Formula Sheet --- CHE 473: Desalination

RO PROCESS MSF PROCESS

Recovery: RR = MR/MD

Mp
R  100 QS  M S  h fs
MF

Salt Rejection: QH  M R . C ph . Th

 B  M R CpfRR. T f 1  1
 Cp  
MF    PR X  .  X  2325
  1    100  . M  h fg RR M  R .C ph . Th
 
D R B
 CF   B  1  

 C Pf   2325   T f 
PR    .  .  
 h 
Salt Passage: MSW  M S . h fs  C Ph   fg   Th 
C PSW . TR 

 hf 
 0.5 M D 
Cp 
SP   100  MR   gD

CF   p f
C .  T 
 100    
f

XB XR
Conc. Factor (C.F.) B  R 
XF XF
H B H t
C.F . 
CB B  t 
CF H F H B

QB H t
Mass Balance B   pp   t B
QF H F

MF = M P  M B MF = MD + MB and MSW = MSWO + MF

Salt Balance T1V = Tho - 4.0 oC TLV = TB - 2. 0 oC

M F CF  M PCP  M BCB MF XF  MDXD  MBXB

1
 0.8 0.4
hi . Di   .u . D   Cp b .  b 
 0.023  b b i   
Kb  b   Kb 
1/4
 g.h fg .ρ 2S . k 3S 
h o  0.725  1/3 
 N V . Do μ s . ΔTf 

D 
Do ln  o 
1 1 D   Di   1
  o  
UC hi  Di  2 Kw ho

1 1
  FF
U D UC

M R C ph  T T 
Heat transfer area for B.H. Ah  . ln  s hi 
Uh  Ts  Tho 

4M R
No. of B.H. Tubes nh =
 Di2  b u b

Di2 b ub C ph  T T 
Length of B.H. tube Lh  ln  s hi 
4 Do U h  Ts  Tho 
SPQH = 2.325 x 106/ PR (kJ/1000 kg distillate)

Total Specific Energy = specific thermal energy + specific electrical energy

SPETotal = SPQH + SPEE

2
 Overall Recovery for Two-stage brackish RO R = R1 + R2 * (1 – R1)

 CP 
Overall salt rejection for Two-stage brackish RO   1  
 CF 

For 2-stage system without recycle

Overall Recovery for Two-stage seawater RO R = R1 * R2

Overall salt rejection for Two-stage seawater RO (1   )  (1  1 )(1   2 )

 Based on
  CP 
Total feed   1  

Water  C F1 


CB  R 
General Eq. for concentration factor: C.F. =  1   
CF 1  R 

C B1  R  CB2  R 
1st stage, C.F1. =  1  1  1  2nd stage, C.F2. =  1  2  2 
CF1  1  R1  C P1  1  R2 

For 2-stage system with recycle option

 MP
Based on R
 MF

Fresh feed water  CP 
  1 - 
  C F 

M i (GPM ) TDH ( Psi ) EPi (kW )

EPi = (kW) SPEEi = X 1,000 (kWh/1000 gal)
(1714.7) (1.341) ( p ) ( M )  gallons 
M p 
 h 

M i ( gpm)TDH ( psi )
For Energy Recovery Device ER =  ERD (kW)
(1714.7)(1.341)

3
Equations necessary for Langelier Stability Index for CaCO3

 R 
C.F. = 1 + η  
 1 R 

IB = (C.F.).(IF) mol/L

CaB = (C.F.).(CaF) mol/L

pCaB = - log[CaB]

Salt passage of HCO3- ion through the membrane [SPHCO3] = 0.0357

1  R x SPHCO3 
(HCO3)B = (HCO3)F   where (HCO3)F , (HCO3)B  mol/l
 1  R 

p(HCO3)B = -log[(HCO3)B]

 (HCO3 ) F 
(CO2)B =  pHF - pK1(F)  mol/L
10 
pKI(F) = 6.3373 – 0.4772 I F  0.1180 * I F

pKI(B) = 6.3373 – 0.4772 I B  0.1180 * I B

pK2(B) = 10.3058 – 1.1660 I B  0.3466 * I B

pKSP(B) = 8.3673 – 3.2100 I B 1.0730 * I B

pHS(B) = [pK2(B) - pKSP(B)] + pCa(B) + p(HCO3)B

 HCO3 (B) 
pHa(B) = pK1(B) + log  
 CO2 (B) 

Langelier Stability Index for CaCO3

LSI = pHa(B) – pHs(B)

 mg / L HCO3   mg / L CO32  
TA=  
( Eq. wt . of CaCO3 )   2 
( Eq. wt . of CaCO3 )
 EQ.Wt . HCO3   EQ.Wt . CO3 