DP Induction - Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

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System GPS GLONASS Galileo COMPASS

Political entity United States Russia European Union China
Coding CDMA FDMA/CDMA CDMA CDMA
Orbital height 20,200 km (12,600 mi) 19,100 km (11,900 mi) 23,222 km (14,429 mi) 21,150 km (13,140 mi)
Period 12.0 hours 11.3 hours (11 h 18 m) 14.1 hours (14 h 6 m) 12.6 hours (12 h 36 m)
27, including
21 operational
2 in preparation 2 test bed satellites in orbit,
Number of
At least 24 3 on maintenance 22 operational satellites 35
satellites
1 reserve budgeted
(30 when CDMA signal
launches)
1.164–1.215 GHz (E5a and 1.561098 GHz (B1)
1.57542 GHz (L1 signal) Around 1.602 GHz (SP) E5b) 1.589742 GHz (B1-2)
Frequency
1.2276 GHz (L2 signal) Around 1.246 GHz (SP) 1.215–1.300 GHz (E6) 1.20714 GHz (B2)
1.559–1.592 GHz (E2-L1-E11) 1.26852 GHz (B3)
5 satellites operational,
Operational,
Status Operational In preparation 30 additional satellites
CDMA in preparation
planned
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SPACE SEGMENT

CONTROL SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT
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Space and Control Segment

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Principle of operation

Pseudo range
(measured)
GPS receivers measure (Pseudo ranges)
True
range
as sat/receiver time difference

4 unknowns:
Position X, Y, Z and clock error
Receiver
clock
error
Minimum of four satellites required for
position computation

GPS receiver
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GPS Positioning accuracy

Accuracy dependant on:

•Satellite orbit
•Atmospheric path propagation
•Clock stability
•Multipath signals
•Satellite constellation geometry
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Orbit error 1.0m

Satellite clock error 1.0m
Atmospheric conditions 0.5 – 2.0m
Multipath 0 – 3.0m
Measurement noise 0.1 – 0.3m
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Differential GPS
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Differential Corrections
Local - Land based reference stations, sent
via beacons by the coast - Iala, UHF

Regional - Land based reference stations,

sent via satellites - Spotbeam, Inmarsat,
SBAS (waas/egnos/msas)

INMARSAT

SPOTBEAM
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GPS SVs
INMARSAT SV

REF
STATIONS

COMPOSITE RTCM MESSAGE

LOCAL NETWORK
INMARSAT
MONITOR CONTROL
UPLINK
STATION OR HUB
STATION
STATION
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DGPS corrections are received

through a demodulator connected
to Inmarsat/Spotbeam antennas.

Corrections can also be received

through an IALA antenna, directly
into the DGPS unit
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DGPS Accuracy

Typical accuracy:
Measured in the decimeter range

Dependent on:

Age of corrections (AOD or “latency”)

Speed of corrections/processing
Distance from Reference station
Single or multi-reference station
solution
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Operational Problems with DGPS

Multipath Errors / Proximity of Structures

Poor satellite geometry

Masking or loss of GPS &/or correction

signals

Sunspot activity

Quality of correction data - AOD and long

distances