The scientific definition of work differs in some ways

from its everyday meaning.

Certain things we think of as hard work, such as writing
an exam or carrying a heavy load on level ground, are
not work as defined by a scientist.
The scientific definition of work reveals its relationship
to energy—whenever work is done, energy is
transferred.
In Physics, work is defined as the result of
a force moving an object a certain distance….
Displacement is the distance and direction
an object is moved.
Force and work are directly proportional to
each other, while force and displacement are
indirectly propotional.
https://youtu.be/QqcoiqtX390
The equation showing the relationship is

W= Fd

For one-way motion in one dimension, this is

expressed in equation form as

Where w is work, d is the displacement of the

system
What is the relationship between the work and
power?
The main relationship or difference between the two
is time. Work is the amount of energy necessary to
move an object from one point to another. Imagine
moving a table or seat from your living room to your
dining room. On the other hand, power is the rate at
which the energy is spent.
Sir Isacc Newton (1642-
1727) born in the same
year in which Galileo died.

In modern term Newton

would be regarded as a
theoretical physicist.

His three volume book

“Philosopphiae natural
principia Mathematica”
publish in 1687, rank as
the greatestof all scientific
text.
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws
that, together, laid the foundation for classical
mechanics.
They describe the relationship between a body and
the forces acting upon it, and its motion in
response to those forces.
More precisely, the first law defines the force
qualitatively,
the second law offers a quantitative measure of the
force,
and the third asserts that a single isolated force
doesn't exist.
First law: An object either remains at rest or continues
to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a
force.

Second law: The vector sum of the forces F on an object

is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the
acceleration a of the object: F = ma.
For the case of constant mass this law serves as the
definition of force (F) in the term of acceleration (a)
given to mass (m).

Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second

body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first
body.
Newton’s first law states that:

If a line, it will remain at rest or keep

moving in a straight line at constant
speed unless it is acted upon by a force.
Tbody is at rest or moving at a constant
speed in a straight his postulate is
known as the law of inertia. The law of
inertia was on Earth and was later
generalized by René Descartes. first
formulated by Galileo Galilei for
horizontal motion Before Galileo it had
been thought that all horizontal motion
required a direct cause, but Galileo
deduced from his experiments that a
body in motion would remain in motion
unless a force (such as friction) caused it
to come to rest.
Newton’s second law state that:

It is a quantitative description of the changes that a force can

produce on the motion of a body. It states that the time rate of
change of the momentum of a body is equal in both magnitude
and direction to the force imposed on it. The momentum of a
body is equal to the product of its mass and its velocity.
Momentum, like velocity, is a vector quantity, having both
magnitude and direction. A force applied to a body can change
the magnitude of the momentum, or its direction, or both.
Newton’s second law is one of the most important in all
of physics. For a body whose mass m is constant, it can be
written in the form F = ma, where F (force) and a (acceleration)
are both vector quantities. If a body has a net force acting on it, it
is accelerated in accordance with the equation. Conversely, if a
body is not accelerated, there is no net force acting on it.
Newton’s third law states that:

When two bodies interact, they apply forces to one another that
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The third law
is also known as the law of action and reaction. This law is
important in analyzing problems of static equilibrium, where all
forces are balanced, but it also applies to bodies in uniform or
accelerated motion. The forces it describes are real ones, not
mere bookkeeping devices. For example, a book resting on a
table applies a downward force equal to its weight on the table.
According to the third law, the table applies an equal and
opposite force to the book. This force occurs because the weight
of the book causes the table to deform slightly so that it pushes
back on the book like a coiled spring.
 KINDS OF ENERGY

1. Potential Energy
Energy at rest
(Stored Energy)

2. Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
(Moving Energy)
What is the relationship between potential energy and
work?
F in the definition of potential energy is the force
exerted by the force field, e.g., gravity, spring force, etc.
The potential energy U is equal to the work you must do
against that force to move an object from the U=0
reference point to the position r.
 Converting Chemical Energy to Heat and Light Energy
Van der Waals forces include breaking of
strong strong
attraction and repulsions weaker covalent
weak van der waals covalent covalent
between atoms, molecules, and bonds to form
bond formation bond bond
surfaces, as well as other stronger covalent
formation formation
bonds
intermolecular forces. They differ
from covalent and ionic bonding higher
in that they are caused by chemical
correlations in the fluctuating potential
energy
polarizations of nearby particles
The
lower O-H
chemical bond
potential is even stronger
energy than the H-H or
O-O.
The chemical energy
The amount of chemical potential energy
converted here is
released above is much greater than what is
small because the
released during the formation of weak van
bonds formed are
der Waals bonds.
weak.
Gravitational acceleration
Gravitational acceleration (symbolized
g) is an expression used in physics to
indicate the intensity of a gravitational
field. It is expressed in meters per
second squared (m/s 2 ). At the surface
of the earth, 1 g is about 9.8 m/s 2
Gravity causes a body to accelerate. The acceleration
with which a body moves when given a free fall is called
acceleration due to gravity. The gravitational
acceleration formula is given by

Where,
G = Universal gravitational
constant,
M = mass of the planet,
r = radius of the planet
This formula is used to find the acceleration due
to gravity anywhere on the earth. If you know
some of the quantities in the above formula you
can get to know the unknown quantity. The
acceleration due to gravity on earth is 9.8 m/s2.
Gravitational Potential
Gravitational Potential is the potential Energy of unit mass
in a field of gravitational attraction.

Gravitational potential energy associated with a displacement of

a mass m is as the negative of the work done by the gravitational
force on m during the displacement. That is:
F(r) is the Gravitational Force. For a mass m in the Earth’s
gravitational field,
 Example
Question 1: Calculate the acceleration due to
gravity on the moon surface (mass of the moon M
= 7.4 ×1022 kg, radius of moon r = 1.74 × 106 m)

Solution:
Mass of moon M = 7.4 ×1022 kg,
Radius of moon r = 1.74 × 106 m
Acceleration due to gravity is
ag = GMR2
∴ ag = 6.67×10−11Nm2/kg2×7.4×1022kg(1.74×106)2
= 1.63 m/s2.
Question 2: By what ratio the acceleration due to
moon varies with earth?
Solution:
We know acceleration due to gravity on earth = 9.8
m/s2 and acceleration due to gravity on moon = 1.63
m/s2
∴ ag on moon
ag on earth

= 1.63 m/s
29.8 m/s2

= 16
The acceleration due to gravity ratio varies by 16.