HW 3 General Principles

Due March 30​th

1. Derive the conservation of mass equation

2. Derive the balance of linear momentum equations
3. Dervie the balance of moment of momentum equations
4. Derive the conservation of energy equation

5. By using the energy equation show that the Clausius-Duhem inequality takes the form

or
 Solution 6-10

6. If a distributed body moments per unit volume act throughout a continuum, show that the equation
of motion remains valid, but the stress tensor can no longer be assumed symmetric.

Solution:

The distributed body moments do not enter the equation of motion. Thus, the equation of motion
remains valid.

Balance of angular momentum:

(1)
where

(2)

(3)

Substitute Eqs (2) and (3) into Eq. (1), we have

(4)

or

(5)

Since the equation of motion does not involve body moments and remains valid, we have

Equation (5) then becomes

(6)

from which we can no longer deduce

This means the stress tensor does not necessarily symmetric.
7. Separating the stress and strain tensors into their spherical and deviator components, show that the
strain energy can be expressed as the sum of a dilatation energy density and distortion energy density.

Solution:

The strain energy is

where

hence

For deviatoric tensor

,

Thus

Therefore, the strain energy is the sum of the distortion energy and the dilatation energy density.
8. Show that the conservation equation of mass is identically satisfied for any deformation of the form

Solution method 1, using .

It follows from the given motion that

,
and hence

which satisfies
(local conservation equation of mass) under the condition
.

Solution method 2, using .

It is seen that

which satisfy
 if
or
9. In the absence of energy source, the energy equation has been derived via a top down approach as

,
or in direct notation as

Here, ​ρ,​ ​v​, ​σ​, ​q​, ​ρε​ are the continuous local mass density , velocity field , Cauchy stress tensor, heat
flux, and internal energy density. If denotes total energy per unit volume, derive the time

evolution law for the local density of total energy, i.e., find .

Solution:

(1)

Mass conservation: , (2)

Equation of motion (3)

Note that and hence ,

Eq. (1) becomes

(4)

In the absence of body force and energy source, Eq. (4) becomes

(5)
10. Determine the form of energy equation if

and the heat conduction obeys the Fourier law

Solution:

It follows from the mass conservation equation ,