PIPE (constants and conversions) Element K

CO2 1.288
THERMODYNAMICS
NH3 1.304
CH4 1.321
O2 1.365
Properties of Water N2 1.399
kJ Btu Air 1.4
C = 4.187 =1
kg K lb R He 1.667
kJ Btu
Lf = 335 = 144
kg lb
kJ Btu
Lv = 2257 = 970.3
kg lb
FLUID MECHANICS
kg lb
ρ=1000 3 = 62.4 3 Units: μd μk
m ft Mks Pa s m2/s
Cgs Dyne/cm2s cm2/s
(poise) (stoke)
Properties of Air English Psi s (reyn) in2/s
Note: 1 Pa s = 10poise
kJ Btu
Cp = 1 =0.24 1 poise = SG × Stoke
kg K lb R
kJ Btu
Cv = 0.718 =0.1714
kg K lb R Types of steady flow in pipes
kJ ft lb 1. Laminar flow < 2000
R = 0.287 =53.34
kg K lb R 2. Transition zone 2000 < Re < 4000
3. Turbulent flow > 4000
kg lb
ρ=1.2 3 = 0.075 3
m ft
FUELS AND COMBUSTION

Universal Gas Constant Note:

Ř = 8.3143 J/mol K = 1545 ft lb/mol R 23.2% O2 and 76.8% N2 by mass

21% O2 and 79% N2 by volume

Conversions Carbon:
Power
8
O2 = C
1HP = 0.746kW 3
=42.41Btu/min 11
CO2 = C
3
=2545 Btu/hr
Hydrogen:
=33000 ftlb/min
O2 = 8c
=550 ftlb/s
H2O = 9H

Sulfur:
 O2 = S

SO2 = 2S

BOILER

F Water tube Fire tube

SI .91 1.1
Eng 10 12

Heat Transfer

W BTU
1.73 =1
mK hr ft ˚ F
Emmisivity

ϵ = “1” if black body (use if not stated)

σ = steffan-boltzman consant

W
=5.67×10-8 2 4 cons:31 in calcu
m K
Refrigeration

Cp H2O
Cp ice =
2
1 TOR =3.517kW

BTU
=12000
hr
BTU
=200
min
Aircon

Rvapor = 0.4615