Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

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»Functionalized flat Glass - the future in urban construction«
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Load-bearing timber-glass-composite elements

Silke Tasche
Institute of Building Construction
Technische Universität Dresden

Jan 10, 2017

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Research work
WoodWisdom-Net research project “URBAN WOOD”

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Key aspects

Timber-glass-composites

Impact of adhesive stiffness on the

structural behavior

Adhesives

Durability

Component testing

Creep behavior

Recommendations for use

Conclusions and outlook Material samples (photo: Stefanie Flohr)

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-glass-composites
Using the load-bearing potential of the glass

Private residence with office in Kasel (photo: Linda

Private residence C/H1 in Haselbach (photo: Franz Ebner)
Blatzek)
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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-glass-composites
Shear wall element for bracing systems

Construction principle of timber-glass shear wall [Edl 2008, p. 18]

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-glass-composites
Facade systems

1a Birch plywood adapter frame

1b GRP-adapter frame
2 Sealing tape
3 Self-tapping screw
4 Adhesive joint (silicone sealant)
5 Spacer tape
6 Backer rod (PE-foam)
7 Wet sealing with approved material

UNIGLAS | FACADE Fasco®-facade system

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-glass-composites
Vision and motivation

Research questions

Interaction bonded joint – composite element –

structural system

Characterization and selection of suitable adhesives

Mechanical resistance and safety in use

Prefab wall (photo: Darko Todorovic)

Practical application

LCT ONE, Dornbirn (photo: Cree GmbH) Prefab facade (Gumpp & Maier)

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Impact of adhesive stiffness on the structural

behavior
Parametric study using a sample building

Sample building:
Floor height 3 m
Core walls made from cross
laminated timber elements
Facade comprising timber-
glass shear wall elements
(size 2.00 x 3.00 m)

Parameter
•Shear modulus of the joint Gτ
•Percentage of load-bearing timber-
glass elements in the facade
Typical floor plan

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Impact of adhesive stiffness on the structural

behavior
Spring models to calculate the shear wall stiffness

−1
 1 1 1 1 1 
Cτ ,äq = + + + + 
 Cτ ,l CKL,l C VM,l CR,l C G,γ 
 

Basic approach Detailed approach with springs in series

[Kreuzinger 2005, S. 3 f.] [Hochhauser 2011a, S. 222]

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Impact of adhesive stiffness on the structural

behavior
Stiffness of a single shear wall

Defined stiffness ranges:

A G < 3.5 N/mm2

B 3.5 ≤ G ≤ 35
N/mm2
C G > 35 N/mm2

A B C

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Impact of adhesive stiffness on the structural

behavior
Percentage of horizontal load taken by the facade
Flexible facade-to-slab-connection
Adhesive Gτ = 10 N/mm2
4 out of 6 load-bearing elements per
facade

55%
54%

52%

37%

10%

Σ Fh,HGV ≈ 52 % Fh,x

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesives
Procedure for characterization and selection

Uniaxial tensile test

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Durability
Test procedure and artificial ageing scenarios

Xenon tester for UV-exposure

Immersion in cleaning solution

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Durability
Specimen configuration und materials

Pine wood Birch plywood

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Durability
Tensile and shear tests

Testing machine with

temperature chamber

Extension rate
v = 1 mm/min

Displacement measured by
video extensometer

Tension mode Shear mode

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Durability
Initial strength – material behavior at room temperature

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Durability
Typical failure pattern of unaged specimens

A - Ottocoll S660 B – nolax C44.8505 C – Scotch-Weld DP 490

Cohesive failure Adhesive failure | timber failure Glass failure

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Durability
Impairments in appearance and adhesion

B – nolax C44.8505

Brown coloring after UV-Exposure Near-surface cohesive failure | adhesive failure on glass
C – Scotch-Weld DP 490

Partial delamination after cleaning

Adhesive failure on glass
bath
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Durability
Residual strength after ageing

Guideline ift-VE-08/2:
Allowable loss in
strength ≤ 50 %

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Component testing
Test configuration and specimen geometry

Upper crosshead

Hydraulic jack

Load cell
Displacement transducer
Load application device

Specimen/glass pane
Adhesive joint
Adapter frame

Test rig Mid-size shear specimen

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Component testing
Strength under short-term loading

B – nolax C44.8505
C – Scotch-Weld DP 490

Rupture of the upper veneer layer

A - Ottocoll S660

Cohesive failure

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Component testing
Intermediate conclusions and permanent loads for creep test

• Significant reduction of deformation using adhesives with intermediate and high

stiffness (type B und C)

• Increase of characteristic failure loads up to 2.3 times the value of the silicone
adhesive if intermediate stiff (type B) and stiff adhesives (type C) are used

• Near-surface rupture of timber fibers became prevailing failure pattern

further increase of load only possible with other adherent materials

Load levels for creep tests:

Ru,5 Permanent loading [N/mm2]
Type Adhesive
[N/mm2] 5% Ru,5 10% Ru,5 35% Ru,5 55% Ru,5 70% Ru,5

A Ottocoll S 660 0.9 0.05 0.10 0.30 - -

B nolax C44.8505 2.1 - 0.20 0.70 1.20 1.50

C Scotch-Weld DP 490 2.1 - - - 1.20 1.50

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Creep behavior
Creep tester

Load cell

Hydraulic jack

Upper crosshead

Gas pressure spring

Digital indicator
Load application traverse
Adhesive bond Digital indicator at upper glass edge
Birch plywood adapter
Glass pane
Timber post

Test facility with 6 identical test rigs

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Creep behavior
Time-dependent deformations for B – nolax C44.8505

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Creep behavior
Time-dependent deformations for C – Scotch-Weld DP 490

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Creep behavior
Residual load-bearing capacity after preloading

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Recommendations for use

Evaluation of the adhesive of choice - nolax C44.8505

Strength Weakness
Fitting to the defined stiffness range B – Limited UV-stability
Providing high bond strength and at – Distinct time-dependent deformations
the same time sufficient flexibility under permanent loading
Adequate adhesion – Influence of temperature on creeping
Compensation of differential
elongations by relaxation
Compensation measures
•Ceramic frit to cover the bonded edge
•Redundant structural systems
•Combined bracing systems using both,
core and timber-glass-composite facade
elements

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Conclusions

• nolax C44.8505 with an adapter frame made from birch plywood recommended for
use in a practical application

• Shear modulus type B (around Gτ ≈ 10 N/mm2) optimal to be used in bracing

systems with timber-glass-composite elements

• Improvement of load-bearing capacity by using high-modulus adhesives

rupture of timber fibers becomes prevailing failure mechanism

• Identification of critical environmental influences:

UV-radiation (nolax C44.8505) | cleaning solution (Scotch-Weld DP 490)

• Suggestion of compensation measures

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Outlook
Pilot project – showroom Gumpp & Maier GmbH

Aligning glass and frame

Gluing Installation of prefabricated elements Lifting in place

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Outlook

• Outdoor exposure and monitoring under real conditions

• Assessment of creep behavior considering temperature and humidity

• Numerical modelling of the joint substantial data set to calibrate constitutive

models available

• Modification of the adhesive to increase the UV resistance

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Thank you!

Photo: Gumpp & Maier

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