=5-7A⇨B=
⇨B= 5 − =
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙
= 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 +𝒄
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒂
Part-2 Now I=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √
= sin +𝑐
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √
=sin +𝑐
𝒇 (𝒙)
∴∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒇(𝒙)+c 𝟓 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙)
∫ 𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = √
√−𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 10 + sin +𝑐
= 𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 10+ BI (consider)) … (2)

2√−𝑥

𝒙 𝟏 𝒑𝒙 𝒒 𝑳
4. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ∴∫ 𝒅𝒙 ∴∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒙 𝒄 𝑸
Consider:
𝑺𝒐𝒍: 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆: 𝑳 = 𝑨𝑸
𝑨𝑸’ + 𝑩 PART-3
PART
PART-1 I =∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵] 𝑒𝑞′𝑛
LET 𝑥 + 1 = [𝐴(𝑥 √
𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(2𝑥 − 1)) + 𝐵 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 1 = 2𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝐵. 𝑆
2A=1⇨A= ; -A+B=1 ⇨B=1+ ⇨B=

=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 +𝒄
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 √ √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒂
√ PART-2
=sinh √
+𝑐
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√
=sinh +𝑐
√
∫√ 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 + sinh +𝑐
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √
√ √
𝒇 (𝒙)
∴∫ ( )+c
𝒅𝒙=𝟐 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙)
= 2√𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
1+ ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√

[𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 − 𝑰𝑰𝑰
𝑰𝑰𝑰] ∴ (𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒) 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄𝒄𝒅𝒙 Consider: ∫ √6 − 2𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
5. ∫(𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓)√𝟔
=∫ −2(𝑥 − − 3
3) 𝑑𝑥 add and sub =
𝑠𝑜𝑙: L=AQ’+B
= ∫ −2 𝑥 − + − − 3 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 + 5 = [𝐴(6 − 2
2𝑥 + 𝑥) + 𝐵] 𝑒𝑞 𝑛(1)
⇨ 6𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴(−4𝑥
𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵
= ∫ −2 𝑥− − − 3 𝑑𝑥
⇨ 6𝑥 + 5 = −4𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵
= ∫ −2 𝑥− − 𝑑𝑥
-4A=6⇨A= A+B=5 ⇨B=5 - ⇨B=
Sub A, B in eq’’n (1) = ∫ −2 𝑥− − 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = ∫(6𝑥 + 5)√6
6 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √2 − 𝑥− 𝑑𝑥
=∫ (6 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ) + √6 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐱 𝐚𝟐 𝟏
𝒙
∴ 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 +𝒄
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
= − ∫(6 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥) √6 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + √6 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟑
{𝒇(𝒙)}𝟐 ( ) /
( )}𝟏/𝟐 𝒇 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 =
{𝒇(𝒙)} 𝟑
+ 𝒄. = √2 − 𝑥− + sin /
𝟐
( ) /
= √2 − 𝑥− + sin +C
𝟑
=− 𝟐 + √6 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=
−(6 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥) +
( ) /
√2 − 𝑥− + sin

𝟐𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝟏 𝐝𝐱
6. ∫(𝟑𝐱 − 𝟐)√𝟐𝐱
Consider:∫ √2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
Rule: (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) = 𝐴(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)′+B
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 3𝑥 − 2 = [𝐴(
[ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵] 𝑒𝑞 𝑛(1) =∫ 2(𝑥 − + ) 𝑑𝑥
⇨ 3𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(4𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵
⇨ 3𝑥 − 2 = 4𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵 = ∫ 2[𝑥 − + + − ] 𝑑𝑥
4A=3 ⇨A= ; -A+B=

A+B=-2⇨B= -2 + ⇨B= =∫ 2 𝑥− + − 𝑑𝑥
I=∫(3x − 2)√
√2x − x + 1 dx
=∫ 2 𝑥− + 𝑑𝑥
=∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) − √2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
√
= ∫√2 𝑥− + 𝑑𝑥
𝐱 𝐚𝟐 𝟏
𝒙
∴ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 +𝒄
= ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) √2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥- √2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
{𝒇(𝒙)}𝒏 𝟏
{𝒇(𝒙)}𝒏 . 𝒇 ((𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄. /
𝒏+𝟏 = 𝑥− + + sinh √ /
( ) /
𝟑 = 𝑥− + + sinh
=𝟒 - √2
2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 √
( )
I=𝟑𝟒 −
√
𝑥− +
√
+ sinh
√
+𝑐
= − (4x − 1)√2
2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 − sinh +𝑐
√ √

𝟏
[𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 − 𝑰𝑽] ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒑𝒙 𝒒) 𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒙 𝒄 𝟏
8. ∫ dx
𝟏 (𝟏 𝒙) 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟐
7. ∫ dx
(𝟏 𝒙) 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟐
t= 𝑠𝑜𝑙: Put (1-x) = ⇨t=
𝑠𝑜𝑙: Put (1+x) = ⇨
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 . 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥 ⇨ dx= − 𝑑𝑡 -dx=

dx=− 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 . 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 𝑥 ⇨
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = − 1 ⇨
1−𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑥 = − 1 ⇨
∫( 𝑑𝑥 𝑥= 𝑡−1
)√ 𝑡 𝑥=
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑡
( )√
∫ (− 𝑑𝑡)
=∫ ( 𝑑𝑡)
= −∫ 𝑑𝑡
( ) ( )
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
( ) ( )
1 1
=− 𝑑𝑡 ) (
3𝑡 + 2𝑡 − 2𝑡 − 1 − 𝑡 + 2𝑡) 𝑡 =∫
)
( 𝑑𝑡 )
1 2√𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 1 2√𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
= −∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
√
𝑎 √𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎
√𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 √
=∫ 𝑑𝑡 =
√
√
=−
= 4 −1
=− 4 −1
= = +C
=− =− +C

Model-2: integration of functions which are rational in 2) ∫

𝟏
𝒅𝒙
4+5sinx
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
I. If the integral of the from 𝒔𝒐𝒍: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫
4+5sinx
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒂 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 ∫ 𝒂 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 ∫
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒄
𝒅𝒙
[𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 − 𝑰]
=∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝟏
1) ∫ 5+4cosx 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
Let t= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐
; = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝟏 𝟐𝒕
𝒔𝒐𝒍: ∫ 5+4cosx 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
𝟐𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
;
𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 1 1 𝑥−𝑎
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = log +𝑐
=∫ 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝑥 −𝑎 2
2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
=∫ = log +𝑐
=2 ∫ [ ]
𝑑𝑡
= log
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
=2 ∫ [ 𝑑𝑡 ∴ ∫ 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂
+c
]
= log +𝑐
= tan +𝐶 = log
( )
+𝑐
( )
= tan +𝐶 .
= log +𝑐

𝟏
4) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 Let t = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙
; 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 =
𝟐𝒕
𝟏 4cos x+ 3sin x 𝟐 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
3) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 Let t= 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙
;
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟐 𝑠𝑜𝑙: ∫ 4cos x+ 3sin x 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙=
𝟐𝒅𝒕
; 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
𝟐𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
Sol: I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙= 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
;
cos x+ sin x+
+1 =∫
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
=∫ = 2∫
𝟐𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙=
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑡
( ) ( )
=∫
=− ∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 −3 −3
𝑎𝑑𝑑 & 𝑠𝑢𝑏 = =
2 2×2 4
= ∫[ ]
2𝑑𝑡
𝟏 𝟏
= −𝟐∫ 𝟑 𝟐 𝟗
𝒅𝒕
𝒕– 𝟏
𝟒 𝟏𝟔
=∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝟏 𝒅𝒕
[ ] 𝟏 = −𝟐∫
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒙| + 𝑪 𝒕
𝟒 𝟒
𝒙
= ∫[ ]
𝑑𝑡
𝟏 𝒅𝒕 1 1 𝑎+𝑥
= ∫ ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = log +𝑐
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝟒
𝒕
𝟒
𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑡| + 𝐶
I= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
= log = log +𝑐
= log = log +𝑐
= log +𝑐

𝟏
5) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
sin x+√3cosx 𝒙
Let t= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏
𝟐
Sol: ∫ sin x+√3cosx 𝑑𝑥 6) ∫ 3cos x+ 4sin x+6 𝒅𝒙 Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡;
𝟐𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
Sol: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥=
=∫ 3cos x+ 4sin x+6
𝟐𝒕
√ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
=∫ 𝑑𝑥= ;
= 2∫ √ √ 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 cos 𝑥 =
= 2∫
= 2∫− 𝑑𝑡
√
√
= 2∫[ ]
𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑑𝑑&𝑠𝑢𝑏
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑡
= √ ×
= √ 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 8 4
= =
2 3×2 3
= −√ ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√ √ √
= −√ ∫ 𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√
= −√ ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
( )
√ ( )
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂+𝒙 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√ ( )
√ √ ∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 +𝑪 ( )
√
𝒂𝟐 −𝒙 𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒂−𝒙 1 1 𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = tan +𝑐
𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
√ √
= log +𝑐
√ .(
√
)
√ √
= √
tan √
+𝐶
√
= log +𝑐 =√ tan +𝐶
√ √
√
= log +𝑐 =√ tan √
+ 𝐶.
√

𝟏
7) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
5+4cos2x
𝟏 Let t = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙)
𝒔𝒐𝒍: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 Let t = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙)
5+4cos2x 8) ∫ 2-3cos2x 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
𝟐𝒕 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 = 𝒔𝒐𝒍: ∫ 2-3cos2x 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒕
𝟏 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏
=∫ 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
=∫
=∫ =∫ [ ]
𝑑𝑡
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
∴∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 +c =∫ =∫ [ 𝑑𝑡
=∫ [ ]
𝑑𝑡 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
]
= tan +𝐶 =∫ (√ )
𝑑𝑡 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−𝒂
∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 +𝒄
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂 𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒙+𝒂
( ) √
= tan +𝐶 = log
√ √
√
= log +𝑐
√ √

[𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 − 𝑰𝑰] 𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥

4cosx+5sinx
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅
9) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆: 𝑵𝒓 = 𝑨
𝒅𝒙
(𝑫𝒓)) + 𝑩
𝑩(𝑫𝒓)
4cosx+5sinx
[ ] [ ]
Sol:2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
4cosx+
+5sinx
= 𝐴 [4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]′ + 𝐵 [4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ]
(4cosx+5sinx) (4cosx+5sinx)
=− ∫ (4cosx+5sinx) + ∫ (4cosx+5sinx) 𝑑𝑥
⇨ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝐴 [−44𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] + 𝐵 [4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ]
⇨2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝒇 (𝒙) ∴ 𝟏𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒄
= −4𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∴∫ 𝒅𝒙=𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒇((𝒙)|+c
𝒇(𝒙)
⇨2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(−4𝐴 + 5𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(5𝐴 + 4𝐵
𝐵)
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑡
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓 𝐼 =− cosx+5sinx)| +
𝑙𝑜𝑔|(4cosx 𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥⇨5𝐴 + 4𝐵 = 2;
⇨ 5𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 2 = 0 … (1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥⇨−4𝐴 + 5𝐵
𝐵 = 3;
⇨−4𝐴 + 5𝐵 − 3 = 0 … . (2)
𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅
10) ∫ 4sinx+5cosx 𝒅𝒙 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆: 𝑵𝒓 = 𝑨 ((𝑫𝒓) + 𝑩(𝑫𝒓)
cosx 𝒅𝒙
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔(1)& (2))
𝑠𝑜𝑙:
9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐴 [[4sinx+5cosx]′ + 𝐵 [4sinx+5cosx ]
5 4 -2 5
-4 5 -3 -4
⇨ 9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐴 [4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] + 𝐵 [4sinx+55cosx ]
( ) ( )
(𝐴, 𝐵) = , ⇨9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 4
4𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 5𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
( ) ( )
= , = , ⇨9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(−5𝐴 + 4𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(4𝐴 + 5
5𝐵)

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑡
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓 [𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 − 𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝑰 + 𝑰𝑰
𝑰𝑰]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥⇨4𝐴 + 5𝐵 = 9 𝒙
Let t= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ;
⇨ 4𝐴 + 5𝐵 − 9 = 0 … . . (1) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟕 𝟐
11) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥⇨−5𝐴 + 4𝐵𝐵 = −1; 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐𝒅𝒕
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝒅𝒙= 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
;
⇨−5𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 1 = 0 … . (2)
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔(1)& (2)) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 =
Consider: 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
4 5 -9 4 𝟐𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙=
I =∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
-5 4 1 -5 cos x+ sin x+1
( )
(𝐴, 𝐵 ) = ,
( ) ( ) =∫
= , = [1,
[ 1 1]
=∫
9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=1 [4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] + 1 [4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
= ∫[ 2𝑑𝑡
∫ sinx+5cosx
𝑑𝑥 ] 𝟏
∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒙|
( ) [ ] 𝒙
=∫ sinx
sinx+5cosx
𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑡 +𝑪
( sinx+5cosx) ( sinx+5cosx) [ ]
= 1∫ + 1∫ 𝑑𝑥
( sinx+5cosx) ( sinx+5cosx)
= ∫[ ]
𝑑𝑡
∴ ∴ 𝟏𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑡| + 𝐶
𝒇 (𝒙)
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙=𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒇
𝒇(𝒙)|+c
I = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|(4sinx+55cosx)| + 𝑥 + 𝑐.

𝑑
𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒: 𝑁𝑟 = 𝐴 (𝐷𝑟) + 𝐵(𝐷𝑟) + 𝑘
𝑑𝑥
I=∫ 𝑑𝑥
cosx+sinx+1
+sinx+1] + 𝑘
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴 [cosx+sinx+1] + 𝐵 [cosx+
= 𝐴 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵 [cosx+sinx+1] + 𝑘 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1] + 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1]] + 5
= 𝑑𝑥
cosx+sinx+1
= −𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝑘
( +𝐵
⇨𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 7 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(−𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝐴 𝐵) + (𝐵 + 𝑘) (cosx+
cosx+sinx+1)′ (cosx+sinx+1))𝑑𝑥
= −1 +2
(cosx
cosx+sinx+1) +1)
(cosx+sinx+1
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 5
+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⇨𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1; cos x + sin x +1
⇨ 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 1 = 0 … . . (1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇨−𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3
3; ∴
⇨−𝐴 + 𝐵 − 3 = 0 … . (2) 𝒇 (𝒙)
∴ 𝟏𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒄
∫ +c
𝒅𝒙=𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒇(𝒙)|+c
𝒇(𝒙)
And B+ k=7… (3)
=−1𝑙𝑜𝑔|(cosx+sinx+
+1)| + 2𝑥 + 5𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)And (2) {fromI }
1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -3 -1
𝐼=−1𝑙𝑜𝑔|(cosx+sinx
sinx+1)| + 2𝑥 + 5𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
( ) ( )
(𝐴, 𝐵) = ,
( ) ( )
= ,
= [−1, 2] Sub the value of B=2 in (3)

𝑘 = 7−2 = 5

𝒙 𝒅
Let t= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐
; 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆: 𝑵𝒓 = 𝑨 (𝑫𝒓) + 𝑩(𝑫𝒓) + 𝒌
𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
12) ∫ 𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 𝟒𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 𝟓
𝐝𝐱 𝟐𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙= ;
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝒕𝟐 Nr = 2sinx + 3cosx + 4
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝟐
Consider: = 𝐴 [3sinx + 4cosx
cosx + 5] + 𝐵 [3sinx + 4cosx + 5
5] + 𝑘
𝟐𝒕
I =∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙=
𝟏 𝒕𝟐
= 𝐴 [3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] + 𝐵 [3sinx + 4cosx + 5]] + 𝑘
= 3𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 4𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5𝐵 + 𝑘
=∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(−4𝐴 + 3𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(3𝐴 + 4𝐵) + (5𝐵 + 𝑘)
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓

=∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⇨3𝐴 + 4𝐵 = 3
3;
⇨ 3𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 3 = 0 … . . (1)
=∫
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝒅𝒙 = − + 𝑪 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇨−4𝐴 + 3𝐵 = 2;
𝒙𝟐 𝒙
⇨−4𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 2 = 0 … . . (2)
= ∫( )
2𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
5𝐵 + 𝑘 = 4 … … (3)
= 2[ ]
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞 𝑛 (1
( ))& (2)
=
1 x y
3 4 -3 3
( ) ( )
-4 3 -2 -4 ((𝐴, 𝐵) = ( )
, ( )
= ,
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (3) ⇨ 5𝐵 + 𝑘 = 4
⇨𝑘 = 4 − 5
⇨𝑘 = 4 − = =

Model-3:
3: REDUCTION FORMULAE
I= [3sinx + 4cosx
cosx + 5] + [3sinx + 4cosx + 5] + 1) If 𝐈𝒏 = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙,, then show that
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝟏 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒏 𝟏
𝐈𝒏 = − 𝒏
+ 𝒏
𝐈𝒏 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝐈𝟒 .
[ ] [ ]
I= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
Sol:I = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥=
=∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
( ) ( ) Here 𝑈 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⇨ 𝑈′ = (𝑛 − 1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

= ∫ ( )
+ ∫ ( )
v
V=sinx ⇨∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
+ ∫ 𝑑𝑥
By using integration by parts
(𝑈𝑉)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈 𝑉𝑑𝑥 − [𝑈′′ 𝑉𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝟏𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒇 (𝒙) 𝐈𝒏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥.(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒇
|𝒇(𝒙)|+c
− ∫(𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝐈𝒏 =−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (n
(n-1)∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|(3sinx + 4cosx + 5)| + 𝑥+

=‘’ + (n-1)∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
{From I }
I = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (n − 1)I − (𝑛 − 1)I
I= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|3sinx + 4cosx
cosx + 5| + 𝑥+ +C
I + (𝑛 − 1)I =−𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (n − 1)I
I (1 + 𝑛 − 1)=−𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (n − 1)I
I (𝑛)=−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (n − 1)I
I =− + I

Now
I =− + I =‘’ + (n-1)∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=− + I I = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (n − 1)I − (𝑛 − 1))I

=− + [− + I ]
I + (𝑛 − 1)I =𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (n − 1)I
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3
=− − + I
4 4 2 8 I (1 + 𝑛 − 1)=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (n − 1)I
[I = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐]
I (𝑛)=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (n − 1)I
I =− − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐.
I = + I
Now
2) If 𝐈𝒏 = ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙,, then show that I = + I
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝟏 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒏 𝟏
𝐈𝒏 =
𝒏
+
𝒏
𝐈𝒏 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅𝐈𝟓, 𝐈𝟒 . = + I
= + [ + I ]
Sol: I = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
Here 𝑈 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ⇨ 𝑈′ = (𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3
= + + I
4 4 2 8
V=cosx ⇨∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
By using integration by parts [I = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐]
(𝑈𝑉)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈 𝑉𝑑𝑥 − [𝑈′ 𝑉𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥
I = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝐈𝒏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑥.(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
− (𝑛 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐈𝒏 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (n-1)∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥

= −I = −[ −I ]
3) Find the reduction formula for ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙 and hence
find∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟔 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝒅𝒙. = − +I
Sol: 𝐈𝒏 = ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − +[ −I ]
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = − + −I
= ∫[𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥
= − + −𝑥+𝐶
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑡 Diff w.r.t.’x’

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
4) Find the reduction formula for ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙 and hence
I = ∫𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − I find∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙.
Sol: 𝐈𝒏 = ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
I = −I
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑥)𝑑𝑥
I = −I = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
= ∫[𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥

I = −I
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥

case(1): if n is even
even, I 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎI .
{I = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶}
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡 Diff w.r.t.’x’
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
case(2): if n is odd
odd, I 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎI .
{I = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| + 𝐶}
I = −∫𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − I
Now I = −I

I =− −I 5) If 𝐈𝒏 = ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝒅𝒙, then show that
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒏 𝟐 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒏 𝟐
𝐈𝒏 = − + 𝐈
𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟐
I =− −I
Sol:I = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
I =− −I U=𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥⇨𝑢 = ((𝑛 − 2)𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)

V=𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⇨ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
case(1): if n is even
even, I 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎI .
{I = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶} By using integration by parts
case(2): if n is odd
odd, I 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎI . (𝒖𝒗)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑼 𝑽𝒅𝒙 − [𝑼′ 𝑽𝒅𝒙]𝒅𝒙
{I = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝐶}
I = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Now I = − −I − ∫{(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
=− − I =− − [− −I ] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥– ∫{{(𝑛 − 2)𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 . (tanx)} dx
=− + +I
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=− + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 =𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
=′′ − (𝑛 − 2) ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
=′′ − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
I = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2)I + (𝑛 − 2)I
I + (𝑛 − 2)I = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)I
I (1 + 𝑛 − 2) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)I

I (𝑛 − 1) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)I

= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜 𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥
.
I = + I
.
Now I = + I =−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
. =′′ − (𝑛 − 2) ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
I = + I
. .
I = + { + I } =′′ − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
{I = ∫ 1dx = x + c} I = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2)I + (𝑛 − 2))I
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 3 I + (𝑛 − 2)I

)I = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2))I
I = + + 𝑥+𝑐
4 8 1 8
I (1 + 𝑛 − 2
2) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)I
6) If 𝐈𝒏 = ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙, then show that

I (𝑛 − 1) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)I
)
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒏 𝟐 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒏 𝟐
𝐈𝒏 = − 𝒏 𝟏
+𝒏 𝐈
𝟏 𝒏 𝟐
I = + I
Sol:I = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
.
U=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 Now I = − + I
⇨𝑢 = (𝑛 − 2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)
.
V=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⇨ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐 I =− + I
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 3 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 1
By using integration by parts I =− + { + I }
4 4 2 2
(𝑢𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈 𝑉𝑑𝑥 − [𝑈′ 𝑉𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥
{I = ∫ 1dx = x + c}
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 3

I =− − + 𝑥+𝑐
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥– ∫{(𝑛 − 2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 . 4 8 1 8
(tanx)} dx

( )
= ′′ + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝒎 𝒏
7) If ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙𝒅𝒙, then show that
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝟏 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝟏 𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟏 = ′′ +
( )
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐈𝒎,𝒏 = + 𝐈
𝒎+𝒏 𝒎 + 𝒏 𝒎,𝒏𝒏 𝟐
( )
Sol:I = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ′′ + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
( )
- ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
( )
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ′′ + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
( )
- ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Here 𝑈 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) ⇨ 𝑈′ = (𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥(−

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) ( ) ( )
I , =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − I , − I ,
V=𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥⇨∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
∴f(x) =𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 I , + I , =𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + I ,
⇨𝑉 =
( )
By using integration by parts I , (1 + )=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + I ,
(𝑢𝑣
𝑢𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈 𝑉𝑑𝑥 − [𝑈′ 𝑉𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
( )
I , ( )=𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + I ,
I , =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥.∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

( )
− {(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥}𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 I , ( )=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + I ,
( )
I , =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + I ,
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
− (𝑛
𝑛 − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑚+1
( )
= ′′ + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝒇 (𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
∴∫ 𝒅𝒙=𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒇(𝒙)|+c ∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙)
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
+𝒄
Model-4:: Integration by using partial fraction
𝟐𝒙 𝟑
1) ∫ (𝒙 𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝟒)
𝐝𝐱
𝐝𝐱.
3 3 17 1 𝑥
Sol: =− log|(x + 3))| + log|𝑥 + 2 | + . tan +𝑐
𝟐𝒙 𝟑 13 26 13 2 2
Let (𝒙 = +
𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝟒
𝟒)
A(𝑥 + 4) + (Bx + C)(𝑥 + 3)) 3 3 17 𝑥

= =− log|(x + 3))| + log|𝑥 + 2 | + tan +𝑐
(x + 3)(𝑥 + 4) 13 26 26 2
( + 4) + (Bx + C)(𝑥 + 3) … (1)

⇨ (2x+3) = A(𝑥 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱.𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱
2) ∫ 𝐝𝐱
Put x=-3⇨A= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝐱 𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱 𝟐
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑥

𝐒𝐨𝐥: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇨ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
⇨A+B=0⇨B = .
∫ dx
Constant terms: 4A+3C=3
=∫ (−dt
dt)
⇨3𝑐 = 3 + 4( )
= −∫( )( )
((dt)
⇨3𝑐 = = 𝑙𝑒𝑡 =( +(
( )( ) ) )
∴𝑐 =
⇨ 𝑡 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 2)) + 𝐵(𝑡 + 1)…..(1)
∫( )( )
dx
dx=∫ ( )
+ 𝑑𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = −1 ⇨ −
−1 = 𝐴(−1 + 2) +B (-1+1)
⇨ 𝐴 = −1
3 1 3 x 17 1
=− dx + dx + dx 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = −2 ⇨ −
−2 = 𝐴(−2 + 2) +B (-2+1)
13 x+3 13 𝑥 +4 13 𝑥 +4
𝟏
⇨𝐵=2
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒙| + 𝒄
𝒙
t
− (dt)
(t + 1)(t + 2)
3 3 1 2x 17 1
=− log|(x + 3
3)| + ( ) dx + dx
13 13 2 𝑥 +2 13 𝑥 +2

−1 2
=− + dt
(t + 1) (t + 2)
𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐
1 1 ⇨𝐼 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= dt − 2 dt
(t + 1) (t + 2)
𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒂𝟐
⇨𝐼 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
= log|𝑡 + 1| − 2 log|𝑡 + 2| + 𝑐 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= log
log|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 1| − 2 log|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐 𝟏
⇨𝐼 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒙 − ∫ √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Integration by parts 𝟏 𝒙
⇨𝐼 = 𝑥√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝑰 + 𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 +𝒄
𝒂
(𝑢𝑣))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈 𝑉𝑑𝑥 − [𝑈′ 𝑉𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝒙
⇨ 2𝐼 = 𝑥 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟏
+𝒄
𝐱 𝐚𝟐 𝒂
𝟏 𝒙
3) 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∫ √𝒂
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒂
+𝒄
Sol: 𝐱
⇨𝑰 = 𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 +
𝐚𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟏 𝒙
+𝒄
𝟐 𝒂
Let 𝐼 = ∫ √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟏. 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝐱 𝐚𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 ⇨𝒖 =
𝟏
(𝟎 + 𝟐𝒙) =
𝒙 ∴∫ √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 + 𝒄.
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝑣=1⇨ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝒙
𝐼= 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒙 − . 𝒙𝒅𝒙
√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐
⇨𝐼 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐

4) Using integration by parts, evaluate∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥.
Sol:”
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⇨ 𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑒 ⇨ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑐
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
∫(𝑢𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈 ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈′ ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒 − ∫(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑠

ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇨ 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑒 ⇨ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑐
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 − 𝐼
2𝐼 = 𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
∴ 𝐼= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐

[ ]
=
𝝅/𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
1. ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙
𝟗 𝟏𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝒕

= log − log
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒕
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 . 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 ′𝑥 ′
𝐿. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 0 ⇨ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜 = 0 − 1 = −1 = log 1 − log 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑈. 𝐿: 𝑥 = ⇨ 𝑡 = sin – cos = − =0
√ √
= [0 − log 3 ]
And 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡 S.O.B
⇨ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 𝑡
⇨𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡
⇨1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑡 = [2 log 3]
⇨ 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
/
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 3
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
( )
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂 𝒙
∴ ∫ 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙
+𝒄
=∫ ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑡
Laq Q.No 23 Laq Q.No 23

DEFINITE INTEGRALS DEFINITE INTEGRALS
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 𝒙) /
2. ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 𝐼=∫ log 𝑑𝜃 𝐥𝐨𝐠( 𝒂/𝒃) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
(𝟏 𝒙𝟐 )
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽

/ /
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽𝒅𝜽 𝐼=∫ log 2𝑑𝜃 − ∫ log(1 + tanθ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 . 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 ′𝑥
𝑥′
/
𝐿. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 0 ⇨ 𝜃 = 0 𝐼+𝐼=∫ log 2𝑑𝜃
𝑈. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 1 ⇨ 𝜃 =
( ) /
∫ log ( 𝑑𝑥 2𝐼 = log 2 ∫ ((1)𝑑𝜃
)
/ ( )
=∫ . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃 /
( ) 2𝐼 = log 2[𝜃]]
/
𝐼=∫ log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 )𝑑𝜃 … … … . . (1)
2𝐼 = log 2 −0
𝒂 𝒂
∴ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙

𝟎 𝟎
𝐼 = log 2
/
𝐼=∫ log 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −𝜃 𝑑𝜃
/
𝐼=∫ log 1 + 𝑑𝜃
/
𝐼=∫ log 𝑑𝜃

2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ . − 𝑑𝑥
𝝅 𝒙.𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
3. ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Sol: 2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
[𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
.
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥.. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 - 𝜋 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒂 𝒂
(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
∴ ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄
( )). ( )
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )
2𝐼 = 𝜋[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥]] - 𝜋 ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑥 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
( )).
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝒔𝒆𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄 𝟏. 𝒅𝒙𝒙 + 𝒄
.
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐0] - 𝜋[𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥]
2𝐼 = 𝜋[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 -𝜋[𝑥]
𝐼 +𝐼 = 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝜋[−1 − 1]] - 𝜋[0 − 0] + 𝜋[𝜋 − 0]
( )
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ ( )(
𝑑𝑥 2𝐼 = −2𝜋 +𝜋
)
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼= −𝜋
( )
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑥

𝝅 𝒙
4. ∫𝟎 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ − . 𝑑𝑥
Sol:
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑠𝑒𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝒂 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄
(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
∴ ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄
( )
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 2𝐼 = 𝜋[𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥]] - 𝜋[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥]
( )
( )
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝜋[𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑡𝑎𝑛0]- 𝜋[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐0]
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝜋[0 − 0]] - 𝜋
𝜋[−1 − 1]
2𝐼 = 2𝜋
( ) 𝐼 =𝜋
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ ( )( )
𝑑𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑥

5. ∫𝟎
𝝅 𝒙.𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝐿. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 0 ⇨ 𝑡 = 1 ; 𝑈. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 𝜋 ⇨ 𝑡 = −1
𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝑆𝑜𝑙:
𝐼=∫
.
𝑑𝑥 ⇨2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝒂 𝒂
(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
∴ ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙
⇨2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
( )). ( )
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 2𝐼 = 𝜋[tan 𝑡]]
( )
( )). 2𝐼 = 𝜋[tan (1) − tan (−1)]

𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
.
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2𝐼 = 𝜋 +
𝐼 +𝐼 = 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑥 2𝐼 = 𝜋 2. =𝜋 .
2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼=
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇨ −𝑠𝑖𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑜𝑟 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 = −𝒅𝒕

𝝅 𝒙.𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙
6. ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙
𝐿. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 0 ⇨ 𝑡 = 1 ; 𝑈. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 𝜋 ⇨ 𝑡 = −1
𝑆𝑜𝑙:
𝒙.𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )
𝒂 𝒂 ⇨2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
∴ ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
⇨2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
( )).𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 ( )
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑡
( )).𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 1− 𝑑𝑡
.
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝜋[t − 2tan 𝑡]
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑
2𝐼 = 𝜋[−1 − 1]] − 2𝜋[tan (−1) − tan (1)]]
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝐼 = −2𝜋 + 2𝜋 +
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇨ −𝑠𝑖𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑜𝑟 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 = −𝒅𝒕
2𝐼 = −2𝜋 + 2𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝑥 = −(1
1 − 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝐼 = −𝜋 +
= (𝜋 − 2)

𝝅/𝟐 𝒙
7. ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝐼= ∫ [ ( ) ( ) ]
𝑑𝑡
𝐼= ∫ ( ) (√ )
𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑜𝑙:
/
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
(√ ) ( )
𝒂 𝒂
(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
∴ ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂 𝒙
∴∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 +𝒄
𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝒙
/ ( )
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
√
2𝐼 = log
√ √
/ ( )
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √
𝐼= log − log
√ √ √
/ /
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √
𝐼= log|1|| + log
√ √
/ √
𝐼+𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼= log
√ √
/
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼= log
(√ )(√ )
Let t= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ; √ (√ )(√ )
𝑑𝑥=
= ;
2𝐼 = ∫ ( ) (√ )
( ) cos 𝑥 = 𝐼= log
√ √
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥=
2𝐼 = ∫ ( ) 𝐼= log
(√ )
√
2𝐼 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝐼= log(√2 + 1)
( ) √

𝝅/𝟐
8. ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝐼=∫ [ ( ) ( ) ]
𝑑𝑡
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑡
( ) (√ )
𝑠𝑜𝑙:
/
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 … (1)
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑡
(√ ) ( )
𝒂 𝒂
∴ ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂 𝒙
∴∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 +𝒄
𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝒙
/ ( )
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
√
2𝐼 = log
√ √
/
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 … (2)
√ √
𝐼= log − log
√ √ √
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1) & (2)
√
/ / 𝐼= log|1| + log
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √ √
√
/
𝐼= log
√ √
𝐼+𝐼 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
(√ )(√ )
/ 𝐼= log
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Let t= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ; √ (√ )(√ )
2𝐼 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥= ;
(√ )
( ) 𝐼= log
cos 𝑥 = √ √
2𝐼 = ∫ ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥= (√ )
𝐼= log
√
2𝐼 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝐼= log(√2 + 1)
( ) √

𝟗 𝟏
10. ∫𝟒 𝒅𝒙.
(𝟗 𝒙)(
)(𝒙 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝒙
9. ∫𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙. 𝑆𝑜𝑙:
𝒙 𝟑
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 𝑑𝜃
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 7𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 𝑑𝜃
𝐿. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 4 ⇨ 𝜃 = 0
𝐿. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 3 ⇨ 𝜃 = 0 𝑈. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 7 ⇨ 𝜃 =
𝑈. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 9 ⇨ 𝜃 =
7−𝑥 =7−3 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 7𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 7(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 9 − 𝑥 = 9 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 9𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 7(𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 9(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 9(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝜃) − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑥 − 3 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 7𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 3
𝑥 − 4 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 4
= 7𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 3(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
= 9𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 4(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
= 7𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 3(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
= 9𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 4(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
= 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝟗 𝟏
𝒅𝒙.
∫𝟒 (𝟗 𝒙)(𝒙 𝟒)
/ /
=∫ 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 =∫ 10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
√
/ /
= 8∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 == ∫ 10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝝅/𝟐 𝒏 𝟏 𝐧 𝟑 𝐧 𝟓 𝛑
∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = . . …
𝒏 𝐧 𝟐 𝐧 𝟒 𝟐
𝝅/𝟐
𝑰 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= 8. = 2π
/
= 2[𝑥] = =π

𝐚 𝐛 𝐚 𝐛
𝐚 [𝐛 𝐚]𝟐 𝐚
𝟐
(𝒂 − 𝒂)(𝒃
) 𝒃 − 𝒂) + 𝟏 𝟐
− 𝟐 𝟒.𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃 𝒂
𝒃 𝟐
11. 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 ∫𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒃)𝒅𝒙
Sol: ∫ −(𝑥 − 𝑎)((𝑥 − 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 (𝐛 𝐚) (𝐚 𝐛)

[𝐛 𝐚]𝟐 [𝐛 𝐚]𝟐
= 𝟖
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 𝟐
𝒃 𝒂 − 𝟖
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 𝟐
𝒃 𝒂
𝟐 𝟐
𝐼=∫ −[𝑥 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏]𝑑𝑥

[𝐛 𝐚]𝟐 𝟏 [𝐛 𝐚]𝟐
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 (−𝟏)
𝟖 𝟖
[ ] [ ]
=∫ − 𝑥 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) 𝑥 + − + 𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑥
[𝐛 𝐚]𝟐 𝛑 𝐚]𝟐
[𝐛 𝐚 𝛑 𝛑[𝐛 𝐚]𝟐
= 𝟖 𝟐
+ 𝟖 𝟐
= 𝟖
[ ]
=∫ − 𝑥− − 𝑑𝑥
=∫ − 𝑥− 𝑑𝑥
𝐱 𝐚𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
∴ ∫ √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂
+𝒄
𝐚 𝐛 𝐚 𝐛
𝐱 [𝐛 𝐚]𝟐 𝐱
𝟐
(𝒂 − 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐
𝐼= 𝟐
𝒙)(𝒃 − 𝒙) + 𝟒.𝟐
𝟐
𝐚 𝐛 𝐚 𝐛
𝐛 [𝐛 𝐚]𝟐 𝐛
𝟐
(𝒂 − 𝒃))(𝒃 − 𝒃) + 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝟐 𝟒.𝟐
𝟐

𝝅
12. ∫𝟎 𝒙. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟕 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 13. Find the area enclosed by the curves
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒃𝒚 .
𝟐
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sol:

Given eq’’n
(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 ⇨ 𝑦 = √4𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 … (1)
𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒃𝒚 ⇨ 𝒚 = … . . (2)
𝐼 = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
𝐼 = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐
√4𝑎𝑥 = S.O.B
𝐼 = ∫ 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟒
⇨4𝑎𝑥 =
𝐼 = ∫ 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −𝐼
𝟐𝒂 𝒂 ⇨ 64𝑎𝑏 𝑥 = 𝒙𝟒 ⇨ 64
64𝑎𝑏 𝑥 − 𝒙𝟒 = 0
( )𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
∴ ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇨ 𝑥(64𝑎𝑏 − 𝒙𝟑 ) = 0
/
2𝐼 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 64𝑎𝑏
/
𝐼 = 𝜋∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇨𝑥 = 4𝑎 /
𝑏 /
=𝑢
𝝅/𝟐 (𝒏 𝟏)(𝒏 𝟑)(𝒏 𝟓)…(𝒎 𝟏

𝟏)(𝒎 𝟑)…
∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒎 𝒏)(𝒎 𝒏 𝟐)(𝒎 𝒏 𝟒)…
Required Area =∫ ((1)— (2) 𝑑𝑥
. . . . .
𝐼=𝜋 𝒙𝟐
. . . . . .
=∫ √4𝑎𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
. .
𝐼=𝜋 . . .
=
/
=∫ 2√𝑎𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥

/
√
= −
/ 14. Find the area enclosed by the curves
𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 .
/ [𝑢 − 0 ] 𝑺𝒐𝒍:
= √𝑎 𝑢 −0 -
Given eq’’n
/ /
= √𝑎 4𝑎 𝑏 −0 - 4𝑎 𝑏 −0 𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥 … . . ((1)
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 … ((1)
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)𝑎𝑛𝑑
)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
𝑥 − 5𝑥=4 − 2𝑥 𝑥
= [8𝑎𝑏] − [64
[64𝑎𝑏 ] ⇨𝑥 - 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
⇨𝑥 +1x- 4𝑥 − 4 = 0
= − = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
⇨𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − 4((𝑥+1) = 0
𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1
1
Required Area =∫ (1)— (2) 𝑑𝑥

=∫ [4 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ [4 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 + −
= 4[4 + 1] + [[4 − (−1) ]- [4 − (−1) ]

= 20 + (16 − 1) − (64 + 1)
= 20 + −
=
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

15. Find the area enclosed by the curves 16. Find the area enclosed by the curves
𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒(𝟒 − 𝒙) .
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 .
Sol: 𝑺𝒐𝒍:
Given eq’’n 𝑦 = 4𝑥 ⇨ 𝑦 = √4𝑥 … (1) Given eq’’n 𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 … . . (1)
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒(𝟒 − 𝒙) ⇨ 𝒚 = 4(4 − 𝑥) … . . (2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 … (2)
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2
2) 2−𝑥 =𝑥
2 = 2𝑥
4𝑥 = 𝟒(𝟒 − 𝒙) 𝑥 =1
⇨𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 𝑥 = ±1
⇨ 2𝑥 = 4 ∴ 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = − −1
𝑥=2
Sub x=2 in (1)
𝑦 = 4𝑥 = 4(2)) = 8 Required Area =∫ (1)— (2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = √8 = ±2√2 =∫ [2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
Two parabolas are symmetric about X
X-axis
= ∫ [2 − 2𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
Required Area =2 ∫ (1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (2)𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 2
=2 ∫ √4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4(4 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= 2[1 + 1] − [[(1) − (−1) ]
=2 2 ∫ 𝑥 /
𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ (4 − 𝑥) /
𝑑𝑥 = 4 − (1 + 1)
/ ( ) / =4− =
=4 +4
/ /
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
/ / / /
= 2 −0 - (4 − 4) − (4 − 2)
√ √
= 2√2 + 2√2
2 = +
√
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

17. Show that the area of the region bounded by

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝒂𝟐
+ 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 is 𝝅𝒂𝒃.also
also deduce the area of the circle
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .
𝟐
Sol: Given eq’’n of the ellipse + = 1 … … . . (1)
⇨ =1− ⇨ = [𝑎 − 𝑥 ]
⇨ 𝑦 = [𝑎 − 𝑥 ] ⇨ 𝑦 = ± √𝑎 − 𝑥
Ellipse is symmetric about both the axes. Required area
=4 area of shaded region
Area=∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 =4 ∫ √𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=4 ∫ √𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐱 𝐚𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
∴ ∫ √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 +𝒄
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
𝐱 𝐚𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
= √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
𝐚 𝐚𝟐 𝟏 𝒂
= √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 −𝟎−𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
𝐚𝟐
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 ((𝟏)
𝟐
= = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
If a=b the ellipse becomes a circle
∴Area of the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .
is 𝜋𝑎. 𝑎 = 𝜋𝑎 𝑎 𝑠𝑞 . 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

1. Solve (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎. ⇨∫ ( 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
)( )( )
Sol: (𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0.
+ − 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
⇨ = −( )
…….. (1)
⇨ log|𝑣 + 1| + log||𝑣 − 1| − log|𝑣 + 1| = log 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸
√ √
⇨log = log
log(𝑐𝑥)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇨ =𝑣+𝑥
√ √ √
⇨ = 𝑐𝑥 ⇨ = 𝑐𝑥
( )
Eq’n (1) ⇨ 𝑣 + 𝑥 =− ( ) ( )
⇨⇨ = (𝑐𝑥)
( ) ( )
⇨𝑣+𝑥 =− ( )
( ) ( )
⇨ =𝑐 𝑥
⇨𝑣+𝑥 =−
⇨(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) =(𝑦 + 𝑥 )
⇨𝑥 = − Which is required general solution.
⇨𝑥 =
⇨𝑥 =
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 By partial
fraction
Laq Q.No 24 & 17 Laq Q.No 24 & 17

Differential equations Differential equations
2. Given the solution of 3. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 𝟑
𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 Which passes through the 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒚 𝟓
.
𝒙
𝝅
point (1, )
𝟒 Sol: = =
Sol: xsin dx = ydx − xdy
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒(2)
⇨𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )𝑑𝑥
= …..(1)
( )
⇨ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 ⇨ 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑣 ⇨ 1 − = ⇨ =1−
⇨ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 … ..(1) Now eq’’n (1) becomes
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇨ =𝑣+𝑥 ⇨1− = ⇨1

1− =
⇨ 𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑣)

⇨ =
⇨𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑣) ⇨ ∫
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇨ =
⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
⇨ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
⇨ −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣 = −
−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇨ − cot = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐 ( )
⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 Through the point (1, ) ⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫

( )
+ 𝑑𝑣
⇨ − cot = −𝑙𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑐 ⇨ −1 = 0 + 𝑐 ⇨ 𝑐 = −1 ⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 + 𝑑𝑣
⇨𝑥 = 2𝑣 + log(𝑣 + 2
2) + 𝑐
∴ − cot = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 1
⇨ 𝑥 = 2(𝑥 − 𝑦) + log
log(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2) + 𝑐
∴ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + log(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2) = 𝑐
Laq Q.No 24 & 17 Laq Q.No 24 & 17

4. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍

𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝟑
5. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 = .
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒚 𝒙 𝟏
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏))𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎.
( )
Sol: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞 𝑛 = [𝑎/𝑎′ ≠ 𝑏/𝑏′]
Sol: = =
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒(2)
𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒙 = 𝑿 + 𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝒀 + 𝒌
( )
= …..(1)
( ) ( )
= ⇨ = ( ) ( )
𝑙𝑒𝑡 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)) = 𝑣 ⇨ 2 + =
( )
⇨ = −2 ⇨ = ( )
… (∗) 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑐
𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
( )
Now eq’’n (1) becomes ⇨ −2= 2ℎ + 𝑘 + 3 = 0 … (1
(1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ + 2𝑘 + 1 = 0 … (2)
⇨ = +2 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)& (2)

2 1 3 2
⇨ =
1 2 1 1
⇨ =
(ℎ, 𝑘 ) = , = − ,
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 3𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (∗)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
( )
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 3𝑑𝑥
⇨ = is a homogeneous equation.
( )
⇨∫ + 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 3𝑑𝑥
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑋 ⇨ =𝑉+
⇨∫ 3𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 + 𝑑𝑣
⇨𝑉 + =
⇨3𝑥 = 2𝑣 + log(𝑣 − 1) + 𝑐 ( )
⇨𝑉 + = ( )
⇨ 3𝑥 = 2(2𝑥 + 𝑦) + log(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) + 𝑐
( )
⇨ 3𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + log(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) + 𝑐 ⇨𝑉 + =( )
∴ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + log(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) = 𝑐
Laq Q.No 24 & 17 Laq Q.No 24 & 17

( ) 𝒅𝒚 𝟑𝒚 𝟕𝒙 𝟕
⇨ = − 6. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 = .
( ) 𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟕𝒚 𝟑
Sol: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞 𝑛 = [𝑎/𝑎′ ≠ 𝑏/𝑏′]

⇨ = ⇨ =
( ) ( )
( )
⇨ = ( ) 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒙 = 𝑿 + 𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝒀 + 𝒌
⇨− ( )
+ ( )
𝑑𝑉 = 2
=
⇨ − ∫( 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ ( 𝑑𝑉 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑋 ( ) ( )
) ) ⇨ = ( ) ( )
⇨ − log|1 + 𝑉| − log|1 − 𝑉| = 2 log 𝑋 + log 𝐶

( )
⇨ = … (∗)
( )
⇨ log|1 + 𝑉|| + 3 log|1 − 𝑉| = −4 log 𝑋 + log 𝐶
𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
⇨ log(1 + 𝑉))(1 − 𝑉) = log(𝐶/𝑋 )
−7ℎ + 3𝑘 + 7 = 0 … (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3ℎ − 7𝑘 − 3 = 0 … ((2)
⇨(1 + 𝑉)((1 − 𝑉 ) = {V= }
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)& (2)
⇨ 1+ 1− = -7 3 7 -7
⇨
( )( )
= 3 -7 -3 3
( − 𝑌) = 𝐶
⇨(𝑋 + 𝑌)(𝑋 (ℎ, 𝑘) = , = [1,0]
(ℎ, 𝑘) = − , 𝑋 = 𝑥 + ,𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (∗)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
⇨ = is a homogeneous equation.
⇨ 𝑥+ +𝑦− 𝑥+ −𝑦+ =𝐶
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑋 ⇨ =𝑉+
⇨ 𝑥+𝑦+ (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2) = 𝐶
⇨𝑉 + =
(3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4)((𝑥 + −𝑦 + 2) = 3𝐶
( )
This is the required solution. ⇨𝑉 + = ( )
Laq Q.No 24 & 17 Laq Q.No 24 & 17

( ) 7. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

⇨𝑉 + =
( )
=
( )
⇨ = ( )
− Sol: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞 𝑛 = [𝑎/𝑎′ ≠ 𝑏/𝑏′]
⇨ = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠

( )
( )
𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒙 = 𝑿 + 𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝒀 + 𝒌
⇨ = ⇨ =
=
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑉 = −7
( ) ( )
⇨ = ( ) ( )
⇨− + 𝑑𝑉 = −7
( ) ( )
( )
⇨− ∫ 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑋 ⇨ = ( )
… (∗)
( ) ( )
𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
⇨ − log|1 + 𝑉| − log|1 − 𝑉| = 2 log 𝑋 + log 𝐶
ℎ + 2𝑘 + 3 = 0 … (1)
( )
⇨ log|1 + 𝑉|| + 3 log|1 − 𝑉| = −4 log 𝑋 + log 𝐶
𝑎𝑛𝑑
⇨ log(1 + 𝑉))(1 − 𝑉) = log(𝐶/𝑋 ) 2ℎ + 3𝑘 + 4 = 0 … (2
2)
( − 𝑉) =
⇨(1 + 𝑉)(1 {V= } 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)& (2)
1 2 3 1
⇨ 1+ 1− =
2 3 4 2
( )( )
⇨ = ⇨(𝑋 + 𝑌)(𝑋 − 𝑌 ) = 𝐶
(ℎ, 𝑘 ) = , = [[1, −2]
(ℎ, 𝑘) = − , 𝑋 = 𝑥 + ,𝑌 = 𝑦 − 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (∗)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
⇨ 𝑥+ +𝑦− 𝑥+ −𝑦+ =𝐶 ⇨ = is a homogeneous equation.
(3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4
4)(𝑥 + −𝑦 + 2) = 3𝐶 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑋 ⇨ =𝑉+
This is the required solution.

⇨𝑉 + =
Laq Q.No 24 & 17 Laq Q.No 24 & 17

( )
⇨𝑉 + =
( )
( )
⇨𝑉 + =( )
( )
⇨ = −
( )
⇨ =
( )
⇨ =
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑉 =
⇨ + 𝑑𝑉 =
⇨ ∫ 𝑑𝑉 − ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑋
√
√
⇨ . log − log|1 − 3𝑉 | = log 𝐶𝑋
( )
√ √
√
⇨( log − log|1 − 3𝑉 | = log 𝐶𝑋
√ ) √
√
⇨( log − log 1 − 3 = log 𝐶𝑋
√ ) √
√
⇨ log − log = log 𝐶𝑋
(√ ) √
𝑿 = 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒀 = 𝒚 + 𝟐
√ ( ) ( ) ( )
⇨( log − log = log 𝐶𝑋
√ ) √ ( ) ( )
Laq Q.No 24 & 17

Differential equations
1. If the abscissa of points A, B are the roots of the equation 3. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟑𝐱 + 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐱 − 𝐛𝟐 = 𝟎 and the ordinates of A, B are the roots of 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟔𝐱 − 𝟖𝐲 + 𝟓 = 𝟎
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐩𝐱 − 𝐪𝟐 = 𝟎,, then find the equation of a circle for which AB as a sol: given equation of the circle
diameter. x + y − 6x − 8y + 5 = 0 … . . (1)
Sol: Let A(x , y ) and B(x , y )
Centre (3, 4) and r = (−
−3) + (−4) − 5=√20
Given that
Given line 3x + 4y − 45 = 0 here l = 3, m = 4 & 𝑛 = −45
x , x be the roots of x + 2ax − b = 0
⇨(x − x )(x − x ) = x + 2ax − b The pole = −g + , −f +
And
Given that ( ) ( )
= 3+ ,4+
y , y be the roots of y + 2py − q = 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⇨(y − y )(y − y ) = y + 2py − q
( ) ( )
= 3+ ,4+ = (3 + 3, 4 + 4) = (6. 8)
Equation of the circle with AB as a diame
diameter is
(𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟏 )(𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟐 ) + (𝐲 − 𝐲𝟏 )(𝐲 − 𝐲𝟐 ) = 𝟎 (h/w) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
⇨(x + 2ax − b ) + ((y + 2py − q ) = 0
⇨x + y + 2ax + 2py py − b − q = 0 Is the required eq’’n of the circle.

4. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐤 𝐢𝐟 𝐤𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 − 𝟏 = 𝟎,
2. If a point P is moving such that the lengths of tangents from P to the circle
𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐣𝐮𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟔𝐱 − 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 , 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟏𝟖𝐲 + 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎 are in the
𝐱 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟒 = 𝟎.
𝟐
ratio 2:3 the find the equation of the locus of p.
Sol: Given equation of the circle
Sol: let P(x1, y1) be any point on the locus
x + y − 2x − 4y − 4 = 0 … . . (1)
Given that = ⇒3 S = 2 S′ S.O.B Centre (1, 2) and r = (1
1) + (2) + 4=√9=3
⇒9(S ) = 4(S ) Given line 2x + y + 5 = 0 here l = 2, m = 1 and n = 5
The pole = −g + , −f +
⇒ 9(x + y − 6x − 4y − 12)
( ) ( )
= 4(x + y + 6
6x + 18y + 26) = 1+ ( ) ( )
,2+ ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= 1+ ,2+
⇒(9x + 9y − 54xx − 36y − 108) − 4x
= (1 − 2, 2 − 1)= (-1,
1, 1)
− 4y − 24x − 72y − 104 = 0
(−1, 1) lies on kx + 3y − 1 = 0
⇒5x + 5y − 78x − 108y − 212=0 ⇨−k + 3 − 1 = 0 ⇨ k = 2.

∴ the equation of locus of p is
5𝐱𝟐 + 𝟓𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟕𝟖𝐱 − 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝐲 − 𝟐𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 .
Q.No:11 Circle Q.No:11 Circle

5. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle 7. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 which are perpendicular to 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟒𝐲 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐭 (𝟑, −𝟏).
𝟑𝐱 − 𝐲 + 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐭.
𝐒𝐨𝐥: given equation of the circle x + y + 2x − 2y − 3 = 0 … . . (1) Sol: given equation of the circle
Centre (−1, 1) and radius (r) = (1) + (−1) + 3 = √5
5 x + y − 2x + 4y = 0 … . . (1)
The given line 3x − y + 4 = 0 … . . (2) Centre (1, −2) and radius (r) = (−1) + (2) + 0 = √5
Slope(m)= − = − = 3 and ⊥ slope(m) = − ⇨m = The equation of tangent at (3, −1) is
( + 𝐱 𝟏 ) + 𝐟(𝐲 + 𝐲𝟏 ) + 𝐜 = 𝟎
𝐒𝟏 = 𝐱𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐲𝐲𝟏 + 𝐠(𝐱
Eq’’n of tangent to S=0 & ⊥ to (2)
⇨ x(3) + y(−1) − 1(x + 3) + 2(y − 1) = 0
is (𝐲 − 𝐲𝟏 ) = 𝐦(𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟏 ) ± 𝐫√𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐
⇒ 3x − y − x − 3 + 2y − 2 = 0
⇨ (y − 1) = − (x + 1) ± √5 1 + ⇒ 2x + y − 5 = 0 … . (2))
here slope (m) = −2
( ) √ √
⇨ (y − 1) = − ± Required eq’’n of the tangent to (1) and it is parallel to (2) is
⇨ 3(y − 1) = −(x( + 1) ± 5√2 (y − y ) = m(x − x ) ± r√1 + m
⇨ x + 1 + 3y − 3 ± 55√2 = 0
Hence required eq’’n of tangents are ⇒ (y + 2) = −2(x − 1)) ± √5 1 + (−2)
x + 3y − 2 ± 5√2 = 0.
⇒ (y + 2) = −2(x − 1)) ± √5√5
⇒ (y + 2) = −2(x − 1) ± 5
6. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 which are parallel to 𝐱 + 𝐲 − 𝟖 = 𝟎.
⇒ y + 2 = −2x + 2 ± 5
Sol: given equation of the circle
𝐒 ≡ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 ∴ 2x + y ± 5 = 0.
3) and radius (r) = (−2) + (3) + 12
Centre (2, -3)
=√4 + 9 + 12 = √2525 = 5
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐱 + 𝐲 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 … . . (𝟏)
Slope(m)= − = − = −1
Eq’’n of tangent to S=0 & parallel to (1)
is (𝐲 − 𝐲𝟏 ) = 𝐦(𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟏 ) ± 𝐫√𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐
⇨ (y + 3) = −1(x − 2 2) ± 5√1 + 1
⇨ x − 2 + y + 3 ± 5√√2 = 0
Hence required eq’’n of tangents are 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝟏 ± 𝟓√𝟐 = 𝟎

𝟎.

8. 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐭 (−𝟏, 𝟐)𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞

𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟖𝐲 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 𝐭𝐨𝐮𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟔𝐲 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭.
9. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐒𝐨𝐥: equation of the tangent at (−1, 2) to the circle
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟔𝐲 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐭 (𝟑, 𝟐)
x + y − 4x − 8y + 7 = 0 is
𝟐𝐠((𝐱 𝐱 𝟏) 𝟐𝐟(𝐲 𝐲𝟏)
𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞.
𝐒𝟏 = 𝐱𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐲𝐲𝟏 + + +𝐜=𝟎 Sol: given equation of the circle
𝟐 𝟐
⇒ x(−1) + y(2) − 2((x − 1) − 4(y + 2) + 7 = 0 x + y − 4x − 6y + 11 = 0 … . . (1)
⇒ −3x − 2y + 1 = 0 Centre C (2, 3) = (−g, −−f)
⇒ 3x + 2y − 1 = 0 … . (1) Given point A (3, 2) = ((x , y )
For the circle 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟔𝐲 = 𝟎 centre (−2, −3),
r = (2) + (3) − 0 = √13 The equation of the normal is
⊥ Distance from centre (−2, −3) to given line (1) (𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟏 )(𝐲𝟏 + 𝐟) − (𝐲 − 𝐲𝟏 )(𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐠) = 𝟎
| ( ) ( ) | | |
= = = =
( ) ( ) √ √ ⇒ (x − 3)(2 − 3) − (y − 2)(3 − 2) = 0
√13 so the line (1) also touches the 2nd circle. ⇒ −x + 3 − y + 2 = 0 ⇒ x + y − 5 = 0.
let (h, k) be the required point of contact.
so it is the foot of the ⊥ from the centre (−2, −3) 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝐢𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁
𝐡 𝐱𝟏 𝐤 𝐲𝟏 (𝐚𝐱 𝟏 𝐛
𝐛𝐲𝟏 𝐜) 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲𝟏 𝐲𝟐
= =− , = (𝟐, 𝟑))
𝐚 𝐛 𝐚𝟐 𝐛 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
[ ( ) ( ) )]
⇒ = =−
⇒ = =−
( )
=1 ⇒ , = (2, 3)
⇒ = 1 and ⇒ =1 ⇒ = 2 and =3
h + 2 = 3 and k + 3 = 2 ⇒ 3 + a = 4 and 2 + b = 6
h = 3 − 2 and k = 2 − 3 ⇒ a = 4 − 3 and b = 6 − 2
h = 1 , k = −1 B (a, b) = (1, 4)
Coordinate of point of contact = (1, −1. )

10. Find the mid point of the chord intercepted by 11. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟏𝟎𝐲 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 on the line 𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟕 = 𝟎,Also
Also find the 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟖𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
length of the chord. 𝐒𝐨𝐥: given equation of the circle
𝐒𝐨𝐥: circle 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟏𝟎𝐲 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 centre (1, 5), x + y − 8x − 2y − 8 = 0 … . . (1)
r = (1) + (5) − 1 = 5 Centre (4, 1) and r = ((−4) + (−1) + 8 = √25 = 5
⊥ Distance from centre (1, 5) to given line 𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 Given line x + y + 1 = 0
| ( ) ( ) | | | ⊥ Distance from centre ((−2, −3) to given line (1)
= = =
( ) ( ) √ √ | ( ) ( ) | | |
=
( ) ( ) √
| |
𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐬 = = 3√2 = √18
√
𝟐√𝐫 𝟐 − 𝐝𝟐 = 2 25 − = 2 length of chord intercepted by the circle is
2√r − d = 2√25 − 18 = 2√7units
( )
=2 = = units 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞
√ √
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐲 = 𝐱 − 𝟑. 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝟐√𝟐𝟔
𝟐𝟔
𝐥𝐞𝐭 (𝐡, 𝐤) 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐦𝐢𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 .

so it is the foot of the ⊥ from the centre (1, 5) 12. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 (−𝟐, 𝟑))𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐝
= =−
( ) 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝟐 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝟑𝐱 + 𝟒𝐲 + 𝟒 = 𝟎.
Sol: given centre C (−2, 3
3)
[ ( ) ( ) ]
Given equation of the chord 3x + 4y + 4 = 0 … . (1)
⇒ = =− d = ⊥ Distance from centre C (−2, 3) to given line (1)
( )
⇒ = =− =
| ( ) ( ) | | |
⇒ = and ⇒ = d = = = =2
( ) ( ) √
5h − 5 = 2 and 5k − 25 = −4 Given length of chord 2√
√r − d = 2
5h = 2 + 5 = 7 and 5
5k = −4 + 25 ⇒ √r − d = 1
⇒ r − d = 1 (d = 2)
h= ,k =
⇒r −4=1
∴ r =5
Required eq’’n of the circle is
(x − a) + (y − b) = r
⇒ (x + 2) + (y − 3) = 5
x + y + 4x − 6y + 8 = 0

13. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐧 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦

(𝟎, 𝟎) 𝐭𝐨 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝐱 + 𝟏𝟎𝐲 + 𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎 14. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭
Sol: given equation of the circle (𝟑, −𝟒)𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝐱 − 𝟒𝐲 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎
x + y + 10x + 10yy + 40 = 0 … . . (1), P(x , y ) = (0, 0)) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐱𝐞𝐬𝐚𝐱𝐞𝐬.
( ) ( ) Sol: given equation of the circle
S = xx + yy + + +c=0
x + y − 22x − 4y + 25 = 0 … . . (1)
S ≡ x(0) + y(0) + 5((x + 0) + 5(y + 0) + 40
Centre C (11, 2) = (−g,, −f)
S ≡ 5x + 5y + 40
Given point A (3, −4) = (x , y )
S ≡ 02 + 02 + 10((0) + 10(0) + 40 = 40
The equation of the normal is
𝐞𝐪 𝐧𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐒𝟏 𝟐 = 𝐒𝐒𝟏𝟏
(𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟏 )(𝐲𝟏 + 𝐟) − (𝐲 − 𝐲𝟏 )(𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐠) = 𝟎
(5x + 5y + 40 ) = ( x2 + y2 + 10x + 10y + 40)(40)
⇒ (x − 3)(−4 − 2) − (y + 4)(3 − 11) = 0
25(x + y + 8) = ( xx2 + y2 + 10x + 10y + 40)(40)
⇒ 3x − 4y − 25 = 0.
Area of the triangle formed by the normal with the
⇒ 5{x + y + 64 + 2
2xy + 16y + 16x} = {8x + 8y + 80
80x + 80y + 𝟏 𝐜𝟐 ( )
320} coordinate axes = = )
𝟐 𝐚.𝐛 .(
= sq. units
⇒ {8x + 8y + 80x + 80y + 320 −5x − 5y − 320 − 10 10xy − 80y −
80x = 0
⇒ 3x − 10xy + 3y = 0
15. Find the inverse point of (-2,
( 3) w.r.t the circle
13. Find the condition that the tangents drawn from the exterior point
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝐲 + 𝟗 = 𝟎.
(0, 0)to the circle 𝐒 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲 + 𝐜 = 𝟎
𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫.
x + y − 4x − 6y + 9 = 0 … . . (1)
Centre C (2, 3) = (x , y ) , given point P (-2, 3)= (x , y )
x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0…(1)
eq n of CP is (y − y ) = m(x − x )
r= g + f − c , length of tangent= S
⇨ (y − 2) = (x − 2))
if θ is angle the
⇨y − 2 = 0 … … . (1)
pair of tangents drawn from eq n of polar of p(−2, 3
3) is S = 0
(0, 0) to S=0 is ( ) ( )
S = xx + yy + + +c=0
S = 0 + 0 + 2g(0 (0) + 2f(0) + c = c
⇨x(−2) + y(3) − 2(x ( − 2) − 3(y + 3) + 9 = 0
Then tan = [θ = 90°]
√ ⇨−2x + 3y − 2x + 4 − 3 3y − 9 + 9 = 0
⇨tan
°
= ⇨
⇨tan 45° = ⇨−4x = −4 ⇨ x = 1 … … . (2)
√ √
( yy) = (1, 3)
Solving ( 1) & (2) ⇨(x,
1= S.O.B and cross multiplying
multiplying⇨c = g + f − c
√ ∴ The inverse point of p is (1, 3)
∴2c = g + f

1. Show that the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎, 2. Show that the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟖𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟖 = 𝟎,

𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟗𝟎 = 𝟎 Touch each other internally. Find the 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟔𝐲 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 Touch each other. Find the point of
point of contact and eq’’n of tangent at point of contact. contact.
Sol: eq’’n s of the given circles Sol: eq’’n s of the given circles
S ≡ x + y − 2x − 4y − 20 = 0 … . . (1) S ≡ x + y − 8x − 2yy + 8 = 0 … . . (1)
S′ ≡ x + y + 6x + 2y − 90 = 0 … . . (2) S′ ≡ x + y − 2y + 6
6y + 6 = 0 … . . (2)
𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬 (−𝐠, −𝐟):

) C (1, 2), C (−3, −1) 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬 (−𝐠, −𝐟): C ((4, 1), C (1, −3)
𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬(𝐫) = 𝐠𝟐 + 𝐟 𝟐 − 𝐜 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬(𝐫) = 𝐠𝟐 + 𝐟𝟐 − 𝐜
r = √1 + 2 + 20 = √25 = 5 r = √4 + 1 − 8 = √
√17 − 8 = √9 = 3
r = √3 + 1 + 90 = √100 = 10 r = √1 + 3 − 6 = √
√10 − 6 = √4 = 2
C C = (x − x ) + (y − y ) C C = (x − x ) + (y − y )
= (−3 − 1) + (−
(−1 − 2) = (1 − 4) + (−3 − 1)
= (−4) + (−3) = √25 =5 = (−3) + (−4) = √25 =5
𝐂𝟏 𝐂𝟐 = |𝐫𝟏 − 𝐫𝟐 | 𝐂𝟏 𝐂𝟐 = 𝐫𝟏 + 𝐫𝟐
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲. 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲.
the point of contact p divides C C externally in the ratio the point of contact p divides C C Internally in the ratio
r : r = 5: 10 = m: n=1:2 r : r = 3: 2 = m:: n
P= , P= ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= , = ,
= , = ,
= (5, 5) = ,
Q.No: 12 SYSTEM OF CIRCLE Q.No: 12 SYSTEM OF CIRCLE

3. Show that the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐱 + 𝐜 = 𝟎 and 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐛𝐲 + 𝐜 = 4. If 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 chord of the circle
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 𝐭𝐨𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐟
𝐚𝟐
+
𝐛𝟐
=
𝐜
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎, find the equation of the circle
Sol: Given eq’’ns of the circles having
ng AB as diameter.
x + y + 2ax + c = 0 ….. (1) Sol:
⇨C (−a, 0)and r = √a − c Given eq’’n of the circle
x + y + 2by + c = 0…. (2) S≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8 = 0… (1)
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝐿 ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 … . (2)
⇨C (0, −b)and r = √b − c
Eq’’n of the circle passing through the point of intersection of

C C = (0 + a)) + (−b − 0) =√a + b
S=0 and L=0 is 𝑆 + 𝜆𝐿 = 0
⇨(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8) + 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3) = 0 … (3 3)
Given circles touch each other |r + r | = C C
⇨(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥(𝜆 ( − 2) + (𝜆 + 4)𝑦 − (3𝜆 + 8) = 0.
⇨ √a − c + √b − c = √a + b ( ) ( )
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 ,−
S. O. B
𝑖𝑓 𝐴𝐵 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (1), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
√a − c + √b − c =a +b
𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0
⇨ a − c + b − c + 2√a − c√b − c=a + b ( )
⇨ − =3
⇨−2 − 2𝜆 = 6
⇨ 2√a − c√b − c=2c
⇨−2𝜆 = 8 ⇨ 𝜆 = − −4
The required eq’’n of the circle is from (3)
⇨ √a − c√b − c=c S.O.B ⇨ (a − c)(b − c)) = c
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥(− (−4 − 2) + (−4 + 4)𝑦 − (3(−4) + 8) = 0
⇨a b −a c−b c+c =c ∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑥 + 4 = 0
5. If the straight line 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏 intersects the circle
⇨a b −a c−b c= 0
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 at the points A and B, find the equation of the
circle having AB as diameter.
( +b )
⇨ a b = c(a
Sol:
Given eq’’n’n of the circle
⇨ = ⇨ = + S≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4… … (1)
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝐿 ≡ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 0 … . (2)
∴ + =
Eq’’n of the circle passing through the point of intersection of
S=0 and L=0 is 𝑆 + 𝜆𝐿 = 0

⇨(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4) + 𝜆(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1) = 0 … (3) 7. If the angle between the circles

⇨(𝑥 + 𝑦 + (2𝜆
( 𝜆)𝑥 + (3𝜆)𝑦 − (𝜆 + 4) = 0. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟓𝟗 =
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 −𝜆, − 𝟎, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒌.
Sol: Given circles 𝑆 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 41 = 0 … (1)
𝑖𝑓 𝐴𝐵 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (1), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑆 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑘𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 59 = 0 … … … (2)
𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 0
⇨2(−𝜆) + 3(3𝜆//2) = 1
⇨−4𝜆 − 9𝜆 = 2 𝜃 = 45° ⇨ 𝑐𝑜𝑠45=
45=
√
⇨−13𝜆 = 2 ⇨ 𝜆 = −
The required eq’’n of the circle is from (3) 𝑔 = −6; 𝑓 = −3; 𝑐 = 41 𝑔 = ; 𝑓 = 3; 𝑐 = −59
(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4) − (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1) = 0
13(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 52 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 2 = 0 𝑟 = 𝑔 + 𝑓 − 𝑐 = √6 + 3 − 41 = 2
∴ 𝟏𝟑(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎 √
𝑟 = + (3)) + 59 = =
6. If the two circles 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠 𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟 𝐲 = 𝟎 touch each other then show that
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝐟 𝐠 = 𝐟𝐠 .
Sol: Sol:: Given eq’’n of the circles ( ) ( )( )
S ≡ x + y + 2gx gx + 2fy = 0 … (1) ⇨ 𝑐𝑜𝑠45° =
. .
centre C (−g, −ff)
S′ ≡ x + y + 2 2g x + 2f y = 0 … (2)
| | | |
centre C (−g , − −f′) ⇨ = ⇨ =
√ .√ √ .√
above circles passes through (0, 0)

| |
If the circles touch each other, then ⇨ = S.O.B⇨ =
√ √
OC C are collinear ⇨ Area of OC C = 0
O(0, 0), C (−g, − −f) and C (−g , −f′)
⇨ 𝑘 + 272 = 18
18𝑘
Area = |x y − x y |=0
⇨ |(−g)(−f′)) − (−g )(−f)|=0
⇨ 17𝑘 = 272 ⇨ 𝑘 =
⇨ gf − g f = 0 ∴ 𝐟 𝐠 = 𝐟𝐠 . ⇨ 𝑘 = 16 ∴𝑘=±
±4

8. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point of

intersection of the circles 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎 and 9. Find the radical centre of the circles
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟏, 𝟐). 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟎,
Sol: 2𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟗 = 𝟎
Given eq’’n of the circle 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝟎.
S≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8𝑥 𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 21 = 0… (1) Sol:
S′ ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 2𝑦 − 15 = 0 … . (2) Given circles
𝑆 ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 7 = 0 … . . . (1)
Eq’’n of the circle passing through the point of intersection of S′ ≡ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑦 − 9 = 0 … … (2)
S=0 and S’=0 is 𝑆 + 𝜆𝑆′ = 0 𝑆 ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0 … . . . (3)
⇨(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐𝟏) + 𝝀(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓) = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (1(1)& (2)
𝟎 … (𝟑) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 8𝑥 − 14 = 0
Above eq’’n passing through (1, 2) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 5 5𝑦 − 9 = 0
⇨ (1 + 2 − 8 8(1) − 6(2) + 21) + 𝜆(1 + 2 − 2(1) − 15)
5𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 5 = 0….. (4)
=0
⇨(1 + 4 − 8 − 12 + 21) + 𝜆(1 + 4 − 2 − 15)) = 0 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (2
(2)& (3)
⇨(6) + 𝜆(−12)) = 0 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 5 5𝑦 − 9 = 0
⇨ 6 = 12𝜆 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 0 + 2 2𝑦 = 0
⇨𝜆= Sub in (3) 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 9 = 0…. (5)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
⇨(𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐𝟏) + (𝒙𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓) = 𝟎
𝟐
⇨(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒𝟐) + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓) =
Solving ( 4) & (5) 5 -5 -5 5
𝟎
⇨(𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐𝟕) = 𝟎 (÷ 𝒃𝒚 𝟑)) 3 3 -9 3
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎
𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟒𝟓
(x , y) = 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
, 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟎
= ,
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
= (𝟐, 𝟏)

10. Find the equation of the circle which cuts the circles
𝑟 = 𝑆 = +7 +2 + 4(7) + 2
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
2𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑟 = + 83 =
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚. 𝑒𝑞 𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
Sol: (𝑎, 𝑏) = , 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 𝑖𝑠
Given circles
𝑆 ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0 … . . . (1) 𝑥− + [𝑦 − 7]] =
S′ ≡ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 3 = 0 … … (2) ⇨𝑥 − 5𝑥 + + 𝑦 + 49 − 14𝑦 =
𝑆 ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 3 = 0 … . . . (3)
⇨4𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 25 + 4
4𝑦 + 196 − 56𝑦 − 357 = 0
⇨4(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑥 − 14
14𝑦 − 34) = 0
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (1)& (2)
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 2 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑥 − 14𝑦
𝑦 − 34 = 0
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 3 = 0
11. Find the eq’’n of the circle which passes through the point
−2𝑥 + 0 + 5 = 0….. (4) (0, -3)
3) and intersects the circles
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎,
𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟎 Orthogonally.
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (2)& (3) 𝑺𝒐𝒍: let the required circle
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 3 = 0 𝑺 ≡ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 … . . (∗)
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 6 = 0 𝑺′ ≡ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎,
10𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0…. (5) 𝑺′′ ≡ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟎
(0, −3)𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 (∗)
( ) ⇨ 0 + 9 − 6𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0
⇨ 𝟎 − 𝟔𝒇 + 𝒄 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 … . . (𝟏)
Solving ( 4) & (5) -2 0 5 -2 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 = 0 are orthogonal
𝟐𝒈𝒈 + 𝟐𝒇𝒇 = 𝒄 + 𝒄′ condition for orthogonal
10 -4 3 10
⇨ 2𝑔(−3) + 2𝑓 =𝑐+5
(x , y) = , ⇨ −𝟔𝒈 + 𝟑𝒇 − 𝒄 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 … … (𝟐)
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 = 0 are orthogonal
= , = ( , 7)) 𝟐𝒈𝒈 + 𝟐𝒇𝒇 = 𝒄 + 𝒄′ condition for orthogonal
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑆 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ( , 7) to S=0 ⇨ 2𝑔 − + 2𝑓 − =𝑐+0
⇨ −𝒈 − 𝟕𝒇 − 𝒄 = 𝟎 … … (𝟑)

𝐸𝑞’’𝑛 (1) + (2) 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑳 ≡ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟕 = 𝟎

0 − 6𝑓 + 𝑐 + 9 = 0 (−𝑔, −𝑓 )𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 (𝐿
(𝐿) ⇨ −2𝑔 − 3𝑓 − 7 = 0
−6𝑔 + 3𝑓 − 𝑐 − 5 = 0 ⇨ 𝟐𝒈 + 𝟑𝒇 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 … . . (𝟏)
−𝟔𝒈 − 𝟑𝒇 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 … … … … (𝟒) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 = 0 are orthogonal
𝟐𝒈𝒈 + 𝟐𝒇𝒇 = 𝒄 + 𝒄′ condition for orthogonal
𝐸𝑞’’𝑛 (1) + (3) ⇨ 2𝑔(−2) + 2𝑓(−3( 3) = 𝑐 + 11
0 − 6𝑓 + 𝑐 + 9 = 0 ⇨ −𝟒𝒈 − 𝟔𝒇 − 𝒄 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎 … … (𝟐)
−𝑔 − 7𝑓 − 𝑐 + 0 = 0 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 = 0 are orthogonal
−𝒈 − 𝟏𝟑𝒇 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 … … … … (𝟓) 𝟐𝒈𝒈 + 𝟐𝒇𝒇 = 𝒄 + 𝒄′ condition for orthogonal
⇨ 2𝑔(−5) + 2𝑓(−2( 2) = 𝑐 + 21
Solving ( 4)& (5) 6 3 -4 6 ⇨ −𝟏𝟎𝒈 − 𝟒𝒇 − 𝒄 − 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎 … … (𝟑)
1 13 -9 1
𝐸𝑞’’𝑛 (2) − (3)
(𝑥, 𝑦) = , = , −4𝑔 − 6𝑓 − 𝑐 − 11 = 0
−10𝑔 − 4𝑓 − 𝑐 − 21 = 0
, sub in (1)⇨
⇨−6 +9+𝑐 = 0 𝟔𝒈 − 𝟐𝒇 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 … … … … (𝟒)
⇨𝑐 = −9 + 4 = −5
Solving ( 1) & (4) 2 3 7 2
∴ 𝑥 +𝑦 +2 𝑥+2 𝑦−5=0 6 -2 10 6
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 15 = 0
(𝑥, 𝑦) = , = ,
12. Find the eq’’n of the circle which cuts the circles (−2, −1) sub in (2)
(2)⇨−4(−2) − 6(−1) = 𝑐 + 11
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎,
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎 Orthogonally, and has the ⇨𝑐 = 14 − 11 = 3
diameter along the st line 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟕.
𝑺𝒐𝒍: let the required circle ( )𝑥 + 2(−1)𝑦 + 3 = 0
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2(−2)
𝑺 ≡ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 … . . (∗)
𝑺 ≡ 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎,
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
𝑺′′ ≡ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎

13. Find the eq’’n of the circle which passes through the point 14. Find the eq’’n and length of the common chord of the two
(2, 0)(0, 2) and intersects the circles circles 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎,
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎.
Orthogonally.
𝑺𝒐𝒍: let the required circle Sol: Given circles
𝑆 ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … . . (∗) 𝑺 ≡ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎,
𝑆′ ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0, 𝑺′ ≡ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎.
(2, 0)𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 (∗) ⇨4 + 0 + 4𝑔 + 0 + 𝑐 = 0
⇨𝟒𝒈 + 𝟎 + 𝒄 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 … . (𝟏) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑆 − 𝑆’ = 0
(0, 2)𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 (∗)
( ) ⇨ 0 + 4 + 0 + 4𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇨−2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 ⇨ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 … . . (1)
⇨ 𝟎 + 𝟒𝒇 + 𝒄 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 … . . (𝟐) 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 – , − 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 = 0 are orthogonal
𝟐𝒈𝒈 + 𝟐𝒇𝒇 = 𝒄 + 𝒄′ condition for orthogonal 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠(𝑟) = + −4=
⇨ 2𝑔 + 2𝑓 − =𝑐+2
= 𝑜𝑓 𝑆 = 0
𝟓
⇨ 𝟐 𝒈 − 𝟑𝒇 − 𝒄 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 … … (𝟑)
d 𝑖𝑠 ⊥ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 − , − 𝑡𝑜 (1)
| |
𝐸𝑞’’𝑛 (1) + (3) 𝑑=
√
4𝑔 + 0 + 𝑐 + 4 = 0
𝑔 − 3𝑓 − 𝑐 − 2 = 0
𝒅= = =
𝟏𝟑
√ √ √
𝒈 − 𝟑𝒇 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇨ 𝟏𝟑𝒈 − 𝟔𝒇 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 … . . (𝟒)
𝟐
Length of chord is =
=2√𝑟 − 𝑑
𝐸𝑞’’𝑛 (2) + (3)
0 + 4𝑓 + 𝑐 + 4 = 0 =2 −
𝑔 − 3𝑓 − 𝑐 − 2 = 0
=2
𝟓 = 2. √4
𝒈 + 𝒇 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇨ 𝟓𝒈 + 𝟐𝒇 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 … … (𝟒)
𝟐 = 2.2
=4

15. Prove that the radical axis of the circles 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 +

𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇 𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 is the
diameter of the latter circle if
𝟐𝒈 (𝒈 − 𝒈 ) + 𝟐 𝟐𝒇 (𝒇 − 𝒇 ) = 𝒄 − 𝒄 .
𝑆𝑜𝑙:: Given eq’’n of the circles
𝑆 ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥
𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … (1)
𝑆′ ≡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2
2𝑔 𝑥 + 2𝑓 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … (2)
Radical eq’’n of the given circles is SS-S’=0
⇨2𝑥(𝑔 − 𝑔 ) + 2 2𝑦(𝑓 − 𝑓 ) + (𝑐 − 𝑐 ) = 0… (3)

Eq’’n (3) becomes diameter of eq’’n (2),
if centre (-g’, -f)’lies
f)’lies on (3)
⇨2(−𝑔 )(𝑔 − 𝑔 ) + 2(−𝑓 )(𝑓 − 𝑓 ) + (𝑐 − 𝑐 ) = 0
∴ 2𝑔 (𝑔 − 𝑔 ) + 2𝑓 (𝑓 − 𝑓 ) = 𝑐 − 𝑐 .
Q.No: 12 SYSTEM OF CIRCLE

1. Find the eq’’n of the ellipse with focus 2. Find the eccentricity, foci, equations of direcrtices, length
𝟐
(1, -1),𝐞 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐱 of latus rectum of the ellipse 𝟗𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟒𝟒.
𝟑
𝐚𝐬 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝟐 = 𝟎.
Sol: Given eq’’n of the hyperbola
Sol:
9x + 16y = 144 … … (1)
Given S (1, -1),
1), e= & l ≡ x + y + 2 = 0
(÷ by 144
144)
Let P (x, y)) be any point on the locus
W.K .T =e ⇨ + =1 + =1
Compare with standard form
⇨SP = ePM
a = 16 || b = 9
⇨a = 4|| b = 3
| |
(x − 1) + ((y + 1) = (a>b)
√
S. O. B centre (0, 0)
⇨9[(x − 1)) + (y + 1) ] = (x + y + 2) e= =
√
√
⇨9[x + 1 − 2x + y + 1 + 2y] foci (±ae, 0) = ±4 , 0
= 2[x + y + 4 + 2xy + 4y + 4x] = (±√7, 0)
.
L. L. R = = =
⇨9x + 9 − 18
18x + 9y + 9 + 18y
= 2x + 2y + 8 + 4xy + 8y + 8x
L. of Ma Axis = 2
2a = 2(4) = 8
∴ 7x − 4xy + 7y − 26x + 10y + 10 = 0 L . of Mi Axis = 2

2b = 2(3) = 6
Eq nof directrices x = ±
⇨x=±√ ⇨√
√7x ± 16 = 0.
Q.No: 13 & 14 ELLIPSE Q.No: 13 & 14 ELLIPSE

3. Find the eccentricity, foci, equations of direcrtice

direcrtices, length of 4. Find the eq’n of tangent and normal to the ellipse
latus rectum of the ellipse 𝟗𝐱𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 at the end of the latus rectum in the
(𝐢)𝟗𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝐱 + 𝟑𝟐𝐲 − 𝟗𝟐 = 𝟎 first quadrant.
(ii) 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟔𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 Sol: Given eq’’n of ellipse
Sol: Given eq’’n of the hyperbola 9x + 16y = 144 …… (1)
9x + 16y − 36 36x + 32y − 92 = 0 … … (1)
⇨9x − 36x + 16 16y + 32y − 92 = 0
⇨ + =1⇨ + =1
⇨9[x − 4x]] + 16
16[y + 2y] − 92 = 0
∴ a = 16, b = 9
⇨9[x − 4x + 4 − 4] + 16[y + 2y + 1 − 1] = 92 e= =
√
⇨9[(x − 2) ] − 36 + 16[(y + 1) ] − 16 = 92
⇨9[(x − 2) ] + 16
16[(y + 1) ] = 144 (÷ by 144) End of the latus rectum in the first quadrant p ae,
√
= 4 , = (√
√7, )
( ) ( )
⇨ + =1
( ) ( ) 𝐱𝐱 𝟏 𝐲𝐲𝟏
+ =1 𝐞𝐪’’𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐩 𝐢𝐬 + =𝟏
𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐
Compare with h standard form √
a = 16 || b = 9 ⇨ + =1
⇨a = 4|| b = 3 ⇨ √7 x + 4y = 16
(a>b)
centre (h, k)) = (2, −1) 𝐚𝟐 𝐱 𝐛𝟐 𝐲
𝐞𝐪’’𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥
𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐩 𝐢𝐬 − = 𝐚𝟐 − 𝐛𝟐
𝐱𝟏 𝐲𝟏
√
e= =
⇨ − = 16 − 9
√
√
foci (h ± ae, k
k) = 2 ± 4 , −1 = (2 ± √7, − 1)
⇨16x − 4√7 = 7√7
.
L. L. R = = =
Eq n of directrices
ctrices x = h ± ⇨ x = −2 ± √
⇨ √7x + 2√7
7 ± 16 = 0.

5. find the eq’’n of tangents to the ellipse 𝟐𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟖 which

are (i) parallel 𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟒 = 𝟎(ii)
(ii) Perpendicular to the line
𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝟐 = 𝟎.
Sol: Given eq’’n of ellipse

2x + y = 8 8… (1)
⇨ + =1⇨ + =1 ∴ a = 4, b = 8 6. Find the eq’’n of tangents to the ellipse 𝟗𝐱𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔

𝟏𝟔𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒
which makes equal intercepts on the coordinate axes.
(i)Given line x − 2y − 4 = 0 … (2) Sol: Given eq’’n of ellipse
⇨2y = x − 4 9x + 16y = 144 …… (1)
⇨y= − {{y = mx + c} m=
⇨ + =1⇨ + =1
𝐞𝐪’’𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 𝐭𝐨 (𝟐)𝐢𝐬
√𝐚𝟐 𝐦𝟐 − 𝐛 𝟐
𝐲 = 𝐦𝐱 ± √ ∴ a = 16, b = 9
Since eq’’n of tangents makes equal intercepts on the co
co-
ordinate axes, so m=
m=±1
⇨ y= x± 4 +8 Eq’’n of tangent to the ellipse are
⇨ y = ± √9
9 or x − 2y ± 6 = 0
𝐲 = 𝐦𝐱 ± √𝐚𝟐 𝐦𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐
(ii) Given line 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
⇨y = −x − 2 {y = mx + c} m = −1 ⇨ y = ±1x ± 16 16(−1) + 9
⇨ y = ±x ± 5
perpendicular slope − =− =1
⇨x ± y ± 5 = 0
eq’’n of tangent perpendicular to (3)
is y = mx ± √
√a m + b
⇨ y = 1x ± 4(1) + 8
⇨ y = x ± √12
12 or x − y ± 2√3 = 0.

7. Find the eq’’n of ellipse in standard form whose distance 8. Find the eq’’n of ellipse in standard form whose distance
b/w foci is 8 and distance b/w the direcrtices is 32. b/w foci is 2 and the length of latus rectum is 15/2.
Sol: Given distance b/w
S (ae, 0) and S’ ((-ae, 0) Sol: Given distance b/w
⇨2ae = 8 ⇨ ae = 4 … … . (1) S (ae, 0) and S’ ((-ae, 0)
And distance b/w the direcr
direcrtices is 32 ⇨2ae = 2 ⇨ ae = 1 … … . (1)
= 32 ⇨ = 16 … (2) And L. L. R = =
multiplying ( 1)& (2) ⇨b = … … . (2)
(ae) = 4..16 = 64
𝑏 = 𝑎 (1 − 𝑒 )
a = 64 ⇨ a = 8
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝐞𝟐 ) ⇨a (1 − e ) =
=⇨ a − (ae)
( ) ⇨a − (ae) =
⇨a − 1 =
= 64 − 16 = 48
⇨4a − 4 = 15aa
∴ a = 64, b = 48 ⇨4a − 15a − 4 = 0
The required eq’’n of the ellipse is ⇨4a − 16a + a − 4 = 0
+ =1 ⇨4a(a − 4) + 1 1(a − 4) = 0
⇨(a − 4)(4a + 1 1) = 0
(a − 4) = 0, (4a
( a + 1) = 0
a = 4 or a = − ×
( )
From (2) ⇨ b = = 15
∴ a = 16, b = 15
The required eq’’n of the ellipse is

+ =1

9. Show that the point of intersection of the perpendicular 10. )𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐬𝐞
𝐈𝐟 𝐩(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐚𝐧𝐲
𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐 𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
tangents to an ellipse 𝐚𝟐
+ 𝐛 𝟐 = 𝟏 lies on a circle. 𝐚𝟐
+ 𝐛 𝟐 = 𝟏 Where S & S’ are foci, then P.T
Sol: let y = mx ± √
√a m + b 𝐒𝐏 + 𝐒 𝐏 = 𝟐𝐚.
Sol: The eq’’n of the ellipse is given by
be the tangent to the ellipse + =1
+ = 1…… (1)
Let P (x , y ) be point of intersection of tngts
P lies on tngts Let S, S’ be the foci
& ZM, ZM’ be the direcrtices.
∴ y = mx ± √a m + b
Join SP and SP’. Draw PL perpendicular to
X-axis
axis and MP perpendicular to the two direcrtices.
⇨ y − mx = ±√a m + b By the definition of ellipse
S . O. B SP=ePM=e (LZ)
⇨(y − mx ) = (√a m + b ) ⇨SP=e(CZ − CL CL) = e ( − x)
∴ SP = a − xe
y + m x − 2mx y − a m − b = 0 S’P=ePM’=e (LZ’)
⇨ m (x − a ) − 2mx y + (y − b ) = 0 ⇨S’P=e(CZ + CLCL) = e ( + x)
∴ S′P = a + xe
∴is a Q.E in ‘’m’’ {a
{ax + bx + c = 0}
SP + S P = a − xe + a − xe
Let m , m be the roots
∴ SP + S P = 2
2a( constant)
⇨m . m = {m . m = −1 ⊥ lar tngt}
⇨ = −1
1⇨y − b = −x +a
x +y = a + b is an eq n of a circle
∴ p lie s on a circle.

12. Show that the condition for the line

11. If the normal at one end of a latus rectum of the 𝐲 = 𝐦𝐱 + 𝐜 to be a tangent to the ellipse
𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐 𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
ellipse + = 𝟏 passes through one end of the minor + 𝐛 𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐢𝐬 𝐜 𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 𝐦𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐
𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐚𝟐
axis, then S.T 𝐞𝟒 + 𝐞𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝐒𝐨𝐥: Given eq’’n of the ellipse
Sol: eq’’n of the normal to the ellipse
+ = 1 … . . ((1)
+ = 1 is − =a −b
Eq’’n of tangent to (1) at P(
P(θ)
Let L(ae, ) one end of the latus rectum cosθ + sinθ − 1 = 0 … . . (2)
The eq’’n of the normal at L is
− =a −b Given eq’’n of tangent
mx − y + c = 0 … … (3)
− =a −b
Since it passes through one end of minor axis (0, -b) Eq’’n (2) & (3) represents same line
( ) ( ) Comparing coefficients
− =a −b
𝑎 −𝑏
ab = a − b 𝑒 =
𝑎 ⇨ = = ⇨ = =
⇨ ab = a e . .( )
⇨ b = ae SS. O. B 𝑎 𝑒 =𝑎 − 𝑏 ⇨ cosθ = − & sinθ =

⇨b = a e 𝑏 = 𝑎 (1 − 𝑒 ) cos θ + sin θ = 1 ⇨ − + =1
a (1 − e )=
=a e
⇨ + =1∴a m +b =c .
(1 − e )= e ∴ 𝐞𝟒 + 𝐞𝟐 = 𝟏.

13. Show that the condition for the line

𝐥𝐱 + 𝐦𝐲 + 𝐧 = 𝟎 to be a tangent to the ellipse 14. Find the condition for the line
𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐 𝐱𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂 + 𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂 = 𝐩 to be a tangent to the ellipse
𝐚𝟐
+ 𝐛 𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝟐 𝐥𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 𝐦𝟐 = 𝐧𝟐 .
𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
𝐒𝐨𝐥: Given eq’’n of the ellipse 𝐚𝟐
− 𝐛𝟐 = 𝟏 .
+ = 1 … . . (1) 𝐒𝐨𝐥: Given eq’’n of the ellipse

+ = 1 … . . ((1)
P(θ) the condition for the line
cosθ + sinθ θ − 1 = 0 … . . (2 ) lx + my + n = 0 to be a tangent to the ellipse
− = 1 is a l + b m = n
Given eq’’n of tangent
lx + my + n = 0 … … (3) Given eq’’n of tangent
xcosα + ysinα = p … … (3)
Eq’’n (2) & (3) represents same line
Comparing coefficients
here l = cosα, m = sinα & n = −p
⇨ = = ⇨ = = hence required condition is

. .
⇨ cosθ = − & sinθ = − a l +b m =n
cos θ + sin θ = 1 ⇨ − + − =1 ⇨ a cos α + b sin α = p
⇨ + = 1∴a l +b m = n .

15. Find the value of k if 𝟒𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝐤 = 𝟎 is a tangent to 16. The distance of a point on the ellipse 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟑𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟔
the ellipse 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟑. from its centre is equal to 2. Find the eccentric angles.
Sol: Sol: Given eq’’n of ellipse Sol: given eq’’n of the ellipse x + 3y = 6…..(1)
x + 3y = 3 3… (1) ⇨ + =1 + =1
Compare with standard form
⇨ + =1⇨ + =1 a = 6 || b = 2
⇨a = √6|| b = √2
∴ a = 3, b = 1
Given line 4
4x + y + k = 0 … (2) Any point on the ellipse
P (√6cosθ, √2sin
sinθ)
⇨y = −4x + k {y = mx + c} Centre C(0, 0)
m = −4 , c = −k CP=2
condition for tangency c = a m + b √6cosθ − 0 + √2cosθ − 0 =2

⇨ k = (3)(16
16) + 1 ⇨6cos θ + 2sin
sin θ = 4
⇨6cos θ + 2(1 − cos θ) = 4
⇨ k = 49
⇨6cos θ + 2−22cos θ = 4
∴ k = ±7 ⇨4cos θ=2
⇨4cos θ = ∴ cosθ =
√

1. One focus of a hyperbola is (1, -3)

3) and the corresponding
directrix is 𝒚 = 𝟐.find
find the eq’’n of the hyperbola if its
2. Find the eccentricity, foci, equations of direcrtices, length
eccentricity is 3/2.
of latus rectum of the hyperbola 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒.
Sol: Given S (1, -3),
e= &
𝑙≡𝑦=2 𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 4 … … (1) (÷ 𝑏𝑦 4)
Let P (𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on hyperbola 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

⇨ − =1 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
W.K .T =𝑒
Compare with stand
standard form
𝑎 = 4 || 𝑏 = 1
⇨𝑆𝑃 = 𝑒𝑃𝑀
⇨𝑎 = 2|| 𝑏 = 1
| |
(𝑥 − 1) + ((𝑦 + 3) = (1). 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (0,
( 0 0)
√
𝑆. 𝑂. 𝐵
⇨4[(𝑥 − 1)) + (𝑦 + 3) ] = 9(𝑦 − 2) √
(2). 𝑒 = =
⇨4[𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 9 + 6𝑦] = 9[𝑦 + 4 − 4𝑦] √

(3). 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (±𝑎𝑒, 0
0) = ±2 ,0
= (± 5, 0)
⇨4𝑥 + 4 − 8
8𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 36 + 24𝑦 = 9𝑦 + 36 − 36𝑦
.
(4). 𝐿. 𝐿. 𝑅 = = =1
∴4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 60𝑦 + 4 = 0 (7). 𝐸𝑞 𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = ±
⇨𝑥=±√ ⇨√
√5𝑥 ± 4 = 0.

3. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒊 & 𝑒𝒒 𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 4. Show that the condition for the line
𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒔𝒆 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎𝒚 + 𝒏 = 𝟎 to be a tangent to the hyperbola
𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− = 𝟏 𝒊𝒔
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒂 𝒍 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒎𝟐 = 𝒏𝟐 .
𝟐 𝟐
𝑺𝒐𝒍: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞’’𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
𝑺𝒐𝒍: Given eq’’n of the hyperbola
16𝑦 − 9𝑥 = 144 … … (1) (÷ 𝑏𝑦 4)
− = 1 … . . ((1)
⇨ − =−
−1 − = −1
P(𝜃) is
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑎 = 16 || 𝑏 = 9
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 1 = 0 … . . (2)
⇨ 𝑎 = 4|| 𝑏 = 3
(1). 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (0
(0, 0) Given eq’’n of tangent
𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 … … (3)
√
(2). 𝑒 = = = Eq’’n (2) & (3) represents same line
Comparing
omparing coefficients
(3). 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (0, ±

±𝑏𝑒) = 0, ±3. = (0, ± 5) ⇨ = =
.
(4). 𝐿. 𝐿. 𝑅 = = =
⇨ .
= .
=
(5). 𝐿. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 2𝑎 = 8 ⇨ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = − & 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = −
sec 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 1
(6). 𝐿 . 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 2𝑏 = 6
⇨− − − =1
(7). 𝐸𝑞 𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = ±
⇨𝑥=± ⇨ 5𝑥 ± 9 = 0. ⇨ − =1
∴𝑎 𝑙 −𝑏 𝑚 =𝑛 .

5. find the eq’’n of tangents to the hyperbola 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 6. find the eq’’n of tangents to the hyperbola 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒
which are (i) parallel which are (i) parallel
(ii) Perpendicular to the line 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟕. (ii) Perpendicular to the line 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎.
Sol: Given hyperbola
Sol: Given hyperbola 𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 4… … (1)
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 12… (1)
⇨ − =1
⇨ − =1
⇨ − =1 ∴ 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 1
⇨ − =1 ∴ 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 3
(i) eq’’n of tangent parallel to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
(i) eq’’n of tangent parallel to 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7
{𝑚
𝑚=− } 𝑚=−
{𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐} 𝑚=1
𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎
𝑎 𝑚 −𝑏
𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎 𝑚 − 𝑏
⇨ 𝑦 = 1𝑥 ± 4(1) − 3 ⇨𝑦= 𝑥± 4
4(− ) − 1
⇨ 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± 1 or 𝑥 − 𝑦 ± 1 = 0 ⇨ 2𝑦 = −𝑥 ± 0 or 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
(ii) eq’’n of tangent perpendicular to 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7 (ii) eq’’n of tangent perpendicular to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0

{𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐} 𝑚=1 {𝑚 = − 𝑛} 𝑚 = −
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 − = − = −1 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 − =− =2
𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± √𝑎 𝑚 − 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 2𝑥 ± √𝑎 𝑚 − 𝑏
⇨ 𝑦 = −1𝑥 ± 4(1) − 3 ⇨ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 ± 4((4) − 1
⇨ 𝑦 = −𝑥 ± 1 or 𝑥 + 𝑦 ± 1 = 0.
⇨ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 ± √15
15 or 2𝑥 − 𝑦 ± √15 = 0

8. Find the eccentricity, foci, equations of direcrtices, length

of latus rectum of the ellipse
7. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒’’𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂 𝒘𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒆
𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟒
𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒊 𝒂𝒓𝒆 (𝟒, 𝟐), (𝟖, 𝟐) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝟐.
5𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 20𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 4 … … (1)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑆 (4, 2), 𝑆’ (8, 2))
⇨5𝑥 + 20𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8𝑦 = 4
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 = 2.
⇨5[𝑥 + 4𝑥] − 4[𝑦 [𝑦 − 2𝑦] = 4
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑆’
4+8 2+2 ⇨5[𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4]] − 4[𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 1 − 1] = 98
((ℎ, 𝑘) = , = (6, 2) ⇨5[(𝑥 + 2) ] − 20 − 4[(𝑦 − 1) ] + 4 = 4
2 2
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 = 8 ⇨5[(𝑥 + 2) ] − 4[(𝑦[ − 1) ] = 20
⇨ 2𝑎𝑒
𝑎𝑒 = 𝑆𝑆’ = (8 − 4) + (2 − 2)) = 4 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 20)
⇨ 2𝑎𝑒 = 4
( ) ( )
⇨ 𝑎𝑒 = 2 ⇨ − =1
2 ( ) ( )
⇨ 𝑎 = 2/𝑒 ⇨ 𝑎 = = 1 − =1
2
𝑊. 𝐾. 𝑇 𝑏 = 𝑎 (𝑒 − 1) Compare with standard form
⇨ 𝑏 = 1(4 − 1) = 3 𝑎 = 4 || 𝑏 = 5
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘) ⇨𝑎 = 2|| 𝑏 = √ √5
𝐸𝑞. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 − =1 (1). 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (ℎ, 𝑘 ) = (−2, 1)
𝑎 𝑏
(𝑥 − 6) (𝑦 − 2)
⇨ − =1
1 3 √
(2 ) . 𝑒 = = =
(3). 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖 (ℎ ± 𝑎𝑒
𝑎𝑒, 𝑘) = −2 ± 2. , 1
= (−2 ± 3,1)) = (1, 1)𝑎𝑛𝑑(−5, 1)
.
(4). 𝐿. 𝐿. 𝑅 = = =5
(5). 𝐸𝑞 𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖
𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − ℎ = ±
⇨𝑥+2=± ⇨𝑥+2=±
⇨ 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 + 10 = 0

10. If the eccentricity of a hyperbola is 5/4, then find the

9. If 𝒆, 𝒆𝟏 are the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its
𝟏 𝟏 eccentricity of its conjugate hyperbola.
conjugate hyperbola, prove that + = 𝟏. Sol:
𝒆𝟐 𝒆𝟏 𝟐
Sol: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒 = , 𝑒 =?
Eq’’n of the hyperbola − = 1… (1) 𝑊. 𝐾. 𝑇
+ = 1.
⇨its
its eccentricity e=
⇨ + =1
Eq’’n of conjugate hyperbola to (1) is
− =−
−1… (2) ⇨ + =1
⇨its
its eccentricity 𝑒 = ⇨ =1−
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = +
⇨ =
= + ⇨ =
⇨𝑒 =
= + 𝑒 =
= =1𝑅
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆

11. Show the angle b/w the two asymptotes of a

12. Show that eq’’n of normal at P ((𝜽)) to the hyperbola
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝒃 𝟏
hyperbola 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝒆). 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒂𝒙 𝒃𝒚
𝒂
𝒂𝟐
− 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 is 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 .
Sol: eq’’ns of asymptotes of − = 1 are
Sol: Eq’’n of the hyperbola − = 1… (1)
− = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 + = 0 𝑝(𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃, 𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)be
be any point on(1)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 2𝜃 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠. Equation of the tangent at P ((𝜽) is
− =1
Slope of the asymptote − = 0 is ⇨- =− +1
/ 𝒃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(𝑚) = /
⇨ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂 ⇨−𝑦 = − +1
⇨𝜃 = tan Slope of the tangent =
⇨2𝜃 = 2 tan
Slope of the tangent
tangent= −
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
Now eq’’n of normal at P (𝜽)
(
= 1+ (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
⇨ (𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)) = − (𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑒 ⇨ 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃(𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = −𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)
sec 𝜃 = 𝑒 ⇨ 𝜃 = sec 𝑒
∴2 𝜃 = sec 𝑒 ⇨ 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝟏 𝒃 𝟏 = −𝑎 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝒆)
𝒂
⇨𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 )𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
⇨𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 )
∴ + = (𝑎 + 𝑏 )

𝒊
𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒏⇾ ∑𝒏𝒊
1. …..𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝟎 𝒊𝟒 .
𝒏𝟒
√𝒏 𝟏 √𝒏
𝒏 𝟐 ⋯ √𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝒐𝒍: lim ∑ [ ÷ 𝑏𝑦 𝑛 ] 2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒏⇾ .
⇾ 𝒏√ 𝒏
√ √ ⋯ √
𝒔𝒐𝒍: lim ⇾
√
= lim ⇾ ∑
√
lim ⇾ ∑
√
= lim ⇾ ∑ lim ∑
⇾
= lim ∑ lim ⇾ ∑ 1+
⇾
( )𝑑𝑥 = = lim
∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⇾ ∑ 𝑓 ( )𝑑𝑥 = = lim
∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⇾ ∑ 𝑓
= ∫ √1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
/
= ∫ (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝟑 𝟏
(𝟏 𝒙)𝟐
= [log(1 + 𝑥 )] = 𝟑
𝟐 𝟎
𝟐
= [log 2 − log 1] = 𝟑 𝟐𝟑/𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑/𝟐
= log 2 = 2√2 − 1
Q.No: 16 Difinite integrals Q.No: 16 Difinite integrals

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅/𝟐 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

3. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒏⇾ + +⋯+ . 4. ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙
𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝟔𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
/
Sol: lim ⇾ + + ⋯+ 𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 … (1)
= lim + + ⋯+ ( )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
⇾
= lim ⇾ + + ⋯+ ( )
/
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
/
= lim ∑ 𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 … (2)
⇾
𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)& (2)

( )𝑑𝑥 = lim
∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⇾ ∑ 𝑓
/ /
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
/
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼+𝐼 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝟓
= [log(1 + 𝑥)]] 𝟎
/ ( ) ( )
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= [log(1 + 5) − log
log(1 + 0)]
/ ( )( ) /
= [log 6 − log 1]] = log 6 2𝐼 = ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
/
2𝐼 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)[𝑥]
2𝐼 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) −0 = (𝑎 + 𝑏).

𝝅/𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟐𝝅
5. ∫𝝅/𝟔
√𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 6. ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
√𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 √𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝑆𝑜𝑙:
/ √ 𝐼=∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∴∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝐼 = ∫ / 𝑑𝑥 … (1)
√ √
(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥
𝐼 = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∴∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
( ) /
/
𝐼=∫/ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 2.2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( ) /
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
( )( )( )…(
) ( )( )…
/ √ ( )( )( )…
𝐼=∫ /
𝑑𝑥 … (2)
√ √
. . . .
𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)& (2) 𝐼 = 4. . . . .
=
𝝅/𝟐
𝐼+𝐼=∫/
/ √ √
𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ 𝝅/𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
√ √
/ 𝑆𝑜𝑙:
2𝐼 = ∫ / 1𝑑𝑥 /
𝐼=∫ /
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
2𝐼 = [𝑥] 𝒂 𝒂
∴ ∫ 𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
2𝐼 = −
𝐼 = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
/
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛
)( − 3)(𝑛 − 5) … (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3)) … 𝜋
𝐼=
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 4) … 2
. .
𝐼 = 2. . .
=

𝝅/𝟐 𝟏 𝝅/𝟐
8. ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 9. Obtain a reduction formula for ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
𝟒 𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
Let t= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ; /
𝑠𝑜𝑙: Sol: Sol: I = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥= ;
𝐿. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 0 ⇨ 𝑡 = 0 Here 𝑈 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⇨ 𝑈′ = (𝑛 − 1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
cos 𝑥 = V=sinx ⇨∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑈. 𝐿: 𝑥 = ⇨ 𝑡=1
By using integration by parts (𝑈𝑉)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈 𝑉𝑑𝑥 − [[𝑈′ 𝑉𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥
/
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐈𝒏 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]
/
𝝅/𝟐
− ∫𝟎 (𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝝅/𝟐
𝐈𝒏 = [0 − 0] + (n-1)
1)∫𝟎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=∫ ( )
𝝅/𝟐
= (𝒏 + 𝟏) ∫𝟎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝝅/𝟐
= (𝒏 + 𝟏) ∫𝟎 (𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝝅/𝟐 𝝅/𝟐
= (𝒏 + 𝟏) ∫𝟎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥-(𝒏 + 𝟏) ∫𝟎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑎+𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = log +𝑐
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
I = (n − 1)I − (𝑛 − 1)I
= .( )
log
I + (𝑛 − 1)I =(n − 1)I
= log − log
I (1 + 𝑛 − 1)=(n − 1)I
= (log 2 − log 1) log 1 = 0
I (𝑛)=(n − 1)I
= (log 2)) . ( ) ( ) ( )
I = . . ….. 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
( )

𝟏
10. Evaluate∫𝟎 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏
𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
Sol: ∫ 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑠 11. 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 ∫𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Sol:
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = tan 𝑥 ⇨𝑢 =
𝑣 = 𝑥 ⇨ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 𝐼 = ∫ sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 ⇨ 𝜃 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝐼 = tan 𝑥 . −∫ 𝑑𝑥
U.L L.L
𝜃 𝜃
𝐼 = tan 1 . − tan 0. − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
𝐼= . −0 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝜃 𝜃
= tan 1 = tan 0
𝐼= − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
𝜃= 𝜃=0
4
𝐼= − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼= − [𝑥] + [tan 𝑥] =∫
/
sin 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃
/
=∫ sin[sin 2𝜃
𝜃] 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝐼= − [1 − 0]] + [tan 1 − tan 0 ] /
= 2∫ 𝜃 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝐼= − + 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑠

ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝜃 ⇨ 𝑢 = 1
𝐼= − + =𝐼= − 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 ⇨ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐

/
𝐼 = 2[𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝜃] − ∫ tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
/ /
𝜋 𝜋 / 𝐼 = 4(4) ∫ [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼=2 tan − [log 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃]]
4 4
/
𝐼 = (4) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐼=2 1 − 0 − log 𝑠𝑒𝑐 − log 𝑠𝑒𝑐0
( ) ( ) ( )
I = .( )
. …..
𝐼= − log √2 − log 1
I = 4 . . . . = 640
640𝜋
𝐼 = − log √2
2
13. Find the area enclosed by the curves
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 .
𝟒
12. ∫𝟎 (𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟓/𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑺𝒐𝒍: Given eq’’n
𝑺𝒐𝒍: 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 … ((1) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 … . . (2)
𝐼 = ∫ (16 − 𝑥 ) /
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)𝑎𝑛𝑑
)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
6𝑥 − 𝑥 =3𝑥
⇨𝑥 - 3𝑥 = 0
𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 ⇨ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒅𝜽
⇨𝑥(𝑥 - 3) = 0
U.L L.L
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
4 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑥 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Required Area =∫ (1)—
(1 (2) 𝑑𝑥
𝜃 𝜃
=∫ 6𝑥 − 𝑥 — 3
3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 1 = sin 0
= ∫ [3𝑥 − 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜃=0
𝜃= = −
2
= [3 − 0 ]-
] [[3 − 0 ]
/ /
𝐼 = 4∫ [16 − 16𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= −9= = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
/ / /
𝐼 = 4∫ (16) [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃

14. Find the area enclosed by the curves

𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚 .
𝟐
Sol:
Given eq’’n 𝑦 = 4𝑥 ⇨ 𝑦 = √4𝑥 … (1)
𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚 ⇨ 𝒚 = … . . (2)
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)𝑎𝑛𝑑
( )𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
𝒙𝟐
√4𝑥 = S.O.B
𝒙𝟒
⇨4𝑥 =
⇨ 64𝑥 = 𝒙𝟒
⇨ 64𝑥 − 𝒙𝟒 = 0
⇨ 𝑥(64 − 𝒙𝟑 ) = 0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 64 ⇨𝑥 = 4
=∫ (1)— (2) 𝑑𝑥
Required Area =
𝒙𝟐
=∫ √4𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
/
= ∫ 2𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
/
= /
− .
/ [4 − 0 ]
= 4 −0 -
= [8] − [[64]
= − = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Q.No: 16 Difinite integrals

Differential equations: An equation involving one dependent

variable and its derivatives w. r. t one or more independent
⇨ =
variables is called a differential equation.
⇨𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑒 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Order of differential equation: The order of a differential
equation is the order of the highest derivative occurring in it. ⇨∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑒 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Degree of differential equation: Degree of a differential
equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring in it ⇨𝑒 = 𝑒 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐
when the derivatives are made free from the radical sign. ∴𝑒 = 𝑒 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐
Solutions of differential equations of the first order and first
2. Solve (𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙)dx+ ( 𝒚𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚=0.
degree:
 Variables separable method. Sol: (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥)dx+

dx+ ( 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦) dy=0.
 Homogeneous equations.
 Non-Homogeneous
Homogeneous equations: ⇨ (𝑦 + 1)𝑥dx+
dx+ ( 𝑥 + 1) y dy=0.
 Linear equation:
 Equation reducible to linear form: ÷ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑦 + 1)( 𝑥 + 1)
⇨ + =0
( ) ( )
Variable separable metho
method.
1 2𝑥 1 2𝑦
To solve = 𝑋𝑌,where
where X is a function of x only and Y is a ⇨ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 ( 𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑦 + 1)
function of y only.
Bring all the terms of x and dx on one side, the terms of y and ⇨ log(1 + 𝑥 ) + log(1 + 𝑦 ) = log 𝑐
dy on the other side.
Integrate both sides and add an arbitrary constant on one side. ⇨ log(1 + 𝑥 )(1 + 𝑦 ) = log 𝑐
𝒅𝒚
1. Solve 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒚
+ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆 𝒚
∴ (1 + 𝑥 )(1
( +𝑦 )=𝑐
Sol: =𝑒 +𝑥 𝑒
⇨ = +

3. Solve
𝒅𝒚
+
𝒚𝟐 𝒚 𝟏
=𝟎 4. Solve (𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒚𝒅𝒚
)𝒚𝒅𝒚 + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏
Sol: (𝑒 + 1)𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0

Sol: =−
÷ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑒 + 1)(𝑦
)(𝑦 + 1)
⇨ =−
( ) ( )
⇨( )( )
+( )( )
=0
⇨ =−
⇨ ∫( )
𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑥 = 0
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √ ⇨∫ ( )
𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan ( ) + 𝑐 ⇨∫ −( 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥 = 0
( ) ) )
⇨ √
tan √
+ √
tan √
=𝑐 ⇨ ∫ 1𝑑𝑦 − ∫ ( 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥 = 0
) )
⇨ 𝑦 − log(𝑦 + 1
1) − log(1 + 𝑒 ) = log 𝑐
∴ tan + tan =𝑐
√ √
⇨ 𝑦 = log(𝑦 + 1
1) + log(1 + 𝑒 ) + log 𝑐
⇨ 𝑦 = log(𝑦 + 1
1)(1 + 𝑒 )𝑐
⇨ 𝑒 = 𝑐(𝑦 + 1
1)(1 + 𝑒 )
𝑜𝑟
𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑐(𝑦 + 1)(1 + 𝑒 )
𝑒 1)(1 + 𝑒 )
= 𝑐(𝑦 + 1

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒙(𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝟏)
5. Solve 𝒚 − 𝒙 = 𝟓(𝒚𝟐 + ) 6. Solve =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚
( )
Sol: 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 5 Sol: =
⇨ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⇨𝑥 +5 = 𝑦 − 5𝑦
⇨ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑦. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2 ∫ 𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
⇨(x+5) = 𝑦(1 − 5𝑦)
⇨ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇨ =( = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (log 𝑥) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( ) )
⇨ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

=2 log 𝑥 − ∫ + +𝑐
⇨ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

= 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − + + 𝑐 ⇨ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐
7. Solve √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Sol: √1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Integrating on both sides

∫ √1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =0
{∴∫ √𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎 − 𝑥 + sin ( )}
√1 − 𝑥 + sin (𝑥) + √1 − 𝑥 + sin (𝑦) = 𝒄
∴ x√1 − 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + y√1 − 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 2cc

𝟏 𝒅𝒚
8. Solve 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒅𝒙
=𝒙 + 𝒚
𝒅𝒚
9. Solve 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝟏
𝒅𝒚
Sol: sin =𝑥 + 𝑦 Sol: put 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇨ −1=
𝒅𝒙
The given eq’’n 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
⇨ = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) 1+ − 𝑥 tan 𝑡 = 1
⇨ =𝑥 tan 𝑡
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇨ 1 + =
⇨ = 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
⇨ = −1 ⇨∫ cot 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇨ − 1 = sin 𝑡 ⇨log|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡| = +𝑐
∴log|sin (𝑦 − 𝑥))| = +𝑐
⇨ = 1 + sin 𝑡 𝒅𝒚
10. Solve = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒚).
𝒅𝒙
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
⇨∫ − 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
⇨∫{𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 − sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡} 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
∴ tan 𝑡 − sec 𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

Homogeneous differential equations ⇨𝑥 =

( , )
To solve the equation = ( , )
, where 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦),
) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)are
homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and y. ⇨ 𝑑𝑣 =
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

𝑎𝑡 =𝑣+𝑥
⇨ ( )
𝑑𝑣 =
Substitute the values of y and in the given equation.
Separate the variables

ables v and x. ⇨∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )
Integrate both sides and add an arbitrary constant on one side.

⇨∫ ( )
𝑑𝑣 + ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
Separate back the variables 𝑣 = .
1. Solve (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ))𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚. 𝒅𝒙. ⇨∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ ( 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥

( ) ( ) )
Sol: (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦. 𝑑𝑥
⇨∫ ( )
𝑑𝑣 + ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑣 + ∫ ( )
⇨ = ……..(1)
⇨ ∫ 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ ( )
𝒇 (𝒙)
∴∫ 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒇((𝒙)| + 𝒄.
( )
Eq’n (1)⇨ 𝑣 + 𝑥 =
( )
⇨log|𝑣| − log|1 − 𝑣 | = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐
⇨𝑣+𝑥 = ⇨𝑣+𝑥 = ( )
⇨log = log 𝑥 𝑐
⇨𝑥 = −𝑣
⇨ = 𝑥𝑐 substituting v=y/x
⇨𝑥 = ⇨ = 𝑥𝑐 ⇨ = 𝑥𝑐
( )

𝒇′(𝒙)
∴ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒇(𝒙)| + 𝒄.
𝒇(𝒙)
2. Solve (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚. 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎.
⇨− log|1 − 2𝑣 | = log 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
Sol: (𝑥 − 𝑦 ))𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇨ = …….. ⇨log|1 − 2𝑣 | = −
−4 log(𝑐𝑥)
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸
⇨log|1 − 2𝑣 | =log
log(𝑐𝑥)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇨ =𝑣+𝑥 ⇨(1 − 2𝑣 ) = (𝑐𝑥

𝑐𝑥)
( )
Eq’n 1⇨ 𝑣 + 𝑥 = ( )
⇨ 1−2 = ⇨ =
⇨𝑣+𝑥 = ⇨𝑥 (𝑥 − 2𝑦 ) =
⇨𝑣+𝑥 = ( )
⇨𝑣+𝑥 =( )
⇨𝑥 = −𝑣
⇨𝑥 = ⇨𝑥 =
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨− ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
3. Solve (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝒙𝒚. 4. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒚
Sol: (𝑥 − 𝑦 ) = 𝑥𝑦 Sol:
⇨ = …
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇨ =𝑣+𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇨ =𝑣+𝑥
( )
Eq’n 1⇨ 𝑣 + 𝑥 = ( ) Eq’n 1⇨ 𝑣 + 𝑥 = ( )
( )
⇨𝑣+𝑥 = ⇨𝑣+𝑥 = ( ) ⇨𝑣+𝑥 = ( )
⇨𝑥 = −𝑣 ( )
⇨𝑣+𝑥 =( )
⇨𝑥 = ( )
⇨𝑥 = −𝑣
( )
⇨𝑥 = ⇨𝑥 =
(
(
⇨ 𝑑𝑣 = (
⇨𝑥 =
(
⇨ ∫( − ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨− − log 𝑣 = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣 = 𝑦/𝑥 ⇨− ∫
( )
⇨− − log 𝑦//𝑥 = log 𝑥𝑐
⇨− = log 𝑦
𝑦/𝑥 +log 𝑥𝑐 ⇨ − log|1 − 2𝑣 − 𝑣 | = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐
⇨− = log 𝑐
⇨ log|1 − 2𝑣 − 𝑣 | = −2 log|𝑥𝑐|
⇨−𝑥 = 2𝑦 log 𝑦𝑐
⇨𝑥 + 2𝑦 log 𝑦𝑐 = 0
⇨ log|1 − 2𝑣 − 𝑣 | = log(𝑐𝑥) ( )
⇨𝑥 = −𝑣
( )
( )
⇨ 1 − 2𝑣 − 𝑣 = (𝑐𝑥) ⇨𝑥 =
( )
( )
⇨1− − = ⇨𝑥 =
( )
⇨ = ⇨∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = ⇨ ∫( )(
)
y)𝒅𝒚 = (𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙

5. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 (𝟐𝒙−y)
⇨∫ ( )
+ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )
𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑜𝑙: (2𝑥−y)𝑑𝑦
⇨ ∫( )
𝑑𝑣 − 3 ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑣 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨ =
⇨log(𝑣 − 1) − 3 log
log(𝑣 + 1) = 2 log 𝑥 + log 𝑐
⇨log(𝑣 − 1) − log
log(𝑣 + 1) = log 𝑥 𝑐
( )
⇨ log ( )
= log 𝑥 𝑐
Eq’n 1⇨ 𝑣 + 𝑥 = ( )
( )
⇨( )
= 𝑥 𝑐⇨( − 1) = 𝑥 ( + 1) 𝑐
( )
⇨𝑣+𝑥 = ( )
⇨(𝑦 − 𝑥)= (𝑦 + 𝑥) 𝑐
( )
⇨𝑣+𝑥 = ( )
∴(𝑦 − 𝑥)= (𝑦 + 𝑥)) 𝑐

7. Given the solution of

𝟐𝒚 𝒚
6. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 Which passes through the
𝒙 𝒙
𝝅
point (1, )
𝟒
Sol: 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 Sol:
xsin dx = ydx − xdy
= + ⇨𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )𝑑𝑥
⇨ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 …. ⇨ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷. 𝐸 ⇨ 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇨ =𝑣+𝑥 ⇨ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 … ..
Eq’n 1⇨ 𝑣 + 𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑣)
⇨𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑣)

⇨𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑣
(𝑣)
⇨𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 ((𝑣)
⇨∫ ( )
⇨∫ ( )
𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑣)𝑑𝑣
) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐
∴ tan ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇨ −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐
⇨ − cot =−
−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐

𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 𝟑
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 Through the point (1, ) 9. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 = .
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒚 𝟓
Sol: =
⇨ − cot = −𝑙𝑜𝑔1 + 𝑐
=
⇨ −1 = 0 + 𝑐 ⇨ 𝑐 = −1
∴ − cot = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 1
= ( )
…..
𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
8. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 = .
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝟐𝒚 𝟑
𝑙𝑒𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑣 ⇨ 1 − =
Sol: =
⇨ =1−
[𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 − 1 = 0]
Now eq’’n 1 becomes
⇨1− =
𝑅𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦
⇨(𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥
⇨1 − =
⇨ (2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − (2
(2𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇨ (2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − (2
(2𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑦 − [𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦] = 0
⇨ =
⇨ ∫(2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − ∫(2𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = ∫ 0

⇨ =
⇨2 +𝑥−2 − 3𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
∴𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 𝑐
⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝒅𝒚 𝟏𝒙
1. Solve (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝒅𝒙
( )
⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 Sol: (1 + 𝑥 ) +𝑦=𝑒
⇨ + =
( ) 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑣
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = ,𝑄 =
⇨∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 + 𝑑𝑣 ∴ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒
⇨𝑥 = 2𝑣 + log(𝑣 + 2) + 𝑐
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦
𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
⇨ 𝑥 = 2(𝑥 − 𝑦) + log(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2) + 𝑐
⇨𝑦. 𝑒 =∫ .𝑒 𝑑𝑥
( − 𝑦 + 2) = 𝑐
∴ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + log(𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑒 =𝑡⇨ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
⇨𝑦. 𝑒 = ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡
Linear differential equations
⇨ 𝑦. 𝑒 =
𝑇𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦
𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦. ∴ 𝑦. 𝑒 =
( )
+𝑐
Make the co-efficient
efficient of unity, if not so already.
Find 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ and remember that 𝒆∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇(𝒙) =

=𝒇(𝒙)
(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦(𝐼

𝒅𝒚
2. Solve (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
Sol: (1 + x ) + 2xy − 4x = 0 𝒅𝒚
3. Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Sol: + 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
+ =
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = ,𝑄 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∴ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ ∴ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒 | |
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒 ( )
=1+𝑥 I.F=𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇨y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = ∫ sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥
⇨𝑦(1 + 𝑥 ) = ∫ . (1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
⇨y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇨𝑦(1 + 𝑥 ) = ∫ 4𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
⇨y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇨𝑦(1 + 𝑥 ) = +𝑐 ∴y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = log||𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| + 𝑐
∴ 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 ) = +𝑐

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. Solve − 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 5. Solve (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏) =𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Sol: − 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = 𝑒 sec 𝑥
Sol: (x + y + 1)) =1
⇨ = ⇨ =x + y + 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑒 sec 𝑥
⇨ -x =y+1
∴ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄
| | 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = −1, 𝑄 = 𝑦 + 1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒
I.F= = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∴ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 I.F=𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 (𝐼. 𝐹 ) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
⇨y(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑒 sec 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇨x(𝑒 ) = ∫ 𝑒 (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦
⇨y(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ⇨x(𝑒 ) = (𝑦 + 1) ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦
−∫ (𝑦 + 1) ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇨y(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)) = 𝑒 + 𝑐.
⇨x(𝑒 ) = −(𝑦 + 1)𝑒 − ∫ 1. 𝑑𝑦
⇨x(𝑒 ) = −(𝑦
(𝑦 + 1)𝑒 +∫𝑒 𝑑𝑦
⇨ x(𝑒 ) = −(𝑦
(𝑦 + 1)𝑒 + +𝑐
x = −(𝑦 + 1) − 1 + 𝑐𝑒
x + y + 2 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐
𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

6. Solve (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 = (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 7. Solve 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

𝒅𝒚
+ 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Sol:
Sol:
(1 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 = (tan 𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
⇨ = ( )
⇨ + 𝑦. =
⇨ +( )
= ( ) ⇨ + 𝑦. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄

1 tan 𝑦
𝑤
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = ,𝑄 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
(1 + 𝑦 ) (1 + 𝑦 )
∴ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫
∴ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒∫
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒 | |
∫
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 =𝑒 I.F=𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
I.F=𝑒 ⇨y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄 (𝐼. 𝐹 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
⇨y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
⇨x 𝑒 = ∫𝑒 .( )
𝑑𝑦
⇨y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = ∫(1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 tan 𝑦=𝑡⇨( )
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡
⇨x 𝑒 = ∫ 𝑒 . 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇨ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
⇨y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = ∫(1
1 + 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
⇨x 𝑒 = 𝑒 (𝑒 − 1) + 𝑐
⇨x 𝑒 =𝑒 𝑒 −1 +𝑐 ∴y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑡 + +𝑐
∴y(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + +𝑐

𝒅𝒚
8. Solve 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Laq Q.No 17
Differential equations

Aimstutorial 2B Laq Saq

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aimstutorial 2B Laq Saq

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AIMSTUTORIAL MATHEMAITCS -2B

2B AIMSTUTORIAL MATHEMAITCS -2B

A (3, 4) lies on (*) 6g + 4f + c + 13 = 0

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

A (1, 1) lies on (*) −8g − 4f + 28 = 0 {÷ by − 4}

𝟐𝐠 + 𝟐𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟏) Solving eq’’n (4) & (5)

B (-6, 0) lies on (*) 2 1 -7 2

36 + 0 − 12g + 0 + c = 0 (g, f)= , = , = (2, 3)

−𝟏𝟐𝐠 + 𝟎 + 𝐜 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟐) Sub ′g and ′f values in eq’n (1)

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

A (1, 2) lies on (*) −4g + 4f − 36 = 0 {÷ by − 4}

𝟐𝐠 + 𝟒𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟏) Solving eq’’n (4) & (5)

B (3, -4) lies on (*) 1 -1 9 1

9 + 16 + 6g − 8f + c = 0 (g, f)= , = , = (−11, −2)

𝟔𝐠 − 𝟖𝐟 + 𝐜 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟐) Sub ′g and ′f values in eq’n (1)

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

A (2, 0) lies on (*)

𝟒𝐠 + 𝟎 + 𝐤 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 … … … . (𝟏) 1 1 5 1 (g, f)= , = − ,−

C (4, 5) lies on (*)

Solving eq’’n (1) & (2) ⇨3c − 3c − 14c + 14 = 0

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

5. Find the equation of the circle whose centre llies on X-axis

B (4, 5) lies on (*) ⇨ −4(− ) + 6(0) + c + 13 = 0

Solving eq’’n (1) & (2) ∴ 𝟑(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 ) − 𝟏𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝟕 = 𝟎

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

Let the required eq’’n of the circle be 1 2 11 1

𝐒 ≡ 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐱 + 𝟐𝐟𝐲 + 𝐜 = 𝟎 …. .. (*) 4 3 24 4

A (4, 1) lies on (*) (g, f)= , = − ,−

Solving eq’’n (1) & (2)

Given centre (−g, −f)lieson

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

⇨𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟕 + 𝒌[𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔] = 𝟎 … … . . (𝟏) ⇨ (−2) + 2 + 5(−2)) − 1(2) − 6 + 𝑘[−2 − 7(2) + 6] = 0

4 = 4𝑘 ⇨𝑘 = 1 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑘 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝑫(−𝟐, −𝟖)

⇨ 68 − 68 = 0 ∴ 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄.

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

𝑪(𝟒, 𝟓)𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 . . (𝟏)

⇨ (4) + (5) − 2(4)) − 1(5) + 𝑘[−1(4) − 2(5) + 2] = 0

⇨ 450 − 450 = 0 ∴ 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄.

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

5. Find the equation of the circle whose centre lies on X

𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑘 = 𝑖𝑛 (1) ⇨ 𝑘 = − = −1, 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑘 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (1)

⇨ (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 7) + [−2𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 22] = 0 ⇨ (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 29) − 1[−4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 14] = 0

⇨3𝑥2+3𝑦 − 6𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 21 − 8𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 88 = 0

⇨𝟑𝒙2+𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝟕 = 𝟎 … … (𝟐)

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

MODEL:-2 8. Show that the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟏𝟖𝐲 +

S ≡ x + y − 6x − 2y + 1 = 0 … . . (1) S′ ≡ x + y + 6x + 18yy + 26 = 0 … . . (2)

S′ ≡ x + y + 2x − 8y + 13 = 0 … . . (2) 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬 (−𝐠, −𝐟): C (2,

𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬 (−𝐠, −𝐟): C (3,

= (−4) + (3) = √25

-8x+6y -12=0 {÷ −2} ∴ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎. ∴ 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟎.

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

9. Show that the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟔𝐱 − 𝟗𝐲 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎, 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 − 10. S .T the circles 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝟓(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 ) − 𝟖𝐱 −

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐶 𝐶 externally in the ratio 𝑟 : 𝑟 = = (− ) + (− ) = = =√4 =2

5x + 5y − 20x − 30y − 60 = 0 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

5x + 5y − 8x − 14y − 32 = 0 Eq’’n of tangent is (𝑦 − 𝑦 )𝑚 = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑝(1, )

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

S ≡ x + y + 22x— 4y − 100 = 0 … . . (1) S′ ≡ x + y − 22

𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 > 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 There exits two direct common tangents

𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Eq’’n of the circle with 𝐶 (3, −2)

Q.No:18 & 19 Circle Q.No:18 & 19 Circle

13. If 𝛉𝟏 , 𝛉𝟐 are the angles of inclination of tangents through a point p to

(-2, 11) lies on () (1, 2) lies on ()

(-4, 21) lies on () (-1, 3) lies on ()