Pasture Ecology: Division Forage Science and Pasture Technology

Pasture Ecology
Division Forage Science and Pasture Technology
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology

Faculty of Animal Science Accredited by: Certified by:
IPB University
Learning Outcomes
 After completion of PE, students are able to:

 Describe the term of pasture ecology, component and environment
component works in pasture system,
 Describe, analyse and explain examples of relationship among ecology
component that affect on pasture productivity and sustainability
(particularlynatural sustainable pasture),
 Describe and nutrient dynamics in pasture system, the linkage of ecology
system on animal productivity
2
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology - Faculty of Animal Science
Lecture Rule of Conduct
 Lecture starts at 07.00-08.40 (ca. 5’)

 Learning Activities :
 Lecturing
 Discussions - Feedback
 Self study
 Practical work
 Possibly visits
3
Lecture Rule of Conduct
 Lecture starts at 07.00-08.40 (ca. 5’)

 Assesment:
 UTS (oral test ?)  40%
 UAS (writing)  30%
 Report  10%
 Practical work test  20%
4
Course contents
Introduction
Definition : related term of pasture ecology
Characteristics of pasture ecology components
Mechanism of interaction pasture components
Linkages between pasture components
Soil funtion in pasture
Soil properties and assesment methods
Soil properties and assesment methods
Mid Test
Plant diversity, anatomy and adaptation
Climate, temperature, energy and water
Nutrient dynamics
Hidrology in pasture system
Mikroorganisme and decomposition mechanism
Mineralization and nutrients immobilization
Interaction between plants, soil and animals
Final Exam
5
What is ecology?
Ecology is the science by which we study

how organisms (animals, plants,
microbes) interact in and with the
natural world.
Robert E. Ricklefs. 1997. The Economy of Nature 4th ed. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York.
6
Ecology is...
 Branch of biology that deals with the relation of living things to their
environment and each other
 Plant ecology or phytosociology -> “Pflanzensoziologie”

 Animal ecology
7
Definition
 Ecology- Correlation between forage, weed and livestock animal

 Ecology components are:
 Abiotics
 Plants (producers)
 Consumen Herbivore/Carnivore
 Decomposers
8
What influences pasture ecology?
 Energy
 Water & Temperature
 Pasture site
 Space available
 Competition
 Grazing habits
 Plant anatomy
 Soil characteristics
 Decomposers/Pests
9
Global hotspots of biodiversity
Mittermeier et al. 1999

10
The Global Domination of Grasses
• Grasses co-evolved with and are incredibly resistant to disturbance

• Grasslands cover 33-
Source: sonoma.edu/preserves/prairie
Photo Credit: D. Immel-Jeffery 2010
11
Definitions
 Grasses: members of the family Poaceae; not forbs, shrubs, vines,

rushes or sedges
 Grasslands are composed primarily of annual and perennial grasses
and forbs (from the Greek Phorbe, or fodder)
 Savannah: grassland with widely spaced trees
 Prairie: grassland in a moderately dry temperate region; from the
French prata, meadow (Lincoln, et al. 1998). First used by French
trappers on the North American Great Plains.
Source: sonoma.edu/preserves/prairie
Photo Credit: D. Immel-Jeffery 2010
12
Prairies and Carbon Sequestration
• Prairies remove more carbon
from the atmosphere than any
other ecosystem in the United
States
• Root die-back (from grazing,
mowing) deposits carbon in the
soil
• Annual cycles of deposition and
re-growth create an incredibly
effective carbon pump
Photo Credit: Mark Stromberg

Illustration courtesy of the Hastings Natural History Reserve
13
Ecology factors
 Static factors
 Climatic
 Soil
 Topographical
 Dynamic factors
 Biotic
 Human
14
Classification of Living Things
 7 levels of classification: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,

genus, species.
 Kingdom plantae is composed of multi-celled organisms that grow
from embryos that are usually the result of sexual fusion of a male
and female cell.
 Kingdom animalia is comprised of multi-celled organisms which
develop from an embryo resulting from the fertilization of an egg by
a much smaller sperm.
 Genus and species are combined to form the latin name.
15
Environment
 Living components
 All need sun, air, water, and earth
 All grow, eat, drink, breathe, move, have babies
 Non-living components
16
Temperate grasslands
prairies, steppes, pampas, veldt…..

17
Habitat
 Where something lives

 Can be defined as a big or small area
 A tide pool
 Pacific Ocean
18
Relationships
 How do populations interact?

 Predation
 Competition
 Co-operation
 Symbiotic relationships
 Mutualist
 Commensualists
 Parasites
19
 Mutualism refers to a relationship in biology or sociology that is
mutually beneficial to two living things. This relationship can be
within the species, between living things from two different species,
between individuals in a society and between two societies. Each
participant in the mutualistic relationship is called a symbiont
20
 Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms where one
receives a benefit or benefits from the other and the other is not
affected by it. In other words, one is benefited and the other is
neither benefited nor harmed
Cattle egrets - These birds live

near cattle because when the
cattle graze, their movements stir
up insects. The birds have their
insects and cattle are not affected
21
 Parasitism is a relationship between two
organisms where one is usually harmed
and the other gets benefits from the
relationship.
 Parasites are smaller than their host
organism and can reproduce quicker,
causing more damage to the host.
 Endoparasites live inside the host’s body
and
 Ectoparasites live on the outside of the
body
22
Adaptations
 Any physical or behavioral feature that helps an organism survive.

 Thorn and plant structure
 Beak and teeth shapes
 Camouflage vs. bright coloring
 Habitat adaptations
23
We are a part of nature, not apart from nature. ... We have
succeeded fam ously in becoming the technological species.
Our survival nowdepends on our becoming the ecological
species and taking our proper place in...nature.
24

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Pasture Ecology

Division Forage Science and Pasture Technology

Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology

 After completion of PE, students are able to:

 Lecture starts at 07.00-08.40 (ca. 5’)

 Lecture starts at 07.00-08.40 (ca. 5’)

Ecology is the science by which we study

 Plant ecology or phytosociology -> “Pflanzensoziologie”

 Ecology- Correlation between forage, weed and livestock animal

Mittermeier et al. 1999

• Grasses co-evolved with and are incredibly resistant to disturbance

 Grasses: members of the family Poaceae; not forbs, shrubs, vines,

Photo Credit: Mark Stromberg

 7 levels of classification: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,

prairies, steppes, pampas, veldt…..

 Where something lives

 How do populations interact?

Cattle egrets - These birds live

 Any physical or behavioral feature that helps an organism survive.

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