DESIGN OF SINGLY / UNDER REINFORCED BEAMS

UNITS kN, m

Constants used in calculation :-

Yield strength of steel Es = 200000 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel fy = 415 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of concrete fck = 20 N/mm2 D deff
Clear cover at bottom = 25 mm
Clear cover at sides = 25 mm

Variables used in calculation :- b

Effective depth of beam d mm
Width of beam b mm
Maximum ultimate bending moment Mu kN.m
Maximum ultimate shear force Vu kN
Number of main bars provided N No.
Diametre of main bars provided f mm 12
Number of legs of stirrups provided N-legs No.
Diametre of stirrups provided fs mm 8
Spacing of stirrups provided sv,prov mm

Design for Flexure :-

Step 1 Mu/bd2 is calculated from the value of Mu

Step 2 pt required is calculated against the value of Mu/bd2 as per Table 2 of SP 16
which is based on the foll. equation :-
Mu = 0.87 fy (pt/100) [1 - 1.005 (fy/fck) (pt/100)] bd2 - Section 2.3.1, SP 16
Step 3 Area of steel required is calculated as Ast,req = (pt/100) x b x d
The maximum value of pt is restricted by Mu,lim which is calculated as foll. :
Maximum depth of neutral axis = xu,max
xu,max / d = 0.0035 / (0.0055 + 0.87 fy/Es) - Section 2.2, SP 16
pt,lim = 100 x 0.36 fck (xu,max / d) / 0.87 fy - Section 2.3, SP 16
Mu,lim / bd2 = 0.87 fy (pt,lim/100) [1 - 1.005 (fy/fck) (pt,lim/100)] - Section 2.3, SP 16
xu,max / d = 0.479
pt,lim = 0.955 %
Mu,lim/bd2 = 2.762 N/mm2
Minimum area of steel required is calculated as per eqn. : As / bd = 0.85 / fy - Section 25.5.1.1, IS 456 - 1978
Ast,provided should be greater than Ast,required and Ast,minimum

Load Table as per STAAD III Output :-

Load Beam
Shear Hogging Sagging Beam width
Memb. comp. depth
Vu Moment Moment 'b'
No. No. 'D'
kN kN-m kN-m mm mm
74 10,16 21.18 31.11 27.12 300 400

Factor for design : 1.5

 Effective Depth 'd' = D - (clear cover+dia of stirrup+0.5x dia of mainbar)
Mu,lim = 2.762 x bd2
If Mu,lim is > Mfd (Factored design moment the beam shall be designed as under reinforced else it shall be designed as doubly reinforced.

Factored Loads

Factored Factored
Factored Hogging Sagging Eff Depth Design at Design at
Mu,lim
Memb. Shear Vu Moment Moment 'd' Support Midspan
No. Mhu Msu U.R. - Design as Under Reinforced Beam
kN kN-m kN-m mm kN-m D.R. - Design as Doubly Reinforced Beam
74 31.77 46.67 40.68 361 107.99 U.R. U.R.

Calculation of steel required for resisting moment

pt = 100 x ((1-SQRT(1-4x1.005x(fy/fck)x(Mu/bd2)/0.87xfy)))))/(2x1.005x(fy/fck)))
Ast,Reqd. = pt x b x d / 100
Minimum Area of Tension Reinforcement : As.min. = 0.85 * bd / fy
Maximum Area of Tension Reinforcement : As.max = 0.04* b*D

AT SUPPORT AT MIDSPAN
Memb.
Mhu/bd2 pt Ast,Reqd. Ast,min Ast,max. Msu/bd2 pt Ast,Reqd. Ast,min
No.
N/mm 2
% mm 2
mm 2
mm 2
N/mm 2
% mm 2
mm2
74 1.194 0.357 386.843 221.819 4800 1.041 0.308 333.529 221.819

Reinforcement Provided
Ast,provided should be greater than Ast,required and Ast,minimum

AT SUPPORT AT MIDSPAN
Ast,
Memb. No.
N1 f1 N2 f2 Provided
Remarks N1 f1 N2 f2
mm mm mm 2
mm mm
74 3 12 339.292 O.K. 3 12

Check for Shear

Nominal shear stress tv is given by, tv = Vu / bd

If tv > the design shear strength of concrete 'tc', shear reinforcement is to be provided
tc = 0.85 x (0.8 fck)1/2 x ((1 + 5 b)1/2 - 1) / 6 b - Section 4.1, SP 16
Where b = 0.8 fck / 6.89 pt
b,min = 1.0
Maximum value of tc i.e. tc,max is given as foll. : - Refer Table J, Sec. 4.2, SP 16
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
tc,max (N/mm ) 2
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4

If tv > tcmax, the revise the section

If tv < tc, Provide Minimum Shear Reinforcement
If tv > 'tc, Shear Reinforcement is to be provided

Memb. pt
No.
Vu tv tcmax provided b tc Remarks

kN N/mm2 N/mm2 % N/mm2

74 31.77 0.293 2.8 0.313 7.41 0.40 Provide Minimum Shear Reinf.

Design of shear reinforcement :-

Area of stirrups resisting shear Asv = p/4 x (fs)2 x (No. of legs of stirrups) mm2
Shear resistance of concrete Vc = tc x b x d x 10-3 kN
Net shear for which shear reinforcement is required Vus = Vu - Vc kN
Spacing of stirrups required sv,req is calculated against Vus / d from the foll eqn. :-
Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / sv - Section 4.3, SP 16
Minimum sv,min is given by Asv / b x sv = 0.4 / fy - Section 39.3 & 25.5.1.6 of IS 456 - 1978
Maximum spacing sv,max = 0.75 x d or 450 mm - Section 25.5.1.5, IS 456 - 1978

Memb. Stirrups provided Asv Vc Vus sv,req sv,min sv,max sv,prov

No. N-legs fs(mm) mm 2
kN kN mm mm mm mm
74 2 8 100.53 Min. Min. Min. 348 271 250

Summary of Reinforcement provided

AT SUPPORT AT MIDSPAN
Memb.
No.
N1 f1 N2 f2 N1 f1 N2 f2 Stirrups provided

mm mm mm mm N-legs
74 3 12 0 0 3 12 0 0 2
gned as doubly reinforced.

esign as Under Reinforced Beam

esign as Doubly Reinforced Beam

- IS: 456 clause 25.5.1.1

SPAN

Ast,max.

mm2
4800

T MIDSPAN
Ast,
Remarks
Provided
mm 2

339.292 O.K.
5.1.6 of IS 456 - 1978

Remarks

O.K.

Stirrups provided Spacing

fs(mm) mm
8 250