semantic

s
12
A variety of
predicates
Presented by :
Giratia
M. Salma Alfarisyi
Reni Marlina
12What are we going to discuss

12.1 Attitudinal predicates …….252

12.2 Enabling and preventing …….257

12.3 Perceptual predicates …….260

 12.1 Attitudinal
predicates
12
Definition
A verb or adjective that expresses the feelings of the
subject:
I hate this music, I’m fond of swimming

Types of attitudinal predicates

 Types of attitudinal predicates
prospective attitude

12 regarding what may come to be.

In the first six types (A-F) the subject of

the sentences is the Affected and what
affects is a specific predication, a potential
act.

A. Intent regarding one’s own possible performance :

1. Jenkins intends to withdraw from the race.
verbs: aim, mean, intend

B Mental rehearsing of possible performance :

2. Jenkins considered withdrawing from the race,
verbs: consider, contemplate
 Types of attitudinal predicates

C. Conclusion regarding possible performance :

3. Jenkins decided to withdraw from the race,
verbs: decide, determine, choose, elect, prefer

D. Getting ready for performance :

(a) Jenkins planned to withdraw from the race.
(b) Jenkins planned for his supporters to withdraw his name.
verbs: arrange, plan, prepare

E. Proceeding to perform :
(a) We tried to start the motor (but we couldn’t).
(b) We tried running the motor for a while.
verbs: attempt, endeavor, seek, strive, try, undertake, venture
 Types of attitudinal predicates

F Readiness for a possible act or event :

(a) I’m afraid to look at my test marks.
(b) I dread looking at my test marks.
predicates:
(a) aspire, desire, hope, long, want, wish, yearn expect disposed,
eager, impatient, inclined, keen, ready, willing afraid, dread, fear
disinclined, reluctant anxious
(b) feel-like anticipate dread, fear

The distinction between groups (a) and (b) is syntactic; the

former are followed by an infinitive clause, the latter by a
gerund clause— dread and fear belonging to both groups.
There seems to be no semantic difference.
 Types of attitudinal predicates

G. Attitude regarding another’s input :

I’m counting on you to help us.
verbs: count-on, depend-on, rely-on, trust

H. Retrospective attitudes :
I regret wasting time on that lecture.
verbs: miss regret’ resent

I. Predicates of liking and disliking :

These are neutral in aspect and are accompanied by generic
predications
- I like swimming.
verbs:
positive : like love (infinitive, gerund) enjoy relish (gerund)
negative : dislike detest hate loathe (infinitive, gerund) afraid
reluctant unwilling (infinitive)
comparative : prefer (infinitive, gerund) favor (gerund)
 Types of attitudinal predicates

J Attitudinal predicates :
We shall call this next group ‘evaluation of others.’
I admire you for your courage, 11 but I pity you for your
stubbornness.
verbs:
positive : admire approve-of cherish honor prize respect
value
negative: pity resent scorn
 12.2 Enabling and Preventing
12

An enabling predicate is a verb or adjective

which tells that the following predication is
made possible:
We allowed the car to pass
 Enabling and Preventing

12

A preventing predicate is a verb which states that an agent

causes the non-occurrence of the predication that follows:
I kept the ball from rolling away
 Enabling and Preventing

12

A) Enabling by use of authority:

Henry’s teacher allowed him to come late to class.
verbs: allow authorize permit

B) Enabling by effort or action:

Henry helped his teacher (to) distribute books.
verbs: assist help
C. Enabling by instruction :

Henry taught his dog to roll over and play dead

Verbs : instruct, teach, train
 Enabling and Preventing

12
A) Preventing by use of authority:
We prevent the dog from trampling on the flower bed.
verbs: forbid prohibit

B) Preventing through effort:

Henry’s teacher kept him from leaving the room,
verbs: bar block curb deter hinder keep prevent restrain
stop turn-away
 Enabling and Preventing

12

C) Preventing through speech:

Henry’s teacher discourage him from entering the contest.
verbs: discourage inhibit

Protection
- We prevent the flower bed from the dog
-We protect the flower bed from the dog
 12.3 Perceptual Predicates
12
definition well-known as ‘sensory verbs’, express
the sensations that we receive from
outside stimuli through our five senses
(Viberg 1983:123–6).
 Perceptual Predicates

12 Examples
22a We saw some penguins.
22b We looked at the penguins (with considerable interest).
22c The penguins looked strange (to us).
23a Alice heard a funny song.
23b Alice listened (intently) to the song.
23c The song sounded awful (to Alice).
24a Ted tasted onion in the soup.
24b Ted tasted the soup (cautiously).
24c The soup tasted good (to Ted).
25a I felt a sharp pain.
25b I felt the table top (carefully).
25c The table felt rough (to me).
26a Mama smelled smoke.
26b Mama smelled the soup (suspiciously).
26c The soup smelled rather odd (to Mama).
 Perceptual Predicates

12
Sentences 22a–26a have the same role structure,
shown here for the first two sentences.

Affected Predicates Affecting

We see penguins
Alice hear song
 Perceptual Predicates

12
We can look at something for an instant or for a long time, so
Sentence 22b can be expanded with various expressions of
duration, e.g.:

- We looked at the penguins for a second/for 30 minutes.

The verbs glance-at and watch are different:

22d. We glanced at the penguins for a second/for 30 minutes.

22e. We watched the penguins for 30 minutes/? for a second.
 Perceptual Predicates

12

There are two more perceptual verbs to consider before we

discuss sentences 22c–26c: notice and observe. These two
verbs are noncommittal with respect to the sense of
perception. Which of the five senses would you take to be
most likely when one of these verbs is used?

- We noticed/observed the music/the soup/the table

top/the smoke.
 QUESTION
• Delta: Can you give us the differences
between instruction and authority? give the
example!
• Gusti: Is there any example of perceptual
predicates?
• Shisi: What does the readiness for a possible
act or event?
• Evi: Is there any kinds of predicates?