BRIDGE OVER LANGEJI NALLAH - BAHRIA TOWN KARACHI

DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE DIAPHRAGM (For Vertical Loads)

Sectional & Material Properties:
Flange thickness tf = 230 mm
Width of web bw = 300 mm
Overall depth of diaphragm h = 1780 mm
Cover to center of reinforcement = 40 mm
Effective depth of diaphragm d = 1740 mm
Span of diaphragm L = 2150 mm
c/c distance between diaphragms b = 12000 mm
Yield strength of steel Fy = 410 Mpa
Compressive strength of Concrete f 'c = 28 Mpa

Effective flange width : (AASHTO-LRFD: 4.6.2.6.1)

The dffective flange width is the least of :
i) be = 12t+ bw = 3060 mm
ii) be = L/4 = 538 mm
iii) be = b = 12000 mm
thus, the effective flange width be will be = 538 mm

DESIGN FOR FLEXURE (+ve Moments) (AASHTO-LRFD: 5.7.3.2)

Summary Of Moments
Case Moment
Self wt. of diaphragm = 7.41 KN-m
Sundries Load = -58.70 KN-m
Carraigeway Live Load = 698.23 KN-m

STRENGTH-1 (AASHTO-LRFD Table 3.4.1-1)

Mu = 1.05*( 1.25*Msw + 1.5*Msund + 1.75*MLL ) = 1200.27 kN-m
1.33*Mu = 1596.36 kN-m
1.2*Mcr = 1.2*( Sc x fr ) = 975.76 kN-m
Therefore,Design Moment = 1200.27 kN-m

Checking the position of neutral axis , based on flange .

Assuming depth of compressive block equals to the thickness of flange as, a = t
fMn (based on flange) =f´0.85f'cbetf(d-tf/2) = 4307.08 kN-m
since;
Mu < fMn ,therefore
since,fM = 0.9
NA lies with in the flange and sec. behaves as a rectangular section
Design of Section behaving as a Rectangular Section :

Mu ,ultimate moment which is to be resisted = 1200.27 KN-m

As , Area of tension steel reqd. consid. the rect. Sec., be as width = 1902.72 mm2

providing ;
4 - 25 mm Dia. Bars

mm dia bars

As , Area of tension steel provided = 1963.50 mm2

Design of Section behaving as a T-Section :
Mu ,ultimate moment which the sec. has to resist. = 1200.270 KN-m
Muf , portion of the ult. moment taking by overhanging flanges.

Muf = f´0.85f'c(be-bw)tf(d-tf/2) = 1905.363 KN-m

Asf , Area of tension steel , based on overhanging flanges .

Asf = 0.85f 'c(be-bw)tf/Fy = 3177.590 mm2

Muw , Portion of the ult. moment taking by web as rectangular section

Muw = Mu-Muf = -705.092 KN-m

Asw , Area of steel , based on web as singly reinforced rect.section.

Asw = -1078.962 mm2

(As)max = 11520.556 mm2

since Asw<Asmax,section must be designed as a singly r/f section
As , total area of steel reqd.both by web and overhanging flanges = 2098.628 mm2
governs

Minim. As required according to the ACI code = 1756.098 mm2

As , area of tension steel provided = 2454.688 mm2

5 - 25 mm dia bars
b- For (-ve) Moments
Summary of Applied Moments on Diaphragm

S.no. DESCRIPTION Mom.(kN-m)

1- Moment due to Sundries Load 64.35
2- Moment due to Carriageway Live Load 555.74

STRENGTH-1 Load Combination …..……….…………..Table 3.4.1-1

Mu = 1.05*( 1.5*Msund + 1.75*MLL ) = 1122.53 kN-m
1.33*Mu = 1492.97 kN-m
1.2*Mcr = 1.2*( Sc x fr ) = 975.76 kN-m
Therefore,Design Moment = 1122.53 kN-m
As ,Area of tension steel reqd. consid. bw as width = 1801.91 mm2

As , Area of tension steel provided = 1963.50 mm2

providing ;
4 - 25 mm dia bars

2- DESIGN FOR SHEAR According to AASHTO LRFD Article 5.8.3.3

Summary of Applied Shears on Diaphragm

S.no. DESCRIPTION Shear (kN)

1- Shear due to Self Weight of Diaphragm 13.78
2- Shear due to Sundries Load 0.66
3- Shear due to Carriageway Live Load 197.07

STRENGTH-1 Load Combination …..……….…………..Table 3.4.1-1

Vu = 1.05*( 1.25*Vsw + 1.5*Vsund + 1.75*VLL ) = 384.667 kN

As, provided = 1963.50 mm2

a =Asfy/(0.85fc'bv) = 112.75 mm
dv = de-a/2 = 1684 mm
dv = 0.9de OR max = 1515 mm
dv = 0.72h = 1282 mm
hence dv, = 1684 mm
fV = 0.9
ØVc = Ø*0.083β(fc')^0.5*bvdv where, β = 2 ……………………….Eqn.5.8.3.3-3
ØVc = 399 KN
SAFE IN SHEAR

CHECK FOR MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

According to AASHTO LRFD Article 5.8.2.5
Avmin ≥ 0.083√fc'bvs/fy OR s ≤ Avmin fy/0.083bv√fc'
spacing for 2-legged 10 dia bars = 489 mm
 DESIGN OF END DIAPHRAGM

Summary of Section and Material Properties

S.no. DESCRIPTION PROPERTIES
1- tf , flange thickness 230
2- bw , width of web (mm) 300
3- h , overall depth of diaphragm (mm) 1780
4- cover to the center of reinforcement (mm) 40
5- d , effective depth of diaphragm (mm) 1740
6- L , span of diaphragm (mm) 2150
7- b , c/c distance b/w diaphragm (mm) 12000
8- Fy , yield strength of steel (Mpa) 410
9- f 'c , compressive strength of concrete (Mpa) 28
10- width of overhang = widthoverhang (mm) 1165
According to AASHTO LRFD Article 4.6.2.6.1
Effective flange width , is the least of :
a- be = 1/2 widtheffectiveof adjacent beam + ( 6t + bw ) = 1949 mm
b- be = 1/2 widtheffectiveof adjacent beam + L/8 = 537.75 mm
c- be = 1/2 widtheffectiveof adjacent beam + widthoverhang = 1434 mm
thus, the effective flange width be will be = 538 mm

1- DESIGN FOR FLEXURE According to AASHTO LRFD Article 5.7.3.2

a- For (+ve) Moments

Summary of Applied Moments on Diaphragm

S.no. DESCRIPTION Mom.(KN-m)

1- Moment due to Self Weight of Diaphragm 7.41
2- Moment due to Sundries Load -11.50
3- Moment due to Carriageway Live Load 74.75

STRENGTH-1 Load Combination …..……….…………..Table 3.4.1-1

Mu = 1.05*( 1.25*Msw + 1.5*Msund + 1.75*MLL ) = 128.95 kN-m
1.33*Mu = 171.51 kN-m
1.2*Mcr = 1.2*( Sc x fr ) = 975.76 kN-m
Therefore,Design Moment = 171.51 kN-m

Checking the position of neutral axis , based on flange .

Assuming depth of compressive block equals to the thickness of flange as, a = t
fMn (based on flange) =f´0.85f'cbetf(d-tf/2) = 4307.08 kN-m
since;
Mu < fMn ,therefore since,fM = 0.9
NA lies with in the flange and sec. behaves as a rectangular section
Design of Section behaving as a Rectangular Section :

Mu ,ultimate moment which is to be resisted = 171.51 KN-m

As , Area of tension steel reqd. consid. the rect. Sec., be as width = 267.78 mm2

As , Area of tension steel provided = 339.29 mm2

providing ;

3 - 12 mm dia bars
b- For (-ve) Moments
Summary of Applied Moments on Diaphragm

S.no. DESCRIPTION Mom.(kN-m)

1- Moment due to Sundries Load 20.78
2- Moment due to Carriageway Live Load 85.24

STRENGTH-1 Load Combination …..……….…………..Table 3.4.1-1

Mu = 1.05*( 1.5*Msund + 1.75*MLL ) = 189.35 kN-m
1.33*Mu = 251.83 kN-m
1.2*Mcr = 1.2*( Sc x fr ) = 975.76 kN-m
Therefore,Design Moment = 251.83 kN-m
As ,Area of tension steel reqd. consid. bw as width = 394.80 mm2

As , Area of tension steel provided = 402.12 mm2

providing ;
2 - 16 mm dia bars

2- DESIGN FOR SHEAR According to AASHTO LRFD Article 5.8.3.3

Summary of Applied Shears on Diaphragm

S.no. DESCRIPTION Shear (kN)

1- Shear due to Self Weight of Diaphragm 13.78
2- Shear due to Sundries Load 10.73
3- Shear due to Carriageway Live Load 124.10

STRENGTH-1 Load Combination …..……….…………..Table 3.4.1-1

Vu = 1.05*( 1.25*Vsw + 1.5*Vsund + 1.75*VLL ) = 263.82 kN

As, provided = 339.29 mm2

a =Asfy/(0.85fc'bv) = 19.48 mm
dv = de-a/2 = 1730 mm
dv = 0.9de OR max = 1557 mm
dv = 0.72h = 1282 mm
hence dv, = 1730 mm
fV = 0.9
ØVc = Ø*0.083β(fc')^0.5*bvdv where, β = 2 ……………………….Eqn.5.8.3.3-3
ØVc = 410 KN
SAFE IN SHEAR

CHECK FOR MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

According to AASHTO LRFD Article 5.8.2.5
Avmin ≥ 0.083√fc'bvs/fy OR s ≤ Avmin fy/0.083bv√fc'
spacing for 2-legged 10 dia bars = 489 mm
 DESIGN OF END DIAPHRAGM

Summary of Section and Material Properties

S.no. DESCRIPTION PROPERTIES
1- tf , flange thickness (mm) 230
2- bw , width of web (mm) 1200
3- h , overall depth of diaphragm (mm) 1780
4- cover to the center of reinforcement (mm) 40
5- d , effective depth of diaphragm (mm) 1740
6- L , span of diaphragm (mm) 2150
7- b , c/c distance b/w diaphragm (mm) 12000
8- Fy , yield strength of steel (Mpa) 410
9- f 'c , compressive strength of concrete (Mpa) 28
10- width of overhang = widthoverhang (mm) 1165
According to AASHTO LRFD Article 4.6.2.6.1
Effective flange width , is the least of :
a- be = 1/2 widtheffectiveof adjacent beam + ( 6t + bw ) = 2849 mm
b- be = 1/2 widtheffectiveof adjacent beam + L/8 = 538 mm
c- be = 1/2 widtheffectiveof adjacent beam + widthoverhang = 1434 mm
thus, the effective flange width be will be = 538 mm

1- DESIGN FOR FLEXURE According to AASHTO LRFD Article 5.7.3.2

a- For (+ve) Moments

Summary of Applied Moments on Diaphragm

S.no. DESCRIPTION Mom.(KN-m)

1- Moment due to Self Weight of Diaphragm 29.62
2- Moment due to Sundries Load -18.26
3- Moment due to Carriageway Live Load 65.92

STRENGTH-1 Load Combination …..……….…………..Table 3.4.1-1

Mu = 1.05*( 1.25*Msw + 1.5*Msund + 1.75*MLL ) = 131.24 kN-m
1.33*Mu = 174.55 kN-m
1.2*Mcr = 1.2*( Sc x fr ) = 3903.03 kN-m
Therefore,Design Moment = 174.55 kN-m

Checking the position of neutral axis , based on flange .

Assuming depth of compressive block equals to the thickness of flange as, a = t
fMn (based on flange) =f´0.85f'cbetf(d-tf/2) = 4307.08 kN-m
since;
Mu < fMn ,therefore since,fM = 0.9
NA lies with in the flange and sec. behaves as a rectangular section
Design of Section behaving as a Rectangular Section :

Mu ,ultimate moment which is to be resisted = 174.55 KN-m

As , Area of tension steel reqd. consid. the rect. Sec., be as width = 272.54 mm2

As , Area of tension steel provided = 339.29 mm2

providing ;

3 - 12 mm dia bars
b- For (-ve) Moments
Summary of Applied Moments on Diaphragm

S.no. DESCRIPTION Mom.(kN-m)

1- Moment due to Sundries Load 30.24
2- Moment due to Carriageway Live Load 67.27

STRENGTH-1 Load Combination …..……….…………..Table 3.4.1-1

Mu = 1.05*( 1.5*Msund + 1.75*MLL ) = 171.23 kN-m
1.33*Mu = 227.73 kN-m
1.2*Mcr = 1.2*( Sc x fr ) = 975.76 kN-m
Therefore,Design Moment = 227.73 kN-m
As ,Area of tension steel reqd. consid. bw as width = 356.79 mm2

As , Area of tension steel provided = 402.12 mm2

providing ;
2 - 16 mm dia bars

2- DESIGN FOR SHEAR According to AASHTO LRFD Article 5.8.3.3

Summary of Applied Shears on Diaphragm

S.no. DESCRIPTION Shear (kN)

1- Shear due to Self Weight of Diaphragm 13.78
2- Shear due to Sundries Load 14.21
3- Shear due to Carriageway Live Load 103.99

STRENGTH-1 Load Combination …..……….…………..Table 3.4.1-1

Vu = 1.05*( 1.25*Vsw + 1.5*Vsund + 1.75*VLL ) = 231.44 kN

As, provided = 339.29 mm2

a =Asfy/(0.85fc'bv) = 19.48 mm
dv = de-a/2 = 1730 mm
dv = 0.9de OR max = 1557 mm
dv = 0.72h = 1282 mm
hence dv, = 1730 mm
fV = 0.9
ØVc = Ø*0.083β(fc')^0.5*bvdv where, β = 2 ……………………….Eqn.5.8.3.3-3
ØVc = 410 KN
SAFE IN SHEAR

CHECK FOR MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

According to AASHTO LRFD Article 5.8.2.5
Avmin ≥ 0.083√fc'bvs/fy OR s ≤ Avmin fy/0.083bv√fc'
spacing for 2-legged 10 dia bars = 489 mm