ENGLISH FOR MEDICINE:

TLC MODEL

I Made Sujana
EED, Faculty of Education, UNRAM

CHAPTER I: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT 1 HUMAN BODY

Learning Objectives:
 Through series of practices, discussions, and presentation, participants are able to retell the
text in spoken and written language on their own words based on the result of note taking.

Achievement Indicators:
1. Can use vocabularies related to Human Body correctly.
2. Can use grammatical points related to the passage.
3. Can take notes important points from the passage.
4. Can retell the passage based on the notes.
5. Can paraphrase the notes into paragraphs.

Suggested Activity:
1. Learn vocabularies related to the passage being discussed. Practice them in various ways.
2. Practice your prediction on text development
3. Practice your scanning and skimming skills
4. Practice related grammatical points
5. Practice your note taking skills
6. Rephrase or paraphrase the result of note taking into texts (on your own words)

Extended Activity
1. Find readings on related topics and practice them on your own time to improve your
vocabulary and reading skills.
2. Monitor your own progress regularly by using self assessment reflection.

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VOCABULARY INPUT: Do you know these vocabularies.

attack
blood vessels
digestive system
germs
get rid of
glands
grab
grind up 
hollow
intestine (small,
large)
invader
joints
ligaments
lymph nodes
made up of
muscles
nerves
pituitary
pouches
skull
stretch
stub
swell up
swollen glands
tiniest
tough bands
waste products
white blood cells

VOCABULARY BUILDING. Choose at least ten words from the list above and then write down
sentences using your own words. [Look at the example below]

1. get rid of Drinking a lot of water can get rid of waste in your body.

2.

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 3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

PRE-READING ACTIVITY Read the extract of the passage and then make a prediction
on how this passage will be developed.

Your body is amazing. Did you know you have more than 200 bones and 600
muscles? Your nerves carry messages from your brain to make those muscles
cooperate so you can stand up and move around. Your blood vessels could stretch
all the way around the planet! White blood cells stand guard like soldiers waiting to
attack any invader. Your heart, lungs, stomach, and other organs are at work 24
hours a day for your entire life. There are too many parts inside you to count, but
they all work together to keep you alive. No machine is as complex as you are.

The many parts of your body are grouped into systems. Each system has a job to do
in your body. The systems work together to keep you alive and healthy.

MAIN IDEA. What is the main idea of the 1st paragraph: _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

PREDICTION. What will be discussed in the following paragraphs? (How will the passage be
developed?)
______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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READING ACTIVITY

1. Scan the passage and find various systems discussed in the passage. Write down your finding
on the ‘SYSTEM’ column. [Complete Systems 1 – n quickly]
2. Read the passage again and then take notes important details for each system. [Use just
words or phrases; do not write sentences].
3. Think of organs commonly involved in each system. [Use your background knowledge on
this topic].

(1) SYSTEMS (2) IMPORTANT POINTS (3) ORGANS

INVOLVED
1 Bones and Muscles

7 Other System:
_________________

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 TEXT A

Your body is amazing. Did you know you have more than 200 bones and 600 muscles? Your
nerves carry messages from your brain to make those muscles cooperate so you can stand up and
move around. Your blood vessels could stretch all the way around the planet! White blood cells
stand guard like soldiers waiting to attack any invader. Your heart, lungs, stomach, and other
organs are at work 24 hours a day for your entire life. There are too many parts inside you to
count, but they all work together to keep you alive. No machine is as complex as you are.

The many parts of your body are grouped into systems. Each system has a job to do in your
body. The systems work together to keep you alive and healthy.

BONES AND MUSCLES

The bones and muscles of your body let you move around. Tough bands called ligaments
connect your bones to each other. The connections are called joints. Some joints can move a lot.
Your arm at your shoulder joint can move in circles. Your lower leg at your knee joint can only
move back and forth. The bones in your skull have special joints that cannot move at all.

Muscles attached to bones pull on them to make your body move. The muscles get their orders to
move from your brain and nerves.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Your brain and nerves make up your nervous system. Your brain is the command center of your
body. Your brain sends signals through your nerves. Some signals from your brain control your
muscles. Suppose you want to walk across the street, your brain sends signals that tell the
muscles in your legs to move.

You do not have to think about some of the signals your brain sends out through your nerves.
Your nervous system tells your heart to beat and your lungs to breathe even when you are
sleeping.

Nerves also send signals back to your brain. Nerves tell your brain what your eyes see. They tell
your brain when you stub your toe.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Your circulatory system is made up of your heart and blood vessels. Blood vessels are flexible,
hollow tubes. Your heart pumps blood through blood vessels. It sends blood to your lungs to pick
up oxygen. It pumps blood out to all parts of your body.

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Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood out to your body. Veins are blood vessels
that carry blood back to your heart. The blood vessels near your heart are thick. Farther from
your heart, the blood vessels are smaller.

The tiniest blood vessels are called capillaries. Capillaries go all through your body. They give
up oxygen and nutrients that your body needs. They carry away waste products.

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 TEXT B

READING ACTIVITY

1. Scan the passage and find various systems discussed in the passage. Write down your finding
on the ‘SYSTEM’ column.
2. Read the passage again and then take notes important details for each system. [Use just
words or phrases; do not write sentences].
3. Think of organs commonly involved in each system. [Use your background knowledge on
this topic].

(1) SYSTEMS (2) IMPORTANT POINTS (3) ORGANS

INVOLVED
1 Bones and Muscles

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 7 Other System:
_________________

Your body is amazing. Did you know you have more than 200 bones and 600 muscles? Your
nerves carry messages from your brain to make those muscles cooperate so you can stand up and
move around. Your blood vessels could stretch all the way around the planet! White blood cells
stand guard like soldiers waiting to attack any invader. Your heart, lungs, stomach, and other
organs are at work 24 hours a day for your entire life. There are too many parts inside you to
count, but they all work together to keep you alive. No machine is as complex as you are.

The many parts of your body are grouped into systems. Each system has a job to do in your
body. The systems work together to keep you alive and healthy.

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Your waste products defend against germs and other things that make you sick. White blood
cells and other chemical weapons of the immune system rush to find and destroy the germ.
Special white blood cells and chemical “watchdogs” called antibodies stand guard. Sometimes
antibodies grab onto a germ that shows up. White blood cells called T cells attack germs directly.

Many T cells get stored in little pouches called lymph nodes. Lymph nodes in your neck and
other places sometimes swell up when your body is fighting off germs. Some people call this
“swollen glands.”

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiration is breathing. You use your lungs to breathe. You breathe air into your lungs. The air
contains oxygen, a gas you need in order to live. Blood in your lungs picks up the oxygen and
carries it to all parts of your body.

Blood coming back to your lungs gives off carbon dioxide, a waste gas. Your lungs send carbon
dioxide out of your body when you breathe out.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Your digestive system is like a long tube that goes down through your body. Your digestive
system breaks down the food you eat. It breaks down food so that your body can use it for
energy. Your teeth grind up food in your mouth and mix it with saliva. You swallow the ground-
up food. It goes into your stomach where it gets broken down even more.
Food goes from your stomach to your small intestine. Nutrients pass through the walls of your
intestine and into your blood. Your blood carries the nutrients to all parts of your body. Your
body gets rid of any leftover waste products. Liquid waste products go to your kidneys. You get

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rid of these waste products as urine. Solid waste products go to your large intestine. You get rid
of these waste products as feces.

OTHER SYSTEMS

Your body has other systems. One is the reproductive system, which differs in males and
females. The male reproductive system makes sperm. The female reproductive system makes
eggs. An egg fertilized by sperm grows into a baby.

The endocrine system is made up of glands. The pituitary gland under the brain is the master
gland of the body. It controls the activities of other glands. Glands control how your body burns
food for energy. They control how fast you grow and do many other important things in the
body.

The Authentic Reading is taken from: Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved.

SPEAKING ACTIVITY: Swapping Information. In a pair, take turns retelling

information based on the results of your note and ????????. [You are not allowed to use the passage
again]

WRITING ACTIVITY: Paraphrase Exercise. Based on the results of your notes (from reading
and listening), summarize the passage using your own words.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Matching Information and System

FUNCTIONS SYSTEMS AND/OR ORGANS

Tell your brain what you see.

Tell your brain when you stub your toe.

Nervous system or nerve

Write sentences based on function group and system and organ.

1. [Example] The function of nerve is to tell you what you see and when you stub your toe.

2. _________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________________________________________________

7. _________________________________________________________________________________

8. _________________________________________________________________________________

9. _________________________________________________________________________________

10. _________________________________________________________________________________

11. _________________________________________________________________________________

12. _________________________________________________________________________________

13. _________________________________________________________________________________

14. _________________________________________________________________________________

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15. _________________________________________________________________________________

COMPREHENSION CHECK: Matching . Draw a line from the first part of the sentence on the left to
the second part on the right side to produce a meaningful sentence based on the passage.

1. The bones and muscles of your body
(example)
2. The function of your nerves is to
send messages from your brain to
your muscles
3. Digestive system breaks down
4. Ligaments
5. Even when you are sleeping,
6. Each system in your body has
7. The reproductive systems differ in
males and females
8. The function of your heart in
the circulatory system
9. When you exhale,
a. in that one produces sperms and the other
produces eggs.
b. your lungs send carbon dioxide (CO2) out of
your body
c. make you move around to do your activities
d. a specific job and function to make you alive
and healthy
e. to make you stand up and move around
f. the food you consume to be used for energy
g. is to pump blood to your lungs for oxygen
through blood vessels
h. your nervous system tells your heart to beat
and your lungs to breathe
i. are tough bands whose functions are to
connect your bones to each other

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SELF ASSESSMENT

After completing this unit, I can:

1. Can use vocabularies related to Human Body correctly.

2. Can use grammatical points related to the passage.
3. Can take notes important points from the passage
4. Can retell the passage based on the notes.
5. Can paraphrase the notes into paragraphs.

Answer Key:

1. The function of the nerves is to send messages from brain to muscles so that you can
stand up and move around
2. The reproductive systems differ in males and females in that one produces sperms and the
other produces eggs.
3. Digestive system breaks down the food you consume to be used for energy.
4. Each system in your body has a specific job and function to make you alive and healthy.
5. The function of your heart in the circulatory system is to pump blood to your lungs for
oxygen through blood vessels
6. Ligaments are tough bands whose functions are to connect your bones to each other.
7. When you exhale, your lungs send carbon dioxide (CO2) out of your body.
8. Even when you are sleeping, your nervous system tells your heart to beat and your lungs
to breathe
9. The bones and muscles of your body make you move around to do your activities.

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READING 2

READING 12
BODY SYSTEMS (DURING PREGNANCY)

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TEXT A
The human body can be divided into systems – groups of organs and tissues that work together
to carry out a specific function or functions. During pregnancy, many of these systems alter their
size, structure, and even their function to meet the needs of the growing fetus. Some of the
changes are obvious, such as the rapidly expanding uterus and breasts. Other changes, such as
the massive increase in blood volume, are more subtle yet essential for fetal wellbeing and a
successful pregnancy.

Reproductive system
Female and male reproductive organs generate the egg and sperm to create new life. The ovaries
produce the hormones needed to prepare the uterus for a fertilized egg. Once a woman becomes
pregnant, her system undergoes dramatic changes: the uterus enlarges to fit the growing fetus;
the placenta develops to connect fetal and maternal circulations; and the breasts prepare for
lactation.

Urinary system
This complex filtration system filters blood in the kidneys to eliminate waste products and to
maintain the body’s delicate equilibrium. The resulting waste is stored in the bladder as urine.
Hormones control how much urine is made, before it is excreted via the urethra. During
pregnancy, the kidneys lengthen by 1 cm (3⁄8in) and their blood flow increases massively, which
causes frequent urination even before a developing fetus is large enough to press on the bladder.
Respiratory system
The muscular diaphragm contracts and relaxes to bring air via the nose and windpipe into the
lungs and out again. Within the lungs, oxygen from the air diffuses into the blood, while carbon
dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the lungs, ready for exhalation. This gaseous exchange
is vital for all body tissues. Oxygen consumption rises slowly in pregnancy, reaching an increase
of 20 per cent at full term. A woman’s breathing rate rises to about 18 breaths a minute, up from
12–15. During labour, oxygen consumption may rise up to 60 per cent, a reflection of the
physical work involved.

Cardiovascular system
The heart works relentlessly to pump blood around the body in a complex system of blood
vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) that supply every tissue and organ.
During pregnancy, the volume of blood circulating increases by up to 50 per cent to supplythe
growing fetus witheverything it needs.Pumping more bloodis extra work for the heart, so it
contracts more forcefully and more frequently; the heart rate rises by up to 15 beats per minute.

Lymphatic and immune system

The lymphatic system diverts excess tissue flid back into the blood. The expanding uterus can
press on blood vessels within the pelvis, resulting in a build-up of flid in body tissues (oedema),
commonly those of the legs and feet. The immune system protects the body from infections and
foreign invaders. Pregnant women appear to be susceptible to picking up colds and other
common infections, but this may be due to the increased blood flow in mucus membranes.

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TEXT B
The human body can be divided into systems – groups of organs and tissues that work together
to carry out a specific function or functions. During pregnancy, many of these systems alter their
size, structure, and even their function to meet the needs of the growing fetus. Some of the
changes are obvious, such as the rapidly expanding uterus and breasts. Other changes, such as
the massive increase in blood volume, are more subtle yet essential for fetal wellbeing and a
successful pregnancy.

Nervous system
The brain, spinal cord, and a network of nerves around the body continue to control the actions
of the body and respond to what is happening. During pregnancy, the female sex hormone
progesterone directly affects the brain’s respiratory centre to increase its sensitivity to carbon
dioxide, thereby raising the breathing rate to “blow off” more carbon dioxide. Certain conditions
affecting nerves, such as sciatica, may be more likely during pregnancy

Digestive system
Essentially, one long tube from mouth to anus (including the oesophagus, stomach, and
intestines), the digestive system breaks down food so that nutrients can be absorbed and waste
products expelled. Accessory organs, such as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, provide
biochemical help. During pregnancy, hormonal changes slow contractions that propel food and
waste through the intestines, so constipation can occur. The valve between the oesophagus and
stomach may be more relaxed, resulting in heartburn.

Endocrine system
This system of glands produces myriad hormones that maintain the body’s equilibrium. Many
hormonal changes occur at certain stages of a pregnancy. For example, one part of the pituitary
gland releases oxytocin, needed to initiate labour, and another part releases prolactin, needed for
milk production. The placenta not only forms a connection between fetal and maternal
circulations, it also acts as an endocrine gland itself, producing oestrogen and progesterone to
sustain pregnancy.

Skeletal system
The bones provide a moving framework for the body. During pregnancy, the hormones
progesterone and relax n increase the looseness of the joints, ultimately designed to allow a
baby’s relatively large head to pass through the pelvis during delivery. Intestinal
absorption of calcium (to make the fetal skeleton) doubles during pregnancy. After birth, extra
calcium for breastmilk is temporarily “taken” from the mother’s skeleton to meet the demands of
a newborn.

Muscular system
The muscles enable the bones of the skeleton to move. With the ligaments and tendons, they also
work to maintain an upright posture. The increasing weight of the fetus causes the mother's
posture to change during pregnancy, placing extra strain on the muscles,
ligaments, and joints in the lower back. Also, many pregnant women notice a separation of the
abdominal muscles, which allows the belly to grow too. The separated muscles usually rejoin in
theweeks after childbirth.

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Skin, hair, and nails
The skin is the body’s largest organ, measuring some 2 sq m (21 1⁄2 sq ft) and helps regulate
body temperature as well as forming a protective barrier. Skin, hair, and nails tend to look
healthier during pregnancy; less hair is lost, so it looks thicker and more lustrous; and nails are
smooth and not brittle. Pigmentation changes, such as the appearance of dark patches on the face
(chloasma), and a dark vertical line (lineanigra) down the abdomen, may also develop.
Source: http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=6233DFD1DDD0E103DB26E677A64378E6
(955 WORDS)

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READING 14
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

What Is the Muscular System?

There are three kinds of muscle tissue in the body. Smooth muscle lies inside the walls of blood
vessels and some of the organs. The heart is made of cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscles are the
ones we usually think of as muscles. They are in the arms, legs, back, neck, face, chest, and
abdomen. These muscles help us move. They also help us sit and stand without falling over.

Sometimes skeletal muscles go by other names. They are often called striated muscles. Striations
are little stripes. Under a microscope, skeletal muscles appear to have many striations. Skeletal
muscles are also called voluntary muscles. If something is voluntary that means we have control.
We can control the movements of voluntary muscles. Involuntary muscles work without us
telling them to.

The heart is a special kind of involuntary muscle. Other involuntary muscles are found in the
lungs and blood vessels.

All muscle tissue can do four things. It can extend, or stretch. It also contracts, or shortens.
Muscle tissue always returns to its normal size. Muscles react to chemicals in their environment.
The chemicals come from nerve tips and cause muscles to contract.

Muscles also react to electricity. Sometimes a person whose heart is not beating normally goes to
the hospital. The doctor can give the heart muscle an electrical shock. If things work right, the
heart reacts to the shock. It stops beating for just a moment. Then it starts beating normally.

What are the parts of a muscle?

Muscle is really the “meat” of the body. When you eat chicken, you are eating bird muscles.
When you eat tuna, you are eating muscle tissue from the fish. In many animals, muscles form a
large part of the body. Muscles make up approximately 30 to 50percent of a human’s weight.

Voluntary muscles are loaded with blood vessels and nerves. Blood brings food and oxygen to
muscles so they can work. Blood also takes away waste materials.

Muscles are made up of many tiny cells. Each cellis equal to or smaller in diameter than a human
hair.However, cells can be several feet long. Muscle cellsare also called muscle fibers. Nerves
run from thespinal cord out to the muscles. The spinal cord is athick bundle of nerves running
down the back.It connects the brain to the muscles. When the nervesreach the muscles, they split
into many branches.Each branch comes to an end right on a
muscle fiber.

Skeletal muscles have at least two ends. One endis anchored to a bone. The other end is attached
toanother bone or a tissue. The tough cord that attachesa muscle to a bone is called a tendon.

Muscles have all kinds of shapes. Some of themuscles in the back are wide sheets of tissue.

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Circular muscles surroundthe eyes and mouth.When you pucker yourlips, the circular
musclearound your mouthcontracts. When you closeyour eyes tightly, thecircular muscles
aroundyour eyes go to work. Most muscles are in the shapeof straps or bands. The muscles that
make your eyesroll are such muscles.

How can muscles make you move?

There are about 650 voluntary muscles in thebody. They give the body its shape. They also
help you move in every way you can imagine. Musclesin the hips, legs, feet, and toes help you
run. Muscles around the eyes make yousquint. Muscles in the armmove your fingers.

You move becauseyour muscles contract.They develop a force ortension. A muscle pulls
on a body part when itcontracts. When it pulls,that body part moves.

Try this yourself. Point your foot down. Noticehow your calf muscle contracts and hardens.
Whenthe muscle contracted, it pulled your heel bone up .Now point your foot up. To do this, the
muscles onthe front of your leg contracted . They pulled yourfoot up. You can even feel the
muscles harden asthey do so.

You have just seen how muscles work in pairs. Onemuscle pulls a body part one way. Another
musclepulls it the opposite way. Muscles never push bodyparts—they always pull.

What makes a muscle contract?

For a whole muscle to contract, many tiny musclecells must contract at once. When it is time
fora muscle to move, the nerve endings go into action.They release a special chemical. The
chemical causesthe fibers to contract. When many fibers contract atonce, the whole muscle
contracts. Lifting a featheronly activates a few muscle cells. Lifting aheavy backpack
activatesmany cells.

When it is time for amuscle to relax, anotherchemical comes along.It stops the action of thefirst
chemical. This allowsthe fibers to relax andreturn to their normal size.

Just imagine what happens every time you move.Millions of nerve endings put outchemicals.
Thechemicals make millions of tiny fibers contract.All of those little contractions make whole
musclescontract. The muscles pull on body parts to makethem move.

Healthy and unhealthy muscles.

The muscular system keeps you moving. It isimportant to keep the system healthy. A
healthymuscular system needs plenty of water and the rightfoods. High-protein foods help build
and repair muscletissue. Such foods include eggs, milk, meat,fish, and nuts.

Muscles need carbohydrates for energy. Bread,cereal, crackers, and potatoes contain these
.Calcium and potassium are important for nervesto work properly. They also keep muscles
fromcramping. Calcium is in milk, cheese, and yogurt .Potassium is in bananas.

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Sometimes, the muscular system becomes diseased. Even with proper nutrition, the muscles
might not get better. Muscular dystrophy is one such disease. Over time, the muscles become
weaker and less able to function

My asthenia gravis is another muscular disease. The body will not let the nerve chemicals do
their job. Muscles cannot contract properly. A person with this disease might have trouble
talking, swallowing, or moving.

Scientists are looking at how healthy and diseased muscles work. They are studying nerve
chemicals. They are looking at the molecules deep inside muscle fibers. Scientists are looking at
how damaged muscle repairs itself. They are learning more about how exercise and diet affect
muscles. Scientists have come a long way since they first began studying muscles. However,
there is still plenty to learn.

Source: http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=F4BC20CB659231A791E56F4798874FE8
(1077 WORDS)

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