Verbs -- Why verbs???

to bore
(v)

1. It is a bored film.

2. It is a boring film.
Verbs - Definition

“A verb is a part of speech

denoting an action”.
(Le, H. T., et al, 2015)

 He loves me madly.
 She is learning English
Grammar.
 Verb classification
Main types Other types

1. Notional verbs 1. Finite verbs & Non-finite

2. Auxiliary verbs verbs
3. Linking verbs 2. Transitive verbs &
4. Modal verbs Intransitive verbs
3. Stative verbs
4. Phrasal verbs
Notional verbs
1. Notional verbs are the
verbs “that have a lexical
meaning”.
2. Notional verbs
Main verbs
Action verbs
Lexical verbs
Contentive verbs
Dynamic verbs
(Le, H. T., et al., 2015)
Auxiliary verbs - Definition

The auxiliary verbs have no

lexical meaning, and they
must, therefore, be used
with a lexical verbs.

(Le, H. T., et al., 2015)

 Types of auxiliary verbs

Principal auxiliaries Modal auxiliaries

E.g.: E.g.:
to be can
to do could
to have may
will
…
 Uses of auxiliary verbs
1. I don’t love her, but you.

2. I am talking to you.

3. I will tell you a truth.

4. I have met your parents.

5. This gold ring was bought for you by me.

6. Will you marry me?

7. I do love you, really!

Modal verbs

1. Modal verbs are used with

other verbs to express one of
the modalities: possibility,
ability, likelihood, certainty,
obligation, etc., of the action.

2. Modals (modal auxiliaries)

(Le, H. T., et al., 2015)
Linking verbs

1. Linking verbs are the

verbs which can be
followed directly by an
adjective.

2. Linking verbs / Link

verbs/ Copular verbs/ be-
like verbs.
(Le, H. T., et al., 2015)
 Linking verbs

„be‟ be-like V.

seem / get / feel /

look / smell
 Finite verbs vs. Non-finite verbs

1. I meet her. 1. I will meet her.

2. I met her. 2. I have met her.

 Finite verbs (tensed  Non-finite verbs (non-

verbs) tensed verbs / tenseless
verbs)
 Can show the tense  Cannot show the
without the help of other tense without the help of
verbs other verbs
 Transitive verbs vs. Intransitive verbs

1. They run a business. 2. They run.

State verbs (Stative verbs/Verbs of State)

1. State verbs refer to relatively

permanent situations.
2. State verbs >< Action verbs
3. State verbs are rarely used
with progressive aspect.
 Progressive aspect is used
to emphasize meaning.

(Le, H. T., et al., 2015)

‘I love you’ vs. ‘I’m loving you’
[Chorus]
If we‟d go again
All the way from the start
I would try to change
The things that killed our love
Your pride has built a wall, so
strong
That I can't get through
Is there really no chance
To start once again
I'm still loving you
…
 Stative verbs

Opinions/ Cost/
Feelings Thoughts Senses Possession Measure/
Others
like know look have cost
dislike think smell own measure
love understand feel belong weigh
satisfy believe see … owe
wish recognize sound contain
hate suppose taste …
prefer agree hear
want deny touch
surprise doubt …
… …
Phrasal verbs
1. A phrasal verb is defined as
a verb followed by a particle
(variously described as a
preposition, an adverb, or
some combination of the
two).
(Le, H. T., et al., 2015)
2. E.g.:
run away
put up with
…
 Phrasal verbs - Classification
Semantic criterion Syntactic criterion

1. Literal phrasal verbs 1. Two-word phrasal verbs

2. Completive phrasal verbs 2. Three-word phrasal verbs

3. Figurative phrasal verbs

Verb forms

1. Verb forms or the

different forms of a verb

2. 1 verb in the English

language may have
various forms.
 Infi. +
‘to’
Infi. – ‘to’
Gerund (bare
infi.)

Verb
Past forms Present
participle Indefinite
(P2) form

Present Past
participle indefinite
(P1) form
 Verb forms & Functions of verb forms

7 forms of a verb:
1. Infinitive with „to‟
2. Infinitive without „to‟ (bare infinitive)
3. Present indefinite forms
4. Past indefinite forms
5. Present participle
6. Past participle
7. Gerund
Functions of Infinitive + ‘to’

1. To live means to work.

2. I like to dance.
3. My new duty now is to study.
4. The way to learn well is to study hard.
5. To speak English well, you should marry a native speaker.
Functions of Infinitive without ‘to’

1. They run.
2. They run a business.
3. Let her go!
4. Let her go!
Functions of Present & Past indefinite forms

1. The baby cries/ cried.

2. He writes/ wrote a letter to me every day.
Functions of Present Participle (P1)

1. We are talking to each other about her.

2. The trip is exciting.
3. The crying baby is my child.
4. Raining, she decided to stay at home.
Functions of Past Participle (P2)

1. She has passed the exam.

2. The robber was arrested by the police.
3. She felt tired.
4. This must be in written form.
5. Frightened, she cried loudly.
Functions of Gerund

1. Dancing is my hobby.
2. I like dancing.
3. What I like is dancing.
4. We have redecorated the living room.
5. Because of watching T.V. a lot, we felt tired.
Use of participles (P1 & P2)

He jumped into the sea to

rescue the drowning
children.
Use of participles (P1 & P2)

They looked at the ruined

house sadly.
 Use of participles (P1 & P2)
1. He sat by the fire reading a newspaper.

2. Opening the suitcase, he took out $1,000.

3. Being a mean person, he never bought anything.

 Use of participles - Notes

1. Having finished the homework, he went out for a movie.

2. Having been questioned many times, he had to tell the

truth.
 Use of participles - Notes
Doing my homework, a mosquito bit me.

BUT:
Generally speaking, he is very generous.
 Use of participles - Notes

1. I want to know the person who sent me a lot of money.

2. I want to know the person sending me a lot of money.

 Concord (S-V Agreement)

E.g. Definition

1. He makes a special plan to Concord is the linguistic

conquer her heart. phenomenon in which the
verb must take the
appropriate form of the
2. We try our best to get high
subject in terms of number
marks in the exam.
and person.
(Le, H. T., et al., 2015)