WCDMA Air Interface Training

WCDMA Air Interface Training
Part 4
WCDMA Physical Layer
4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 1 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface
1
WCDMA
(ETSI/ARIB/3GPP)
• WCDMA
Ø Overview
3GPP Standards Organization, 3GPP Document Structure
WCDMA Frequency Allocations
WCDMA Performance Overview
Ø Physical Implementation
WCDMA Network Overview
Downlink Implementation
Uplink Implementation
Ø Physical Layer Procedures

Slot, Frame, and Superframe Synchronization
Random Access Procedures
Packet Channel Access
Establishment of a Dedicated Channel
Soft Handover
Hard Handover / Compressed Mode Operation
Ø TDD Implementation (Appendix)
Up until now this document has been concerned with how a CDMA air
interface operates. From this point on the 3GPP specifications will be used to
describe more precisely how the WCDMA air interface operates.
2
WCDMA
(ETSI/ARIB/3GPP)
• Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
3GPP Project Coordination Group

(ETSI, ARIB, T1)
TSG-RAN TSG-CN TSG-T TSG-SA TSG-GERAN
WG 1 WG 1 WG 1 WG 1 WG 1
Layer 1 MM/CC/SM MS Testing Services Radio Aspects
WG 2 WG 2 WG 2 WG 2 WG 2
Layers 2,3 CAMEL/MAP MS Services Architecture Protocol Aspects
WG 3 WG 3 WG 3 WG 3
Interworking WG 3 BS testing and O&M
Iub, Iur, Iu Security
USIM
UTRAN, O&M
WG 4 WG 4 WG 4
MAP/GTB/BCH/SS Codec Terminal testing-RA
WG 4
BS Testing
WG 5 WG 5 WG 5
Protocol OSA Telecom Terminal testing-PA
The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was founded on the 4th of
December 1998 to accelerate IMT2000 standardization activities. This
powerful group is responsible for producing standards for third generation
systems and contain the European Telecommunications Standardization
Institute (ETSI), Japanese Association of Radio Industries and Business
(ARIB) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI T1) standardization
bodies.
The diagram above shows how the 3GPP is divided up into the various
Technical Specification Groups. The group responsible for producing
specifications that relate to the air interface are the TSG-RAN group.
There are also groups responsible for the Core Network, Terminals, Services
and system Aspects and GSM - EDGE standards.
Working documents and specifications can be downloaded from their website
www.3GPP.org.
3
WCDMA
(ETSI/ARIB/3GPP)
• Specifications referenced in this presentation
WCDMA UTRAN Network
3GPP TS 25.401-v330: UTRAN Overall Description
3GPP TS 25.832-v300: Manifestations of Handover and SRNS Relocation This presentation is
3GPP TS 26.071-v301: AMR Speech Codec; General Description
current as of TS-25 V3.3.0
(3GPP June 2000 Release)
WCDMA Radio Transmission and Resource Management
3GPP TS 25.101-v331: UE Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.104-v330: BS Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.103-v200: RF Parameters in Support of Radio Resource Management
3GPP TS 25.133-v310: Requirements for Support of Radio Resource Management
WCDMA Physical Layer Specifications (FDD and TDD)

3GPP TS 25.201-v310: Physical Layer General Description
3GPP TS 25.301-v350: Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
3GPP TS 25.302-v350: Services Provided by the Physical Layer
WCDMA FDD, TDD Mode Standards:

3GPP TS 25.211-v330: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.212-v330: Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.213-v330: Spreading and modulation (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.214-v330: Physical layer procedures (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.215-v330: Physical layer - Measurements (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.221-v330: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD)
3GPP TS 25.222-v331: Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)
3GPP TS 25.223-v330: Spreading and modulation (TDD)
3GPP TS 25.224-v330: Physical layer procedures (TDD)
3GPP TS 25.225-v330: Physical layer - Measurements (TDD)
Some of the standardization documents produced by this group which are

relevant to this course content are shown above. The most important being the
25 series documents.
Some of the following slides will contain a reference pointing to which

standardzation document and chapter the information was taken from. It should
be remembered that these documents are regularly updated and this
information needs to be checked regularly.
4
WCDMA
(ETSI/ARIB/3GPP)
• 3GPP WCDMA Overview

Ø Both FDD (2x 5 MHz) and TDD (1x 5 MHz)modes supported
Operation specified in bands between 1850 and 2170 MHz
Ø BS time synchronization not required for FDD mode

GPS not required
Fast Synchronization Codes allow asynchronous operation and handover
Synchronous operation is allowed; allows faster acquisition, interference reduction
Ø Multi-Code and Variable Spreading Factor modes supported
Ø Network interface compatible with GSM - MAP / GPRS

* To be made compatible with ANSI-41 per OHG requirement
Ø Physical Parameters:
Chip rate = 3.840 Mcps
RF Bandwidth = 5 MHz
Physical Layer data rates of 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960, and 1920 kb/sec
Payload data rates of 12.2, 64, 128, 144, 384, 768, and 2048 kb/sec
Frame length = 10 mSec
Fast Power Control: Bi-directional; 1500 updates/sec
Both Frequency and Time Division Duplex (FDD&TDD) mode of operation

are covered by these standardization documents. It should be remembered that
the TDD mode of operation can allow a complete network to be deployed with
only 5MHz of frequency spectrum whereas FDD requires at least 10 MHz.
This could be especially useful in areas of the world where the IMT2000
frequency spectrum has already been allocated to another system, as is the case
in the USA where existing PCS operators are using the IMT2000 spectrum.
One solution is to use WCDMA TDD in the unlicensed PCS band between the
uplink and downlink (1910 MHz to 1930 MHz).
Also important to note here is that unlike IS-95 and CDMA2000, WCDMA
FDD base stations do not require GPS synchronization. This is an important
factor when the network requires indoor base stations where it may be difficult
to site the GPS antenna.
Another body known as the Operators Harmonization Group (OHG) is working
towards ensuring that both WCDMA and CDMA2000 Radio Access Networks
will be hardware compatible with ANSI-41 equipment. This will make it easy
for an operator to add either equipment to their existing GSM or GPRS
network.
The physical layer and payload data rates of WCDMA are also listed above. It
should be noted the 2048 kb/sec payload rate is achieved by using six 960
kb/sec physical layer channels or codes simultaneously (UL), known as multi-
code operation.
5
3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ 5.2, 25.102 ¶ 5.2.2
WCDMA Frequency Allocations 3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ 5.2, 25.102 ¶ 5.2.2
WCDMA /
TDD FDD UPLINK TDD FDD DOWNLINK
EUROPE
1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170
WCDMA /
FDD UPLINK TDD FDD DOWNLINK
USA
1850 1910 1930 1990
ITU/
WARC-95 IMT-2000 MSS MSS IMT-2000 MSS MSS
1885 1980 2010 2025 2110 2160 2170 2200
Europe DECT IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 MSS

1880 1900 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200
Japan PHS IMT-2000 MSS Terrestrial MSS

1885 1895 1918.1 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200
FDD TDD FDD

China CDMA WLL WLL CDMA WLL MSS MSS
1865 1880 1900 1920 1945 1960 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200
Broadcast
USA A D B E F C A D B E F C MSS Reserved MSS
Auxiliary
1850 1910 1930 1990 2025 2110 2150 2185 2200
The diagram above depicts the various frequency allocations used around the
world.
This clearly shows how the IMT2000 spectrum has already been allocated to
PCS operators in the USA. The unlicensed PCS band (1910 MHz to 1930
MHz) may be used with TDD mode to deploy WCDMA networks in this area.
Other recent proposals have been put forward for WCDMA spectrum in the
USA as listed below:
2500 - 2690 MHz giving 190 MHz currently being used for fixed wireless
services by Sprint and Worldcom.
1710 - 1755 MHz giving 45 MHz currently being used for Government and
commercial services.
1755 - 1850 MHz giving 95 MHz currently being used by Defense Forces.
2110 - 2150 MHz giving 40 MHz currently being used by fixed and mobile
services.
2160 - 2165 MHz giving 5 MHz currently being used by fixed and mobile
services.
The MSS blocks have been allocated to Mobile Satellite Systems. It is hoped
that these will help to achieve seamless global coverage.
6
GSM/GPRS Network Architecture
To other To To
BTS’s other other
Um BSC’s MSC’s
AC EIR
Abis
Base Station A E
Subsystem
(BSS) H F
F
Um External Networks
Base Base Mobile PSTN
Transceiver Station Switching Gateway
Abi A E ISDN
Station Controller Center
s MSC
(BTS) (BSC) (MSC) Internet
...
B C
C B
Um Abis A
VLR HLR VLR
D D
G
To other To
BTS’s other
BSC’s
Packet External Data

Serving GPRS Gateway GPRS
GPRS Network Control Support Node Network
Unit Support Node
Components (SGSN) (GGSN)
(PCU) IP / X.25
The above diagram shows a typical block diagram of a GSM network after the
introduction of the GPRS components, that is the Packet Control Unit (PCU),
the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and the Gateway GPRS Support
Node (GGSN).
Circuit switched traffic data is passed from the Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
to the existing Mobile Switching Center (MSC), to another BSS or through a
gateway MSC to external PSTN, ISDN or Internet networks.
Packet data from the BSS will be sent to the GPRS network components, that
is the PCU, SGSN and through the GGSN to external IP or X25 networks.
7
WCDMA/UMTS Network Architecture
UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Core Network
(UTRAN) To
(CN) other
Uu MSC’s
To other
RNC’s
AC EIR
Radio Network Iu E
Subsystem F
(RNS) H F
External Networks
Uu
Mobile PSTN
Node B RNC Switching Gateway
Iub Iu E ISDN
(BTS) Center MSC
(MSC) Internet
...
B C
C B
Uu Iu
VLR HLR VLR
Iur
D D
G
Iu
Uu
Serving GPRS External Data
Node B RNC Gateway GPRS
Iub Iu Support Node Support Node Network
(BTS) (SGSN) (GGSN) IP / X.25
GPRS Network
Uu Components
Iu
To other
RNC’s
Migration to WCDMA will retain the existing core network elements both for
circuit and packet switched as shown above.
The GSM BSS will be replaced by the Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
containing a Radio Network Controller (RNC) and a number of base stations
(BTS). In 3GPP documents the BTS is referred to as a Node B. This temporary
name is used to avoid conflict between vendors over the use of RBS and BTS.
The A interface will be replaced by the I u interface, Abis with the I ub and a new
interface called the Iur will be added to interconnect RNCs for soft handover.
Unlike their GSM predecessors these new interfaces will use Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) to transfer data broken up into ‘cells’ across the
physical links.
It should be remembered that in the beginning, existing GSM operators will
have both GSM BSS and WCDMA RAN connected to the same core network.
8
UMTS and the UTRAN
3GPP TS 25.401 ¶ 6.0
PSTN GSM/GPRS Core Network (CN) 3GPP TS 25.401 ¶ 6.0
ISDN
Internet GPRS
MSC
Service Node
Iu Iu
Iu Iu
RNS RNS
UTRAN I ur
RNC RNC
(UMTS
Terrestrial I ub I ub I ub I ub
Radio Access
Network) Node B Node B Node B Node B
Uu
User Equipment
(UE)
The main interfaces of UTRAN are Iu, Iur, and Iub. Iu is the interface between
UTRAN and core network. There are two types of interfaces in the Iu
interface. The Iu interface towards the packet-switched (PS) (GPRS) and the Iu
interface towards the circuit-switched (CS) (MSC). The Iu interface supports
several functions such as establishing, maintaining and releasing radio access
bearers (RAB), performing intrasystem and intersystem handover, location
services by transferring requests from the CN to UTRAN, and location
information from UTRAN to CN. Iur interfaces radio network controllers and
is required to support inter RNC soft handover. The Iub is a logical interface
that connects base station (Node B) to radio network controller.
9
UMTS and the UTRAN
3GPP TS 25.401 ¶ 3.0
3GPP TS 25.401 ¶ 3.0
• UTRAN Definitions
Ø RNS (Radio Network Subsystem)
A full or partial network offering access between UE and Core Network
Contains one RNC
Ø RNC (Radio Network Controller)

Element of the RNS that controls physical radio resources
Ø Node B
Logical Node controlling transmission and reception from one or more cells
Ø U u Interface
Interface between UE and Node B
Ø Iu Interface
Interface between CN and RNS
Ø Iur Interface
Interface between one RNS and another RNS
Ø Iub Interface
Interface between RNC and Node B
10
UMTS and the UTRAN
3GPP TS 25.401 ¶ 7.1
3GPP TS 25.401 ¶ 7.1
• UTRAN Operational Functions (partial)

Ø Functions related to overall system access control
Admission Control, Congestion Control
System information broadcasting
Radio channel ciphering and deciphering
Ø Functions related to mobility

Handover
SRNS Relocation
Ø Functions related to radio resource management and control

Initial (random) access detection and handling
Radio resource configuration and operation
combining/splitting control
Radio bearer connection set-up and release (Radio Bearer Control)
Allocation and de-allocation of Radio Bearers
Radio protocols function
RF power control
Radio channel coding
Radio channel decoding
The term SRNS relocation is used to describe the process whereby a mobile is
relocated from one Radio Network Subsystem to another.
11
UTRAN Model
3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ V3.1.0
3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ V3.1.0
• UTRAN OSI Model
CTRL USER USER CTRL

DATA DATA
L3 RRC RRC L3
Signaling
Radio Bearer
Radio Bearer
L2 RLC RLC Logical channels RLC RLC L2

- grouped by information content
- User Data
L2 MAC - Control and signaling MAC L2
Transport channels
- grouped by method of transport
L1 PHY PHY L1
Physical channels
Physical Channels Distinguished by:
UE - RF Frequency UTRAN
- Channelization Code
- Spreading Code
- Modulation (I/Q) Phase (uplink)
- Timeslot (TDD mode)
If we take a look at the UTRAN WCDMA OSI model we can see how the
three layers are connected using logical, transport and physical channels.
Logical channels are grouped by information content that is whether they carry
user data or L3 control and signaling. This L3 signaling, sometimes referred to
as ‘mobility management’ could be information like measurement reports,
handover commands etc.
These Logical channels are mapped onto Transport channels. These are
grouped by method of transport. This division will allow different CRC,
coding etc to be applied for different applications.
Finally the Transport channels must be mapped onto Physical channels. These
are distinguished by RF frequency, channelization code, spreading code,
modulation and timeslot in the case of the TDD mode. In other words these
channels perform the actual transmission of data bits.
Also shown is Radio Resource Control (RRC) which is direct control of the
physical layer from layer 3 for call setup, release etc.
12
Physical Layer Requirements
3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ 4.1.2 , 25.301¶ 5.2.2
3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ 4.1.2 , 25.301¶ 5.2.2
• Services provided by Physical Layer

• Data and RF Processing Functions
• FEC encoding/decoding of transport channels
• Error detection on transport channels and indication to higher layers
• Rate matching of coded transport channels to physical channels
• Power weighting and combining of physical channels
• Closed-loop power control
• Modulation/demodulation and spreading/de-spreading of physical channels
• Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of coded composite transport channels
• Mapping of transport channels on physical channels
• Macrodiversity distribution/combining
• Operational Functions
• Cell search functions
• Synchronization (chip, bit, slot, and frame synchronization)
• Soft Handover support
• Radio characteristics measurements including FER, SIR, Interference Power, etc., and indication
to higher layers
• Uplink timing advance (TDD mode)
13
WCDMA Physical Channels
Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell
P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH - Synchronization Channel
P-CPICH - Primary Common Pilot Channel
S-CPICH - Secondary Common Pilot Channel(s)
Paging Channels
S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
PICH - Paging Indicator Channel
Random Access and Packet Access Channels

Base PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
Station User
AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel
Equipment
PCPCH – Physical Common Packet Channel
(BS)
AP-AICH - Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (UE)
CD/CA-AICH -Collision Detection/Ch.Assignment Indicator Ch.
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel
Dedicated Connection Channels

DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel
PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel
The diagram above shows how the physical channels can be sub-divided into
four groups that is, channels that are broadcast to all UEs in the cell, channels
that deal with paging, random- and packet- access and dedicated connection
channels. Detailed explanations of these channels are given in the next pages.
The direction of these channels is also depicted, that is some are uplink only,
some are downlink only and some are bi-directional.
It should be noted that the Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
contains user data and L3 associated control and signaling e.g. handover
reports and commands. The Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
contains only L1 control data e.g. power control messages etc.
It should also be noted that the biggest group of channels are associated with
packet data transmission and that packet data can also be transferred using
physical downlink shared channel. This further enforces the fact that this air
interface is optimized for packet data transmission as opposed to speech.
14
WCDMA Downlink Physical Channels
3GPP TS 25.211
• Common Downlink Physical Channels 3GPP TS 25.211
P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

- Broadcasts cell site information
- Broadcasts cell SFN; Timing reference for all DL channels
SCH Synchronization Channel
- Fast Synch. codes 1 and 2; time-multiplexed with P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
- Transmits idle-mode signaling and control information to UE’s
P-CPICH Common Pilot Channel
S-CPICH Secondary Common Pilot Channel (for sectored cells)
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
- Transmits high-speed data to multiple users
• Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Data Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Control Channel
- Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to UE’s
The table above gives a brief explanation of the function of the physical
channels that are transmitted to all mobiles, that is the channels termed as
‘common downlink physical channel’.
There is also a brief description of the downlink channels that are transmitted
to particular mobiles, these are termed ‘dedicated downlink physical channels’.
15
WCDMA Downlink Physical Channels
3GPP TS 25.211
3GPP TS 25.211
• Downlink Indication Channels

Ø AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Random Access attempt
(Echoes the UE’s Random Access signature)
Ø PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)

Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frame
Ø AP-AICH (Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel)

Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Packet Access attempt
(Echoes the UE’s Packet Access signature)
Ø CD/CA-ICH (Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel)

Confirms that there is no ambiguity between UE in a Packet Access attempt
(Echoes the UE’s Packet Access Collision Detection signature)
Optionally provides available Packet channel assignments
Ø CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel)

Broadcasts status information regarding packet channel availability
The above table concentrates on the downlink physical channels that are sent
to indicate a particular situation to the UEs. These can be referred to as
‘downlink indication channels’. These channels exist only in the physical
layer, that is they do not have any transport channels mapped onto them.
16
WCDMA Uplink Physical Channels
3GPP TS 25.211
• Uplink Physical Channels 3GPP TS 25.211
Ø Common Uplink Physical Channels

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
- Used by UE to initiate access to BS
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel
- Used by UE to send connectionless packet data
Ø Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
- Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to BS
The uplink DPDCH is used to carry dedicated data generated at layer 2. There
maybe zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on each layer 1 connected. The
uplink DPCCH is used to carry control information generated at layer 1.
Control information consists of known pilot bits to support channel estimation
for coherent detection, transmit power control (TPC) commands, feedback
information (FBI), and an optional transport format combination indicator
(TFCI). The TFCI informs the receiver about the instantaneous parameter of
the different transport channels multiplexed on the uplink DPDCH, and
corresponds to the data transmitted in the same frame.
17
WCDMA Code Types
• Channelization Codes (Orthogonal Codes)
Used to orthogonally code different data channels from BS, UE
• Scrambling Codes (Spread Spectrum Codes)

BS Scrambling Codes: Used by UE to distinguish the desired BS
UE Scrambling Codes: Used by BS to distinguish the desired UE
• Synchronization Codes
Primary Sync. Code: Fixed 256-bit code
Helps UE identify the presence of a WCDMA BS
Helps UE achieve Slot Synchronization
Secondary Sync. Codes: Group of 256-bit codes

Helps UE achieve Frame Synchronization
• Pilot Codes
A full-time common Pilot (CPICH) provides coherent reference for UE receiver
Pilot data bits are embedded into each timeslot of the Dedicated Data Channel
• Random Access Preamble Codes

Preamble Signatures; Used by BS to distinguish between UE making access attempts
Preamble Scrambling Codes; Used to identify which BS is being accessed
There are a number of codes used in the WCDMA air interface. These can be
split into five categories as shown.
Channelization codes also known as Orthogonal or OSVF codes. These are
used to provide channelization of transmissions from both BSs and UEs. These
codes can vary in length depending on the input data rate and will provide
perfect separation of these channels. However this will only happen when the
codes are aligned in time.
The second type of codes used are called PN, Scrambling, Spread Spectrum or
Gold codes. These are used to distinguish between different transmitters that is,
BS or UE. These codes are specially constructed so that no phase shift of one
code will ever match another.
The next type of codes used are called synchronization codes. These are used
to help the UE synchronize to the base stations. They can be subdivided into
either primary or secondary synchronization codes.
Two types of pilot codes are used to allow channel estimation by both the BS
and UE. The common pilot is transmitted using its own physical channel to act
as a reference for the UE when making handover decisions etc. There are also
pilot bits embedded in each timeslot of the dedicated data channel which act as
a reference for measuring the SIR of the channel for power control.
The final set of codes are called random access preamble codes. These include
preamble signatures used by the BS to distinguish between UEs making access
attempts and preamble scrambling codes used to identify which base station is
being accessed.
18
WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer
19
WCDMA Downlink (FDD)
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)
CPICH S/P
Null Data Common Pilot Channel
Cch 256,0 Gain
Sync Codes(*)
BCCH BCH Data P-CCPCH(*) S/P PSC
Broadcast Control Ch. Broadcast Ch. Encoding Primary Common Control Physical Ch.
ΣΣ
Cch 256,1 Gain
PCCH PCH Data GP

Paging Control Ch. Paging Ch. Encoding
SSCi
S-CCPCH
Secondary Common Control Physical Ch. S/P
CCCH GS SCH (Sync Channel)
Common Control Ch. Cc h Gain
FACH Data
CTCH Forward Access Ch. Encoding
Common Traffic Ch. DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)
CCTrCH One per UE
DCCH DCH Data
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding Cell-specific
Scrambling Downlink
DTCH DCH Data Code RF Out
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M
DPDCH (one or more per UE)
U Dedicated Physical Data Ch. M
X U
X
S/P
ΣΣ I+jQ I
ΣΣ
Filter I/Q
Cc h Gain
DTCH DCH Data Filter Modulator

Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Q
DPCCH (one per UE)
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
DSCH Data PDSCH

S/P * Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH
Downlink Shared Ch. Encoding Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Cc h Gain
Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot;
AICH P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslot
Access Indication data (Acquisition Indicator Channel) S/P
PICH Cc h Gain
Paging Indication bits S/P
(Paging Indicator Channel )
AP-AICH Cc h Gain
Access Preamble Indication bits S/P

(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )
CSICH Cc h Gain
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P
(CPCH Status Indicator Channel )
CD/CA-ICH Cc h Gain
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P

(Collision Detection/Channel Assignment )
Cc h Gain
The block diagram of a typical WCDMA transmitter is shown above. Each

physical channel is spread to the chip rate by a different channelization code.
This diagram also shows how the logical channels are mapped onto transport
channels and onto physical channels. It can also be seen that the group of
downlink indication channels do not have transport channels mapped onto
them as they exist only in the physical layer.
It can also be seen that the sync codes are added after scrambling is performed.
The reason for this is that these must be decoded by the UE before it knows the
BS scrambling code.
It should be noted that the Common Pilot Channel is fed all 0s or null data
from the higher layers. This, like all other physical channels is passed through
a Serial to Parallel converter (S/P) to create two separate streams for use with
the IQ modulator. These streams of modulation symbols are spread to the chip
rate by a special orthogonal code (C 256,0 ) which is a stream of all 1’s. The
result of this process, which is still all 1’s is fed to the linear summation device
and then scrambled by the cell specific gold code. The result of this process is
that this channel is effectively the gold code of the base station being
repeatedly broadcast.
The structure of this and other physical channels will be explained later.
A dedicated control logical channel (DCCH) and any number of dedicated

traffic logical channels (DTCH) are sent to separate dedicated transport
channels (DCH). This will allow different coding and error protection schemes
to be used depending on the type of data. 20
All these logical dedicated channels (DCH), after coding and error protection
Downlink Logical Channels
3GPP TS 25.301¶ 5.3.1.1
• Common Downlink Logical Channels 3GPP TS 25.301¶ 5.3.1.1
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel)

– Broadcasts cell site and system identification to all UE
PCCH (Paging Control Channel)
– Transmits paging information to a UE when the UE’s location is unknown
CCCH (Common Control Channel)
– Transmits control information to a UE when there is no RRC Connection
SHCCH (Shared Channel Control Channel)
– Control channel associated with shared traffic channels (TDD mode only)
CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)
– Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UE’s.
• Dedicated Downlink Logical Channels

DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
– Transmits control information to a UE when there is a RRC Connection
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
– Traffic channel dedicated to one UE
Logical channel types are classified into two groups:

• Control channels for the transfer of control information.
• Traffic channels for the transfer of user information.
The BCCH is a downlink channel for broadcasting system control information.
PCCH is a downlink channel that transfer paging information and is used when
the network does not know the location cell of the mobile station and when the
mobile station in sleep mode. The CCCH is bi-directional channel that
transfers control information between network and mobile stations. This
channel is used by the mobile having no RRC connection with the network and
it is also used when the mobile is using common transport channels when
accessing a new cell reselection. The DCCH is point-to-point bi-directional
channel that transmits dedicated control information between a mobile station
and the network. This channel is established through RRC connection setup
procedure. The DTCH is point-to-point channel, dedicated to one mobile
station, for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink
and downlink.
The term RRC (Radio Resource Control) refers to the control signaling used
between UE and UTRAN. These messages carry all the necessary information
for setup, modify and release. From the table we can see that control
information is sent to the UE using the CCCH when RRC is used and using the
DCCH when there is a RRC connection. This is something like SACCH and
FACCH in GSM.
21
Downlink Transport Channels
3GPP TS 25.301¶ 5.2.1.1
3GPP TS 25.301¶ 5.2.1.1
• Common Downlink Transport Channels

BCH (Broadcast Channel)
– Continuous transmission of system and cell information
PCH (Paging Channel)
– Carries control information to UE when location is unknown
– Pending activity indicated by the PICH (paging indication channel)
FACH (Forward Access Channel)

– Used for transmission of idle-mode control information to a UE
– No closed-loop power control
DSCH (Downlink Shared Channel)

– Carries dedicated control and/or traffic data; shared by several UE’s
• Dedicated Downlink Transport Channels

DCH (Dedicated Channel)
– Carries dedicated traffic and control data to one UE
A transport channel is defined by how and with what characteristics data is

transferred over the air interface. There exist two types of transport channels:
• Common channels.
• Dedicated channels.
There is one dedicated transport channel, the dedicated channel (DCH), which
is a downlink or uplink transport channel. The DCH is transmitted over the
entire cell or over only a part of the cell using beam forming antennas. The
DCH is characterized by the possibility of fast rate change (every 10ms) and
fast power control.
The BCH is a downlink transport channel that is used to broadcast system and
cell specific information. The BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell
with a low fixed bit rate. The FACH is a downlink transport channel. It is
transmitted over the entire cell. The FACH uses slow power control. PCH is a
downlink transport channel. This channel is associated with the transmission of
a physical layer signal, the paging indicator, to support efficient sleep mode
procedure.
22
OVSF Codes
3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ 4.3
3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ 4.3
• Downlink OVSF Channelization Codes

C4,0
C2,0 1 1 1 1
1 1 C4,1
C1,0 1 1 -1 -1
1 C4,2
C2,1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 C4,3
1 -1 -1 1
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Designation: c ch, SF , code number
As explained earlier channelization codes can be varied in size depending on

the input data rate giving rise to these codes being called Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factor (OSVF). This is achieved by creating the codes from what is
known as the channelization code tree. The diagram above shows the
beginning of this tree. Each branch is sub-divided into two to create two new
codes, one is just the code repeated, the other is the code followed by the
inverse of the code. As these codes increase in size the spreading factor (SF)
also increases, that is short codes produce a low spreading factor while longer
codes produce a higher spreading factor. How the various codes are named is
also written as
“Cch,SF,code number”.
One way to imagine these codes in use is to think of the code as a symbol that
is transmitted instead of the original data. If the original data rate is low a very
a long code could be used resulting in a high SF. On the other hand high data
rates would require a short code or low SF. One further point to bare in mind is
that since these codes are constructed from this tree certain restrictions to their
use apply. For example if C2,0 was used for a high data rate then neither C4,0 or
C4,1 or any longer codes from the same branch could be used since the system
could not distinguish between these codes as C2,0 is a sub set of all codes
following it in the tree.
SF ranging from 4 to 256 are used in the Uplink and 4 to 512 in the Downlink
network for FDD WCDMA.
23
Code Layering
3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ 4.2.1, 4.2.3
• WCDMA Code Layering 3GPP TS 25.201 ¶ 4.2.1, 4.2.3
FDD FDD TDD TDD

DOWNLINK UPLINK DOWNLINK UPLINK
OVSF Data OVSF

OVSF OVSF OVSF
Channelization { 1 , 2, 4, 8, or 16
4 ~ 512 chips 4 ~ 256 chips { 1 or 16 chips )
Codes chips )
OVSF Modulation
3.84 M s p s ~
Symbol 960 ksps ~ 7.5 ksps 960 ksps ~ 15 ksps 3.84 Msps, 240 ksps
240 ksps
Rate
C o m p l e x (I , j Q ) C o d e C o m p l e x (I , j Q ) C o d e Code length same as OVSF length

38,400 chips of a 38,400 chips of a ( 1 , 2, 4, 8, or 16 chips )
Scrambling 2 1 8 Gold Sequence 2 2 5 Gold Sequence
Codes or 127 scrambling codes specified in
(Distinguishes 256-chip S(2) code TS25.223 V 3.0.0 Annex A
BTS or UE)
* multiplied by Each cell has a specific scrambling code
HPSK rotator codes from the group of 127 codes
The above table shows the comparisons between WCDMA TDD and FDD
uplink and downlink.
It should be noted that the uplink modulation for the FDD mode differs from
the downlink since the latter is multiplied by HPSK rotator codes. This is
necessary to reduce the interference caused by discontinuous transmissions
from the UE. This would be much more extreme than the interference caused
by a GSM mobile that has a frequency of 217 Hz as it would be caused by the
power control messages at a frequency of 1.5 kHz.
Both complex spreading which is used in the downlink and Hybrid Phase Shift
Keying (HPSK) which is used in the uplink are explained in more detail later.
24
Common Pilot Channel
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3
• Downlink CPICH (Common Pilot Channel)

1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols = 20 bits = 666.667 uSec
Pilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec
If transmit diversity is used, then the pilot symbols are as shown for each antenna:
Antenna 1
Symbols A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Antenna 2
Symbols A A -A -A A A -A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A
Slot 14 Slot 0 Slot 1
Because of fading channels, it is hard to obtain a phase reference for the

coherent detection of data modulated signal. Therefore, it is beneficial to have
a separate pilot channel.
WCDMA uses 18 shift registers to create the PN codes used in the downlink.
This will produce a code length of 262,143 (218-1) chips, however only the first
38400 chips are used by the system. Since the chip rate is 3.84 Mcps it will
take the system 10 msec (38400/3.84·106 ) to send 38400 chips. This time
duration is referred to as one frame. This is sub divided into 15 timeslots, each
contains 2560 (38400/15) chips. The duration of one timeslot will be (10·10-
3/15) sec, 666.667 ì sec.
The above diagram shows how the common pilot channel is mapped onto one
of these timeslots. Since the length of the orthogonal code used for this channel
(C 256,0) is 256 chips then 10 modulation symbols or (10·2) 20 bits of pilot
information can be contained in one timeslot.
How this is transmitted using antenna diversity is also shown, that is the
symbols sent by the second antenna contain a mix of the code and the inverse
of the code. This is so that the mobile can distinguish between the antennae.
25
Sync Channel /
Primary Common Control Channel 3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3.2
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3.2
• Downlink SCH / P-CCPCH

BCH Spreading Factor = 256
1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 18 BCH data bits / slot
SCH BCH
256 Chips 2304 Chips
PSC
Broadcast Data (18 bits)
SSCi
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
The primary CCPCH is a fixed rate of 30 kbps (SF=256) downlink physical

channels used to carry the BCH. Common control physical channels are not
inner-loop power controlled.
The diagram above shows the structure of the primary common control
physical channel (P-CCPCH). This channel is used to carry the transport
broadcast channel (BCH) and the synchronization channels. C256,1 is always
used for this channel since it needs to be decoded by all UEs.
As with the pilot channel each timeslot contains 2560 chips, however the first
256 chips are used to transmit the primary and secondary synchronization
channels. This leaves (2560-256) 2304 chips left to carry the broadcast
channel. Since the spreading factor is 256 each timeslot can contain (2304/256)
9 modulation symbols or (9· 2) 18 bits of broadcast information.
Since 18 bits of broadcast information will be sent in each timeslot and (18·15)
in each 10msec frame, the data rate of this channel is (18·15· 100) 27 kbps.
The primary CCPCH has a fixed predefined rate and it is continuously
transmitted over the entire cell.
26
Secondary Common Control Channel
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3.2
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3.2
• Downlink S-CCPCH
Spreading Factor = 256 to 4

1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 20 * 2k data bits; k = [0..6]
0, 2, or 8 bits 20 to 1256 bits 0, 8, or 16 bits
TFCI or DTX Data Pilot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
The secondary common control physical channel (S-CCPCH) is used to

transmit two different transport channels, that is the forward access channel
(FACH) and the paging channel (PCH). This channel will be monitored by the
UE while in idle mode and will carry logical channels associated with paging
and SMS service.
As the type of transport channel that is transmitted using this physical channel
can vary, transport format combination indication (TFCI) or discontinuous
transmission (DTX) bits need to be sent to inform the receiving end what
channels are being sent and the bit rates of these. At the end 0, 8 or 16 bits are
used as a pilot sequence for coherent detection.
The date carried in this channel can have a spreading factor of 256 to 4. For the
highest data rate SF 4 will be used. Each timeslot will need to send 16 pilot and
8 TFCI bits which equates to (16+8) 24 bits or 12 modulation symbols. At a SF
of 4 this will require (4· 12) 48 chips leaving (2560- 48) 2512 chips left for the
data. This will result in (2512/4) 628 modulation symbols or (628· 2) 1256 bits
of data per timeslot. As there will be 1256 bits of data in each timeslot, this
equates to a channel data rate of (1256·15· 100) 1.9 Mbps.
For the lowest data rate SF 256 could be used with no control bits, resulting in
2560 chips being available for data. This equates to (2560/256) 10 modulation
symbols or 20 bits of data. As there will be 20 bits of data in each timeslot, this
equates to a channel data rate of (20·15· 100) 30 kbps.
27
Paging Indication Channel
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3.9
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3.9
• Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

Ø Spread with SF=256 Channelization code
Ø Each UE looks for a particular paging indicator, PI
Ø A paging indicator set to “1” indicates that the UE should read the S-CCPCH of the
corresponding frame.
288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)
b0 b1 b287 b288 b299
One radio frame (10 ms)
The diagram above depicts the structure of the paging indication channel
(PICH). This is used in conjunction with the paging channel (PCH) to provide
mobiles with a sleep mode operation, that is the PICH is used to alert UEs of
an incoming page. This is a layer 1 only channel that is, it originates in the
physical layer.
The PICH is always associated with a secondary CCPCH to which a PCH
transport channel is mapped.
This channel consists of 300 bits. Only the first 288 of these are used to carry
the paging indicators, leaving the last 12 bits undefined. One PI corresponds to
2–16 bits and therefore the number of PIs in one frame can vary between 18-
144.
28
Dedicated Control/Data Channel
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.2
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.2
• Downlink DPCCH/DPDCH Frame
1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 10 x 2^k bits, k = [0...7]
SF = 512/2k = [512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4]
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH
Data 1 TPC TFCI Data 2 Pilot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
The
TheDPDCH
DPDCHcarries
carriesuser
usertraffic,
traffic,layer
layer22overhead
overheadbits,
bits,and
andlayer
layer33signaling
signalingdata.
data.
The
TheDPCCH
DPCCHcarries
carrieslayer
layer11control
controlbits:
bits:Pilot,
Pilot,TPC,
TPC,and
andTFCI
TFCI
Downlink
DownlinkClosed-Loop
Closed-LoopPower
PowerControl
Controlsteps
stepsofof11dB,
dB,0.5
0.5dB
dB
The diagram above shows how in the downlink the dedicated physical data
channel (DPDCH) the and dedicated physical control channel (DPDCH) are
multiplexed onto one WCDMA timeslot.
The DPDCH carries user traffic, layer 2 overhead bits and layer 3 signaling
data. The DPCCH carries layer 1 control bits that is, the pilot bits which are
used by the receiver to measure the channel quality, the transmission power
control (TPC) bits used to adjust the power of the UE in conjunction with the
quality levels measured using the pilot bits. This channel also contains
transport format combination indicator (TFCI) bits used to tell the receiver
what type of transport channels are contained in the CCTrCH.
The SF can vary in steps from (512/20) 512 to (512/27 ) 4 to allow it to carry
variable data rates. It should be remembered that the data carried by the
DPDCH includes L3 signaling, for example handover messages etc.
29
Downlink Data Rates
• Variable Data Rates on the Downlink: Examples
Channel Bit Channel SF Bits/Frame Bits/ Slot
Rate Symbol
(kbps) Rate TOTAL DPDCH DPCCH TOTAL DPDCH DPCCH
(ksps) TFCI TPC PILOT
15 7.5 512 150 60 90 10 4 0 2 4
120 60 64 1200 900 300 80 60 8 4 8
1920 960 4 19,200 18,720 480 1280 1248 8 8 16
Channel Coding
(OVSF codes at 3.84 Mcps)
Coded Data
1.920 Mb/sec S/P 960 kb/sec
(19,200 bits Converter
per 10 mSec frame)
The table above shows how various user data rates are accommodated by the
DPDCH and DPCCH. Below the table is a block diagram depicting how the
channel symbol rate is always half the channel bit rate.
If the required data rate is 15 kbps, after the serial to parallel convector this
will be carried at a rate of (15/2) 7.5 kbps by two separate streams. These will
be multiplied by an orthogonal code with a spreading factor of 512. Since 512
chips will be used to transfer one modulation symbol then (38400/512) 75
modulation symbols or (75·2) 150 bits will be carried in one frame. 60 of these
will be used for carrying data in the DPDCH and 90 for L1 control in the
DPCCH.
Since there are 15 timeslots in a frame the number of bits per timeslot will be
(150/15) 10 divided into (60/15) 4 for data in the DPDC and (90/15) 6 for L1
control, that is 0 TFCI, 2 TPC and 4 pilot bits.
30
Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH Slot Formats
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.2
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.2
Slot Channel Channel SF Bits/ DPDCH DPCCH Transmitted
Format Bit Rate Symbol Slot Bits/Slot Bits/Slot slots per
#i (kbps) Rate radio frame
(ksps) NData1 NData2 NTPC NTFCI NPilot NTr
0 15 7.5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 15
0A 15 7.5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 8-14
0B 30 15 256 20 0 8 4 0 8 8-14
Notes:
1 15 7.5 512 10 0 2 2 2 4 15
1B 30 15 256 20 0 4 4 4 8 8-14 1) Zero-TFCI slot formats are
2 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 15 used when there is only
2A 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 8-14 one data service on the
2B 60 30 128 40 4 28 4 0 4 8-14 DCH.
3 30 15 256 20 2 12 2 2 2 15 2) Slot formats A and B are
3A 30 15 256 20 2 10 2 4 2 8-14 used during compressed
3B 60 30 128 40 4 24 4 4 4 8-14 mode operation
14 480 240 16 320 56 232 8 8* 16 15

14A 480 240 16 320 56 224 8 16* 16 8-14
14B 960 480 8 640 112 464 16 16* 32 8-14
15 960 480 8 640 120 488 8 8* 16 15
15A 960 480 8 640 120 480 8 16* 16 8-14
15B 1920 960 4 1280 240 976 16 16* 32 8-14
16 1920 960 4 1280 248 1000 8 8* 16 15
16A 1920 960 4 1280 248 992 8 16* 16 8-14
Above is an extract from a table showing the specified downlink DPDCH and
DPCCH slot formats. Two points to note are:
• Slot formats with no TCFI bits are only used when there is only one data
service in the DCH.
• Slot formats ending in A or B are used for compressed mode operation. As
can be seen only 8 to 14 slots are transmitted in each frame giving time for the
UE to measure the signal levels from non-WCDMA networks (GSM) or make
hard handovers to WCDMA carriers on other frequencies.
31
Time-Embedded Pilot Symbols
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.2
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.2
• DL: Time-multiplexed with DPDCH
• UL: Transmitted on Q-channel along with TPC, TFCI, FBI bits
Pilot Bit Patterns, Downlink DPDCH (Data Channel)
Npilot = 4 Npilot = 8 Npilot = 16
Symbol # 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slot #1 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10 Note:
2 11 00 11 00 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 11 11 00
Shaded portions are the
3 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 10 11 00 Frame Synchronization
4 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 01 11 10 Words (FSW)
5 11 10 11 10 11 01 11 10 11 01 11 11 11 11
6 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 01 11 01
7 11 11 11 11 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 10 11 11
8 11 10 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 00
9 11 01 11 01 11 10 11 01 11 10 11 00 11 11
10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 00 11 11
11 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 11 11 10
12 11 10 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 00 11 10
13 11 10 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 00 11 01 11 01
14 11 00 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 00
15 11 00 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 11 11 10 11 01
This table shows how the pilot symbols are embedded in the different slots in
one frame. It should be noted that in the uplink the DPCCH is not time
multiplexed with the DPDCH as is the case in the downlink but is transmitted
using the Q channel of the QPSK modulator.
This also makes reference to how the Frame Synchronization Word (FSW) is
conveyed using combinations of pilot bits.
32
Transmit Power Control (TPC) Bits
3GPP TS 25.211¶ Table 13
3GPP TS 25.211¶ Table 13
• TPC Bits
Ø 2, 4, or 8 bits per slot depending on slot format
TPC
N TPC = 2 N TPC = 4 N TPC = 8
Command
Up (1) 11 1111 11111111
Down (0) 00 0000 00000000
The above table shows how the different TPC bit formats are used to request
power increases or decreases from the transmitting end.
Since power control is very important and no form of error protection is used
on this layer 1 control channel the bits are sent more that once to achieve some
level of error protection. At low data rates where the SF is high the power
control bit is only sent twice. This still represents quite a high proportion of the
channel overhead (SF=512 ⇒ 2 bits of TPC ⇒ 1 modulation symbol or 512
chips from a possible 2560 = 512/2560 = 20%).
In the case of high data rate channels where the SF is much smaller the system
can afford to send this bit more times (SF=4 and 8 bits of TPC ⇒ 4 modulation
symbols or (4· 4) 16 chips from a possible 2560 = 16/2560 = 0.625%).
33
TFCI Bits
• TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator)

Ø Used when multiple services are multiplexed onto one DPDCH
Data Channel 1 Channel Coding
TFI 1
Data Channel 2 Channel Coding

TFI 2
Coded Composite
MUX Transport Channel
(CCTrCH)
Data Channel N Channel Coding

TFI N
10 bits TFCI Word

MUX Channel Coding
32 bits
TFI: Transport Format Indicator

TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator
This diagram explains in more detail how the transport format indicator (TFCI)
bits are generated. It can now be clearly understood why these are not required
when only one data channel is used. As this information is vital for decoding
each frame strong error protection coding is used increasing these 10 bits to 32
bits.
It is vital that this whole 32 bit word is sent in each frame. In compressed mode
this is achieved by sending more TFCI bits per timeslot. In slot format 3A for
example there are 4 bits sent per timeslot. If only 8 timeslots are sent per frame
this means that the complete word (8· 4 = 32) will still be transmitted in each
frame. In normal mode operation it should be noticed that only 30 bits are
transferred (15· 2). This shortfall is made up by padding with two extra bits. As
this word is strongly coded these two bits will be treated like errors and
corrected.
34
Downlink Data Coding, Multiplexing
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
Traffic
Traffic@@12.2
12.2kbps
kbps L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps
Traffic data (122x2) 244 Layer 3 Control data 96
CRC16 CRC 16
Add CRC bits 244 Add CRC bits 96

Tail 8 Tail 8
Add Tail bits 260 Add Tail bits 112
Conv. Coding R=1/3 804 Conv. Coding R=1/3 360
Rate matching 688 Rate matching 304
1st interleaving 688 1st interleaving 304

Data from second 244-bit packet
#1 344 #2 344 #1 344 #2 344 #1 76 #2 76 #3 76 #4 76
Radio Frame
Segmentation
344 76 344 76 344 76 344 76
2nd interleaving 420 420 420 420
slot segmentation 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
MUX: Pilot, TPC, TFCI 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
30 ksps DPCH 600 bits (300 symbols) 600 bits (300 symbols) 600 bits (300 symbols) 600 bits (300 symbols)
Radio frame FN=4N Radio frame FN=4N+1 Radio frame FN=4N+2 Radio frame FN=4N+3
The diagram above shows how the 3GPP specify that a 12.2 RAB should be
constructed. Since speech can only cope with a short interleaving delay 20
msec blocks of speech data are taken. With a data rate of 12.2 kbps this will
equate to ((12.2· 103/1000)· 20) 244 bits.
CRC 16 is added to take this up to 260 bits. To reset the 8 shift registers of the
convolutional coder 8 zero tail bits must be added. The resulting 268 bits is fed
to a rate 1/3 coder to produce (268·3) 804 bits. This is reduced to 688 bits by
performing bit puncturing. That is bits are removed from the data according to
a sequence known to the receiver until 688 bits are left. At the receiver 0s can
be inserted where this data was removed and the decoder will treat these as
errors and correct them. The new error protection is ((804/688)· 0.33) 0.38
which is still better that 0.5 from a rate 1/2 coder. The first stage of
interleaving is performed. The depth of this is 20 msec.
Continues on next slide…
35
Downlink Data Coding, Multiplexing, continued
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
Traffic
Traffic@@12.2
12.2kbps
kbps L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps
CRC16 CRC 16

Tail 8 Tail 8

#1 344 #2 344 #1 344 #2 344 #1 76 #2 76 #3 76 #4 76
Radio Frame
Segmentation
344 76 344 76 344 76 344 76
MUX: Pilot, TPC, TFCI 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
30 ksps DPCH 600 bits (300 symbols) 600 bits (300 symbols) 600 bits (300 symbols) 600 bits (300 symbols)
…
40 msec of L3 data or ((2.4· 103/1000)· 40) 96 bits is taken and a 16 bit CRC
checksum added taking the total up to 112 bits.
Again 8 tail bits must be added to reset the 8 shift registers in the
Convolutional coder. The resulting 120 bits are fed to a rate 1/3 coder resulting
in 360 bits being produced.
This must be reduced to 304 bits by puncturing and the first stage of
interleaving performed. Since 40 msec of data was taken this time the depth of
interleaving is 40 msec.
To balance L3 data and traffic another 20 msec of data must be taken and the
same processes performed. The traffic and data are multiplexed onto four 10
msec frames with 344 and 76 bits respectively.
Each of these 10 msec blocks are interleaved separately. The depth of this
second interleaving is 10 msec. This is sometimes called Frame Interleaving.
This 420 bits of data are divided up into 15 slots resulting in (420 /15) 28 bits
in each slot. The 12 bits of layer 1 control (Pilot,TPC, and TFCI) are
multiplexed in resulting in a total of 40 bits per slot or (40·15 ) 600 bits per
frame. This equates to (600/2) 300 modulation symbols.
To carry this data a physical channel with a rate of (300· 100) 30 ksps is
required. This will require an Orthogonal Code with a SF of (3.84·106 / 30·103
) 128.
36
Downlink Data Coding, Multiplexing
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
Traffic
Traffic@@384
384kbps
kbps L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps
3840 3840
Traffic data (3840x2) Layer 3 Control data 96
CRC16 CRC16 CRC 16
Add CRC bits 3840 3840 Add CRC bits 96

Tail 8
Concatenate 7712 Termination Add Tail bits 112

bits
Turbo Coding R=1/3 11568 12 11568 12 Conv. Coding R=1/3 360

#1 9050 #2 9050 #1 9050 #2 9050 #1 70 #2 70 #3 70 #4 70
Radio Frame
Segmentation
9050 70 9050 70 9050 70 9050 70
2nd interleaving 9120 9120 9120 9120
slot segmentation 608 608 608 608 608 608 608 608 608 608 608 608
MUX: Pilot, TPC, TFCI 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
480 ksps DPCH 9600 bits (4800 symb.) 9600 bits (4800 symb.) 9600 bits (4800 symb.) 9600 bits (4800 symb.)
This diagram depicts how the data coding, multiplexing and interleaving is
performed for a data rate of 384 kbps (one example). Turbo coding is used.
It should be noted that the first interleaving period is 20 ms for the DTCH.
37
Multi-Code Transmission
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.2
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.2
• Downlink DPCCH/DPDCH Frame
Primary
DPCCH/DPDCH Data 1 TPC TFCI Data 2 Pilot
Additional
DPCCH/DPDCH Data 3 Data 4
Additional
DPCCH/DPDCH Data N-1 Data N
The diagram above depicts how numerous downlink DPCCHs and DPDCHs
are used for multi code transmissions. It should be noted that only the first or
primary DPCCH/DPDCH carries control information.
38
Downlink Shared Channel
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3.5
3GPP TS 25.211¶ 5.3.3.5
• PDSCH Frame
SF = [256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, or 4]
Data (30 kbps to 1920 kbps)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Notes:
Notes:
The PDSCH has no embedded Pilot, TFCI, or TPC. Therefore, it must always be associated with an active DPCCH.
The PDSCH has no embedded Pilot, TFCI, or TPC. Therefore, it must always be associated with an active DPCCH.
The associated DPCCH provides the necessary Pilot, TFCI, and TPC bits for the PDSCH.
The associated DPCCH provides the necessary Pilot, TFCI, and TPC bits for the PDSCH.
The PDSCH can change its spreading ratio every frame, as indicated by the TFCI on the DPCCH
The PDSCH can change its spreading ratio every frame, as indicated by the TFCI on the DPCCH
Any orthogonal code under the “PDSCH Root Channelization Code” may be utilized
Any orthogonal code under the “PDSCH Root Channelization Code” may be utilized
Multiple PDSCH’s may be assigned to one UE
Multiple PDSCH’s may be assigned to one UE
It should be noted that this channel carries no pilot, TFCI or TPC bits as it is
used in conjunction with an active DPCCH to transfer large amounts of data
that the DPCCH could not carry, for example packet data. It can also be seen
that the SF of this channel can also vary. For this reason the TFCI bits in the
DPCCH must be used to inform the receiver about the format of the shared
channel.
39
CRC Algorithms
3GPP TS 25.212¶ 4.2.1.1
3GPP TS 25.212¶ 4.2.1.1
• CRC Algorithms
Ø 0, 8, 12, 16, or 24 parity bits (determined by upper layers)
g(CRC24) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1
g(CRC16) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1
g(CRC12) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1
g(CRC8) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1
This diagram gives a mathematical presentation of the CRC that have been
defined by 3GPP for use with WCDMA. It should be noted that 0 CRC bits
should also be included, however this means that no CRC bits are added.
The higher the number of parity bits created the better the operation of the
CRC, although these bits must be added to the original data which increases
the bandwidth required.
40
FEC Coding Rules
3GPP TS 25.212¶ 4.2.3
• FEC Coding 3GPP TS 25.212¶ 4.2.3
Transport
Channel Coding Method Coder Rate
BCH Convolutional Coding 1/2
PCH Convolutional Coding 1/2
RACH Convolutional Coding 1/2
No Coding
DCH, DSCH,
Convolutional Coding 1/2 or 1/3
CPCH, FACH
Turbo Coding 1/3
This table shows the different type of coding that may be used for each type of
transport channel. It should be noted that convolutional coding with a 1/2 coder
rate is used for the BCH, PCH and RACH. This means that two bits from the
coder are used to transfer one bit of data.
The coding for the DCH, DSCH, CPCH and FACH can vary from no coding
which could be used for high data rate packet services that could use
retransmission to correct any errors to coding with a 1/3 rate that transmits 3
bits for each data bit for data connections that require a low BER.
For standard services that require BER up to 10-3, which is the case for voice
applications, convolutional coding is to be applied. The constraint length for
the proposed convolutional coding schemes is 9. Both rate 1/2 and 1/3
convolutional coding has been specified. For high-quality services that require
BER from 10-3 to 10-6, turbo coding is required.
41
WCDMA Convolutional Code Generators
3GPP TS 25.212¶ 4.2.3.1
3GPP TS 25.212¶ 4.2.3.1
Rate 1/2, k=9 coder: G0 = 5618 , G1 = 753 8
Data D D D D D D D D
In
2:1 Data
MUX Out
Rate 1/3 , k=9 coder: G 0 = 5578 , G 1 = 6638 , G 2 = 7118
Data D D D D D D D D
In
3:1 Data
MUX Out
Convolutional codes are usually described using two parameters, the code rate
and the constraint length. The code rate, k/n, is expressed as ratio of the
number of bits into the convolutional encoder (k) to the number of channel
symbols output by the convolutional encoder (n) in a given encoder cycle. The
constraint length parameter, K, denotes the length of the convolutional encoder
i.e. how many k-bits stages are available to feed the combinatorial logic that
produces the output symbols. Closely related to K is the parameter m, which
indicates how many encoder cycles an input bit is retained and used for
encoding after it first appears at the input to the convolutional encoder. The m
parameter can be thought of as the memory length of the encoder.
The diagram above shows how these convolutional codes are generated for
both the 1/2 and 1/3 coders.
These are the coders specified by the 3GPP.
42
WCDMA Turbo Code Generator
3GPP TS 25.212¶ 4.2.3.2
3GPP TS 25.212¶ 4.2.3.2
Xk
Zk
Data In
Xk D D D
Rate = X
M
U Data Out
X
3x input bits
Turbo Z’ k + 12 Termination bits
Interleaver
D D D
X’ k
At end of data block, both switches go “down” to provide 12-bit Trellis Termination:
[ xK+1 , z K+1, xK+2 , zK +2, xK +3, zK+3 , x'K+1 , z' K+1, x'K+2, z' K+ 2, x'K+3 , z' K+3 ]
Turbo Codes are the newly introduced parallel, recursive, systematic

convolutional-Codes. These codes are used for the channel coding and
decoding in order to detect and correct the errors occurred in the transmission
of digital data through different channels. The relative method of decoding
scheme helps to achieve the theoretical limit (near Shannon-limit) in error
correction performance. Each decoder uses the received data and an extrinsic
information which has been delivered by the preceding decoder to give
decoded data and a new extrinsic information. The interleavers helps the
decoders to improve their capability of correction by keeping the extrinsic
information with the received data un-correlated. They also help in converting
the burst errors between two decoders (which is typical by Viterbi-decoders)
into single errors and allows the next stage of decoding to perform good
results.
The block diagram above shows the operation of the Turbo coder. As with the
rate 1/3 convolutional coder 3 bits are transmitted for each input bit, however
this time 12 termination bits are also added.
43
Interleaving
3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 4.2.5 , 4.2.11
3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 4.2.5 , 4.2.11
• Interleaving
Ø 1st-Stage Interleaver
Performed prior to service multiplexing
Interleaving depth of 1, 2, 4, or 8 columns
Ø 2nd-Stage Interleaver
Performed after service multiplexing
Interleaving depth of 30 columns
In the first stage of interleaving bits from each channel are interleaved with
each other. How much interleaving is applied is related to the rate at which the
data arrives from the higher layers known as the Transmission Time Interval
(TTI). The interleaving length has been defined as 10, 20, 40 and 80 msec.
Long interleaving results in better protection, however the time or depth of
interleaving will depend on how tolerant the channel is to time delay. For this
reason interleaving depth of 20 msec is used for speech connections.
The second interleaving is applied after service multiplexing that is after layer
3 data and any other channels are multiplexed. This type of interleaving,
sometimes called “intra-frame” interleaving performs 10 msec of radio frame
interleaving.
44
Interleaving
3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 4.2.5 , 4.2.11
• Interleaving (‘K’ blocks containing (R x C) bits each)
3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 4.2.5 , 4.2.11
Before
0, 1, 2, 3, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , (RC - 1)
Interleaving
0 1 m C-1
Write Data C C+1 C+m 2C-1
into Matrix
Row-wise • • --- • --- •
• • --- • --- •
(R-1)C (R-1)(C+1) (R-1)(C+m) RC-1
C0 C1 --- Cm --- CC-1

Permute
Matrix
Columns
0 m 1 C-1
C C+m C+1 2C-1
Read Data
from Matrix • • • •
Column-wise
• • • •
(R-1)C (R-1)(C+m) (R-1)(C+1) RC-1
C0 Cm C1 CF-1
After
Interleaving 0, C, … , (R-1)C , m, C+m, … (R-1)(C+m) , … , 1, C+1 , (R-1)(C+1), .., C-1 , 2C-1 , … RC-1
A radio channel produces bursty errors. Because convolutional codes are most
effective against random errors, interleaving is used to randomize the bursty
errors.
The diagram above shows how the second interleaving is performed. It can be
seen that the data is arranged into columns to form a matrix then read back
from this column-wise.
The system uses 30 columns resulting in the bits being distributed across the
whole frame.
45
Interleaving
• Interleaver Columns Permutations (1st and 2nd Interleavers)
Interleaving Number Inter-column

Interleaver Span of Columns Permutation
10 mSec 1 None
20 mSec 2 {01}
1st
40 mSec 4 { 0 2 1 3 }
80 mSec 8 {04261537}
{ 0, 20 ,10, 5, 15, 25,

3, 13, 23, 8, 18, 28,
2nd 10 mSec 30 1, 11, 21, 6, 16, 26,
4, 14, 24, 19, 9, 29,
12, 2, 7, 22, 27, 17 }
The above table shows clearly the difference between the two types of
interleaving. In the first interleaver the maximum number of columns is 8
resulting in the data being interleaved across 8 columns which relates to eight
10 msec slots.
The second interleaver uses 30 columns and can interleave bits over the whole
frame.
46
Rate Matching
3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 4.2.7
3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 4.2.7
• Rate Matching
Ø When coded data rates of services are incompatible,

“Rate Matching” is used to equalize the data rates.
Ø Rate Matching may be performed by:
Padding with extra bits
Puncturing of bits using a pseudo-random algorithm
Ø For complete rate matching rules, see 3GPP TS25.212 ¶ 4.2.7
As previously mentioned rate matching is performed on the data to change the

data rate to that which can be accommodated by the system. It should be noted
that this function can not only be used to reduce the data rate by puncturing
bits but also increase the data rate by padding it with extra bits.
47
Downlink Orthogonal Code Allocations
• Each data stream is assigned a unique Channelization Code

- User voice / data channels
- Layer 3+ Control Channel data
• Primary CPICH (Common Pilot) uses Channelization Code C256,0

- One per cell
- Phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH
- Scrambled using the Primary Scrambling Code
• Secondary CPICH uses any Channelization code of SF=256

- Zero, one, or several per cell
- Scrambled using the Primary or Secondary Scrambling Code
• P-CCPCH (Broadcast Channel) always uses Code C256,1

• S-CCPCH Channelization Code is broadcast over the P-CCPCH
• Traffic Channel Codes are transmitted over the S-CCPCH
The above table shows how the orthogonal codes are allocated for the various
downlink physical channels.
Each user data stream and layer 3 control channel is assigned a unique
channelization code. In the case of the user data the length of this code will
depend on the rate of the data.
The primary common pilot channel used channelization code C256,0. There will
be only one per cell or sector. This code needs to be well defined as it is used
as the phase reference for the Synchronization channel (SCH) Primary
common control physical channel (P-CCPCH), the Access indication channel
(AICH) and the Paging indication channel (PICH) and must be able to be
decoded by all UEs. This must be scrambled with the primary scrambling code
of the base station.
The Secondary common pilot channel can use any channelization code with a
SF of 256. There can be 0, one or several of these per cell. This channel may
be scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the base station or by
another known as the secondary scrambling code. This channel is used with
narrow beam antennas to provide extra capacity in areas of high traffic density.
This could be related to underlaid cells used in first and second generation
mobile systems.
48
Complex PN Spreading
3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 5
3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 5
• Complex PN Spreading (Downlink)

cos ( 2ππfRF t)
SC-I
I Is FIR
ΣΣ Filter
RF
SC-Q ΣΣ Output
FIR
Q ΣΣ
Qs Filter
SC-I
-sin ( 2ππ fRF t)
I S = (I • SC I − Q • SC Q )
Q S = (Q • SC I + I • SC Q )
In order to reduce the interference from the channels in adjacent cells in the
forward link, every base station uses a complex long scrambling code. The
long scrambling codes are from the well-known family of Gold codes built by
the product of two maximum linear PN sequences. These codes have good
cross-correlation properties and are widely used in commercial spread
spectrum systems. The complex scrambling codes may be denoted by
Cscramb=C1+jC 2 where C1 and C2 are Gold codes.
The Gold codes for the in-phase component C1 are generated using the product
of two 18-stage (m=18) shift registers.
49
Complex PN Spreading
• Complex PN Spreading (Downlink): The way it looks in the spec
3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 4.2.5 , 4.2.11
Scrambling 3GPP TS 25.212 ¶ 4.2.5 , 4.2.11
Code
Cos( ω
ωt)
(Cscram)
SCI + jSCQ
I Real (•)
p(t)
RF Out
+ +
Imag (•)
p(t)
Q *j I+jQ
-Sin(ω
ωt)
Same result as in the previous slide:
(I + ( ) ( ) (
jQ )⊗ SC I + jSC Q = I • SC I − Q • SC Q + j Q • SC I + I • SC Q )
(
real () = I • SC I − Q • SC ) Q
(
imag () = Q • SC I + I • SC Q )
50
BS Transmit Diversity
3GPP TS 25.211 ¶ 5.3
• TSTD (Time-Switched Transmit Diversity); SCH Only 3GPP TS 25.211 ¶ 5.3
PSC PSC PSC

Antenna 1
SSCi SSCi SSCi
PSC PSC
Antenna 2
SSCi SSCi
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #3 Slot #14
• STTD (Space-Time Transmit Diversity); All Other DL Channels
b0 b1 b2 b3 Antenna 1
Data bits
b0 b1 b2 b3
Note: TSTD and STTD must be
-b 2 b 3 b 0 -b 1 Antenna 2 supported by the UE,
but are optional in BS
Two types of transmit diversity can be used at the base station to improve
capacity, that is time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD) and space-time
transmit diversity (STTD).
TSTD is used only on the synchronization channels. These channels are

alternated between antenna 1 and 2 for each slot in the WCDMA frame as
shown in the diagram above.
STTD is used on all other channels. This time the data bits are transmitted
again on the second antenna with the phase reversed for each alternative bit.
51
Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity
3GPP TS 25.214 ¶ 7
3GPP TS 25.214 ¶ 7
• Closed-loop Transmit Diversity (DCH, PDSCH only)
Ø UE sends Feedback Information (FBI) Bits to the BS over the DPCCH
Ø FBI bits tell the BS how to adjust antenna gain and phase for optimal
reception at the UE
CPICH1 Antenna 1
DCH (or PDSCH)
Σ Antenna 2
DPCCH • S/P Demux
• Channelization
MUX
• Scrambling
DPDCH
• I/Q Modulation
Weights W1, W2 are complex-valued:

W2 W1
W i = ai + jbi CPICH2
gaini = square root (ai 2 + bi 2)

phasei = tan-1(bi/ai ) Calculate
Decode FBI
Gains, Phases
The general transmitter structure to support closed loop diversity for DPCH
signal is shown in the figure above. This signal is fed to both antennas and
weighted with antenna specific weight factors w1 and w2 . This factors are
complex valued wi = ai + jbi. The UE determines these weigh factor by sending
the FBI message. The UE measures the signal strength from the two antennas
and computes the phase and amplitude adjustment that should be applied at the
UTRAN to maximize the UE received power.
When transmit diversity is used the UE uses the feedback indication bits in the
DPCCH channel to report to the BS details about which antenna is providing
the best path. The BS can use these information to increase the gain of the
antenna and phase of the signal to the antenna for optimal reception. The
closed loop technique includes the feedback mode transmit diversity and
selection transmit diversity.
52
WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer
53
WCDMA Uplink (FDD)
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)
Chd Gd
CCCH RACH Data PRACH

Common Control Ch. Random Access Ch. Coding Physical Random Access Ch.
ΣΣ
RACH Control Part
Chc Gc j
Chd Gd
DTCH (packet mode) CPCH Data PCPCH UE

Dedicated Traffic Ch. Common Packet Ch. Coding Physical Common Packet Ch. Scrambling Uplink
ΣΣ Code
RF Out
PCPCH Control Part
I
Chc Gc j I+jQ Filter
I/Q
ΣΣ Filter
Mod.
Ch d,1 Gd Q
CCTrCH DPDCH #1
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Ch d,3 Gd
DCCH DCH Data
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch. ΣΣI
Ch d,5 Gd
DTCH DCH Data
DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
U Ch d,2 Gd
X DPDCH #2 (optional) ΣΣ
Ch d,4 Gd
DTCH DCH Data DPDCH #4 (optional)

Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Ch d,6 Gd
DPDCH #6 (optional) ΣΣQ
Ch c Gd j
DPCCH
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
This block diagram of a WCDMA UE transmitter shows clearly that the

DPCCH and DPDCH are not time multiplexed but are transmitted on the I and
Q branches of an I/Q modulator. In other words complex spreading is done.
The reason for this is as previously stated is to reduce the peak to average
power output from the UE and hence reduce the interference to equipment
close to the transmitter.
54
Uplink Transport Channels
• Uplink Transport Channels
Ø Common Uplink Transport Channels
RACH Random Access Channel

- Carries access requests, control information, short data
- Uses only open-loop power control
- Subject to random access collisions
CPCH Uplink Common Packet Channel

- Carries connectionless packet data to PCPH
Ø Dedicated Uplink Transport Channels
DCH Dedicated Channel

- Carries dedicated traffic and control data from one UE
Random Access channel (RACH) This channel is used to carry access

requests, control information and short data bursts. It uses only open loop
power control and therefore contains no pilot or TPC bits. It should be
remembered that there is no method for scheduling accesses from UEs so there
will be times when accesses from different UEs collide. This is referred to as
random access collisions. This transport channel is mapped directly onto the
physical random access channel (PRACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCD) This channel is used to carry
connectionless packet data and is mapped directly to the physical common
packet channel (PCPCH)
There is only one dedicated uplink transport channel that is the;
Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH) This channel carries dedicated traffic
and control data from one UE. It is multiplexed with other DCHs before being
mapped onto a dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH).
55
Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
3GPP TS 25.211 ¶ 5.2.1
3GPP TS 25.211 ¶ 5.2.1
• Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)
Coded Data, 10 x 2^k bits, k=0…6 (10 to 640 bits) I
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC Q
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DPCCH: 15 kb/sec data rate, 10 total bits per DPCCH slot
PILOT: Fixed patterns (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits per DPCCH slot)

TFCI: Transmit Format Combination Indicator (0, 2, 3, or 4 bits)
FBI: Feedback Information (0, 1, or 2 bits)

TPC: Transmit Power Control bits (1 or 2 bits); power adjustment in steps of 1, 2, or 3 dB
The diagram above shows the structure of the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH.
Unlike in the downlink they are not time multiplexed but fed to the I and Q
inputs of a complex spreader.
The number of bits per slot will again be 38400/15 = 2560. The spreading
factors that can be used range from 4 to 256. Hence each slot can carry
2560/256 = 10 to 2560/4 = 640 bits of data. Since there are 15 of these every
10 mSec or 1500 per second the data rate of this channel will range from
10· 1500 = 15 kbps to 640· 1500 = 960 kbps using variable spreading factors.
For the SF for the DPCCH is set at 256 giving rise to 10 bits of data these are
made up of the following:-
Pilot pattern using 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits.
TFCI that is Transmit Format Combination Indicator relating to how the
DPDCHs are multiplexed etc using 0 (none), 2, 3, or 4 bits.
FBI that is, Feedback Information used when BS transmit diversity is used with
0 (none) 1, or 2 bits.
TPC that is, Transmit Power Control used to control the BS output power in
steps of 1 dB using 1 or 2 bits.
56
Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
3GPP TS 25.211 ¶ 5.2.1
3GPP TS 25.211 ¶ 5.2.1
• Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH Slot Formats

DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel) Slot Formats
Slot Format #i Channel Bit Rate Channel Symbol SF Bits/ Bits/ N data
(kbps) Rate (ksps) Frame Slot
0 15 15 256 150 10 10
1 30 30 128 300 20 20
2 60 60 64 600 40 40
3 120 120 32 1200 80 80
4 240 240 16 2400 160 160
5 480 480 8 4800 320 320
6 960 960 4 9600 640 640
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel) Slot Formats

Slot Channel Bit Channel Symbol SF Bits/ Bits/ N pilot N TPC N TFCI N FBI Transmitted
Form Rate (kbps) Rate (ksps) Frame Slot slots per
at #i radio frame
0 15 15 256 150 10 6 2 2 0 15
0A 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 3 0 1 0- 1 4
0B 15 15 256 150 10 4 2 4 0 8- 9
1 15 15 256 150 10 8 2 0 0 8 -1 5
2 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 2 1 15
2A 15 15 256 150 10 4 2 3 1 1 0- 1 4
2B 15 15 256 150 10 3 2 4 1 8- 9
3 15 15 256 150 10 7 2 0 1 8 -1 5
4 15 15 256 150 10 6 2 0 2 8 -1 5
5 15 15 256 150 10 5 1 2 2 15
5A 15 15 256 150 10 4 1 3 2 1 0- 1 4
5B 15 15 256 150 10 3 1 4 2 8- 9
The table above shows the various different slot formats available for both the
DPDCH and DPCCH.
Six different formats are available for the DPDCH ranging from slot format 0
that offers 15 kbps using a SF of 256 to 960 kbps using a SF of 4.
12 different types are available for the DPCCH depending on the number of
pilot, TPC, TPCI and FBI bits needed. It should be noted that the formats
ending in the letters A or B are special formats required from compressed
mode operation to allow time for measurements to be made on non-WCDMA
networks.
57
FBI (Feedback Information) Field
3GPP TS 25.211 ¶ 5.2.1
3GPP TS 25.211 ¶ 5.2.1
• FBI Field
0, 1, or 2 bits total depending on Slot Format
S Field D Field
0, 1, or 2 bits 0 or 1 bit
Used for SSDT signaling Provides feedback information
during soft handover for closed-loop transmit diversity
SSDT (Site Selection Diversity Transmission) is an enhanced soft handover process

The UE determines the cell with the strongest received signal, and indicates this “primary cell” selection using the S Field.
Cells other than the primary cell suspend transmission, so that overall downlink interference is reduced.
The diagram above gives a closer look at how the FBI bits are composed. The
overall field is made up of 0, 1, 2 bits depending on the slot format used. These
are sub-divides into S and D fields. During soft handover the bits in the S field
can be used to inform the network as to which site is producing the strongest
signal. This cell can be called the “primary cell” and the network can suspend
transmission from other cells involved in the handover to reduce downlink
interference. This enhancement to the soft handover process is called site
Selection Diversity Transmission (SSDT).
The D field bits are used to in the closed loop transmit diversity loop that is
used to control the gain of the BS transmit antennas in reaction to the received
levels at the UE.
58
Uplink Data Coding, Multiplexing
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
Traffic
Traffic@@12.2
12.2kbps
kbps L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps
CRC16 CRC 16

Tail 8 Tail 8
Frame Segmentation 402 402 Frame Segmentation 90 90 90 90

Rate Matching #1a 490 #2a 490 #1b 490 #2b 490 110 110 110 110
490 110 490 110 490 110 490 110
60 kbps DPDCH 600 bits (600 symbols) 600 bits (600 symbols) 600 bits (600 symbols) 600 bits (600 symbols)
As with the downlink data coding and multiplexing is also performed. In this
diagram we can see how this is performed for a data channel of 12.2 kbps. The
main difference between this and the downlink is that rate matching is
performed after frame segmentation and this time bits have to be added to
increase the data rate.
59
Uplink Data Coding, Multiplexing
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
3GPP TS 25.101 App. A.3
Traffic
Traffic@@384
384kbps
kbps L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps
Traffic data (3840x2) 3840 3840 Layer 3 Control data 96
CRC16 CRC16 CRC 16
Add CRC bits 3840 3840 Add CRC bits 96

Tail 8
Concatenate 7712 Termination Concatenate 112

bits
Turbo Coding R=1/3 11568 12 11568 12 Conv. Coding R=1/3 360
Frame Segmentation 11580 11580 Frame Segmentation 90 90 90 90

Rate matching 9525 9525 9525 9525 75 75 75 75
9525 75 9525 75 9525 75 9525 75
2nd interleaving 9600 9600 9600 9600
slot segmentation 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640 640
960 kbps DPDCH 9600 bits (9600 symb.) 9600 bits (9600 symb.) 9600 bits (9600 symb.) 9600 bits (9600 symb.)
The same process is shown again for a uplink 384 kbps channel. Again rate
matching is performed after frame segmentation, however this time the rate is
reduced by puncturing.
60
Uplink Channelization Codes for HPSK
• Special Restrictions on OVSF Codes on the Uplink (for HPSK)
IfIfonly
onlyone
oneDPDCH
DPDCHisisused:
used: 3GPP TS 25.213 ¶ 4.3.1.2
3GPP TS 25.213 ¶ 4.3.1.2
SF
SFofof44~~256
256may
maybebeused
used
OVSF
OVSFChannelization
ChannelizationCode
CodeisisCCSF,K where K = SF/4
SF,K where K = SF/4
IfIftwo
twothrough
throughsixsixDPDCH’s
DPDCH’sareareused:
used:
SF
SFofof44must
mustbebeused
usedfor
forall
allsix
sixDPDCH’s
DPDCH’s
DPDCH_1
DPDCH_1, ,DPDCH_2
DPDCH_2must
mustuseuseOVSF
OVSFcode
codeCC4,1
4,1
DPDCH_3
DPDCH_3 , DPDCH_4 must use OVSFcode
, DPDCH_4 must use OVSF codeCC4,3
4,3
DPDCH_5 , DPDCH_6 must use OVSF code C
DPDCH_5 , DPDCH_6 must use OVSF code C 4,2
4,2
C4,0
C2,0 1 1 1 1 DPCCH
1 1 C4,1
C1,0 1 1 -1 -1 DPDCH 1, 2
1 C4,2
C2,1 1 -1 1 -1 DPDCH 5, 6
1 -1 C4,3
1 -1 -1 1 DPDCH 3, 4
As can be seen from the above diagram restrictions are placed on the
channelization codes that can be used in the uplink to avoid using those that
have frequent positive and negative transitions. This reduces the number of
zero crossings in the output and hence improved the peak to average power
ratio of the RF transmitter. For best possible transmitter efficiency and hence
longest battery life this ratio must be kept to a minimum.
Code C4,0 is used to spread the information from the DPCCH as this has the
least zero transitions.
After this C4,1 would be the first choice for a DPDCH of SF = 4 as this
produces only one zero transitions. If more DPCHs were required with the
same SF we can see that DPDCH_2 must use C4,1 again, but this will be placed
onto the Q branch of the modulator. The next DPDCH must use C4,3 but back
on the I branch and so on.
Code selection in this manner along with the proper choice of scrambling code
increases the spectral efficiency by limiting the diagonal transmissions in the
signal constellation. This also results in efficient use of the power amplifier.
61
Complex and HPSK Spreading
• QPSK Modulation Pattern
Before Baseband Filtering After Baseband Filtering
QPSK
I,Q
Equal
Magnitude
Note:
QPSK When the I and Q branches are

imbalanced, the constellation
I,Q becomes “rectangular”.
Non-Equal This worsens peak to average power
Magnitude ratio, as the signal looks more like
BPSK modulation.
The diagram above shows the vector diagram for QPSK modulation where
firstly the I and Q branches are of equal magnitude as would be the case in the
downlink as the DPDCH and DPCCH are time multiplexed before being
divided and sent to the I and Q inputs. We can see that after baseband filtering
is used there is still allot of zero crossings. This results in a very poor peak to
average transmit power ratio.
The picture is even worse in the second case where I and Q are non-equal
magnitude. This will be the case in the uplink since the DPDCH is fed to the I
branch and the DPCCH fed to the Q branch. Due to discontinuous transmission
of the DPDCH we can see that the constellation is more rectangular with more
zero crossings. This would be a totally unacceptable situation in the UE since
depending on the degree of DTX the modulation will become more like BPSK
transmission.
62
• Complex Spreading Pattern
Complex
PN Spreading
Note:
I,Q The complex spread patterns remain
Equal “circular”, or more nearly constant
Magnitude amplitude, even when the I and Q
branches are unequal in amplitude.
This is because the constellation

phase is constantly rotated in 90
Before Baseband Filtering After Baseband Filtering degree steps.
Complex
PN Spreading
I,Q
Non-Equal
Magnitude
One method of reducing this is to use a type of modulation known as complex

spreading. This works by using a complex scrambling code that restricts the
rotations between consecutive chips to 90o and only allows the 180o rotation to
happen between consecutive symbols.
As we can see this results in a more circular pattern even when I and Q are
unequal in magnitude. This produces a lower peak to average ratio in the
transmitter output and hence better transmitter efficiency and increased battery
life.
63
• Complex PN Spreading vs. HPSK spreading
Complex PN HPSK
Complex PN
Spreading
I,Q Note:
Equal
Magnitude The HPSK patterns have reduced
incidence of zero-amplitude crossings
as compared with the Complex PN
spread patterns.
This is due to the specific selection of

orthogonal codes, which are selected
to prohibit +/- transitions on
consecutive bits
Complex PN HPSK
e.g.,
HPSK
Spreading [++++ ]
[++-- ]
I,Q
Non-Equal
Magnitude
HPSK spreading is used in the cellular CDMA system in the uplink. In this
spreading the I and Q bit streams are offset in their relative alignments by one
bit period. This creates a dramatically different constellation and has power
efficiency advantages. In HPSK the signal trajectories are modified by the
symbol clock offset so that the carrier amplitude does not go through or near
zero. This results in power efficient, since less linear RF power amplifier to be
used.
Complex spreading uses either a complex spreading sequence or two real
spreading sequences. Complex spreading reduces the peak to average ratio of
the signal.
The above vector diagrams compare the constellations produced using
complex PN spreading and HPSK when I and Q are equal and unequal.
It can clearly be seen that the HPSK constellation has a reduced incidence of
zero crossings and hence an improved peak to average power ratio.
64
Uplink Scrambling Code
• Uplink Scrambling Code (38,400 chips of 2 25 Gold Code)3GPP TS 25.213 ¶ 4.3.2.2

3GPP TS 25.213 ¶ 4.3.2.2
Clong 1,n
X I
MSB LSB
w0 = {1 1}
C scr
w0 = {1 -1}
Clong 2,n
Decimate
Y 1:2
Q
Note:
c2 (quadrature component) is a 16,777,232 chip delayed version of the code, c1
Code “n” is created using a 24-bit key [n0 ... n 23] for the initial conditions:
xn(0) = n0 ; xn(1) = n1 , … xn(23) = n2 3 ; xn(24)=1
y(0) = y(1) = … = y(23) = y(24) = 1
Uplink scrambling codes help maintain separation among different UEs. Either
short or long scrambling codes can be used in the uplink. Short scrambling
codes are recommended for base stations equipped with advanced receivers
employing multi-user detection or interference cancellation.
Scrambling codes (both short and long) can be defined with the help of the
following equation:
Asc = A1 ( w1 + jw2 A2 ’ )
here, A1 is a real chip rate code;
A2’ is a decimated version of a real chip rate code A2
w1 is the repetition of (11) at the chip rate
w2 is the repetition of (1 -1) at the chip rate.
The real chip rate codes A1 and A2 are formed as the position wise modulo 2
sum of 38400 chip segments of two binary m sequences. The binary m
sequence are generated from two generator polynomials of degree 25.
The diagram above depicts how the 3GPP have specified that the uplink
scrambling code should be created.
65
Uplink Scrambling Code
Uplink Scrambling Code Type depends on the Application
Random Access, Packet Access Dedicated Traffic Connection

• Cell-specific Scrambling Code(s) • UE-specific Scrambling Code(s)
• Code(s) are assigned by UTRAN • Code(s) are assigned by UTRAN
• Code(s) are conveyed to UE • Code(s) are conveyed to UE via the FACH

via the BCH or FACH
• 224 possible codes
• 8,192 PRACH codes
• 32,768 PCPCH codes
• Code allocation corresponds to

the cell’s DL scrambling code group
Note:
Note:
Short (256) Scrambling Codes may be used in place of the
Short (256) Scrambling Codes may be used in place of the
long scrambling codes. This is to support operation of
long scrambling codes. This is to support operation of
advanced BS receivers (e.g., multi-user detection receivers).
advanced BS receivers (e.g., multi-user detection receivers).
See TS25.213 Section 4.3.2
See TS25.213 Section 4.3.2
The table above shows that how the uplink scrambling codes are chosen
depending on the application.
Random Access or Packet Access channels (PRACH and PCPCH) use cell
specific codes that are assigned by the UTRAN and conveyed to the UE by the
BCH or in the FACH. In other words the BS will say to the UEs “use the
following codes to access me with a RACH or PACH”.
For the dedicated traffic channels (DPDCH and DPCCH) the codes used will
be specific to he particular UE. These are again assigned by the UTRAN and
conveyed to the UE in the FACH. In other words the BS will say to the UEs
“use the following codes for DPDCHs or DPCCHs”.
66

WCDMA Air Interface Training

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WCDMA Air Interface Training

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WCDMA Air Interface Training

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 1 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

Ø Physical Layer Procedures

Ø TDD Implementation (Appendix)

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 2 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

3GPP Project Coordination Group

TSG-RAN TSG-CN TSG-T TSG-SA TSG-GERAN

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 3 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

WCDMA Physical Layer Specifications (FDD and TDD)

WCDMA FDD, TDD Mode Standards:

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 4 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

Some of the standardization documents produced by this group which are

Some of the following slides will contain a reference pointing to which

• 3GPP WCDMA Overview

Ø BS time synchronization not required for FDD mode

Ø Multi-Code and Variable Spreading Factor modes supported

Ø Network interface compatible with GSM - MAP / GPRS

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 5 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

Both Frequency and Time Division Duplex (FDD&TDD) mode of operation

Europe DECT IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 MSS

Japan PHS IMT-2000 MSS Terrestrial MSS

FDD TDD FDD

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 6 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

Packet External Data

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 7 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 8 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 9 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

Ø RNC (Radio Network Controller)

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 10 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

• UTRAN Operational Functions (partial)

Ø Functions related to mobility

Ø Functions related to radio resource management and control

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 11 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

CTRL USER USER CTRL

L2 RLC RLC Logical channels RLC RLC L2

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 12 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

• Services provided by Physical Layer

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 13 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

Random Access and Packet Access Channels

Dedicated Connection Channels

PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 14 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

• Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 15 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

• Downlink Indication Channels

Ø PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)

Ø AP-AICH (Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel)

Ø CD/CA-ICH (Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel)

Ø CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel)

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 16 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

Ø Common Uplink Physical Channels

Ø Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 17 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

• Scrambling Codes (Spread Spectrum Codes)

Secondary Sync. Codes: Group of 256-bit codes

• Random Access Preamble Codes

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 18 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

4/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 4: 19 of 65 WCDMA Air Interface

PCCH PCH Data GP

DTCH DCH Data Filter Modulator

DSCH Data PDSCH