INPUT

Input
Calculation

Fuel composition
Wt(%)
C = 83.6 % C kg in fuel 1kg Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.84
H = 11.3 % H kg in fuel 1kg Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.11
S = 4.0 % S kg in fuel 1kg Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.04
N = 0.5 % N kg in fuel 1kg Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.01
O = 0.0 % O kg in fuel 1kg Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.00

SFOC
Airin = 28524 kg/hr (Based on engine performance data)
Engout = 3780 kW
SFOCref = 191.9 g/kwh LCV of 42,700 kJ/kg
SFOCused = 207.7 g/kwh LCV of 39,461 kJ/kg
Tolerance = 5 %
SFOCact = 218.1 g/kwh
SFOCact = 0.2181 kg/kwh
SFOCact = 824418 g/h
= 824.418 kg/h

Expected emission level

H2O 4.7 vol(%)
O2 12.6 vol(%) wet
13.3 vol(%) dry
SOx 1016.1 ppm wet 17.2 g/kwhr ------------------------------------
1066.6 ppm dry
Nox due to fuel bound 312.9 ppm wet 3.6 g/kwhr ------------------------------------
328.5 ppm dry
Nox 0.0 ppm wet (thermal Nox : engine characteristics)
0.0 ppm dry
N2 0.0 vol%
PM 0.0 mg/Nm3
CO2 0.0 vol%
Total 17 %

1쪽
 INPUT

kg :Cf
kg :Hf
kg :Sf
kg :Nf
kg :Of

mg/Nm3
2906 mg/Nm3

643 mg/Nm3

2쪽
 Calculation

1. STP conditions

Volume = 22.4 ml
Temp. = 0 ℃
Atmo. press. = 1013.25 mbar
= 101325 pa

2. Composition for atomospheric air

Composition N2 O2 Ar CO2 Ne He
Vol(%) 78.10 20.93 0.933 0.03 0.0018 0.00052
Wt(%) 75.54 23.14 1.29 0.05 0.0012 7E-05

Atomic mass Molecular mass

C = 12.01115 kg/kmole CO2 = C + O2 = 44.01 kg/kmole
H = 1.00797 kg/kmole H2O = 2H + O = 18.02 kg/kmole
Cl = 35.4527 kg/kmole HCl = H + Cl = 36.46 kg/kmole
S = 32.064 kg/kmole SO2 = S + O2 = 64.06 kg/kmole
N = 14.0067 kg/kmole NO2 = N + O2 = 46.01 kg/kmole
O = 15.9994 kg/kmole CO = C + O2 = 28.01 kg/kmole

3. Air molecular mass

M= Σ mι x ι
N2 x N2(vol %) + O2 x O2(vol%) (기타 원소는 무시)
= 28.95 kg/kmole
= Approx. 29.00 kg/kmole

4. Air density

Atmo. press. = 1013.25 mbar

= 1 bar 760 mmHg
Temp. = 0 ℃

M 273 P
Ri = ---------------- x (---------------- x (--------)
22.4 Nm3 273 + t 760 (mmHg)

= 1.29 kg/m3

SFOC

Engout = 3780 kW
SFOCref = 191.9 g/kwh LCV of 42,700 kJ/kg
SFOCused = 207.7 g/kwh LCV of 39,461 kJ/kg
Tolerance = 5 %
SFOCact = 218.1 g/kwh

3쪽
 Calculation

SFOCact = 0.2181 kg/kwh

SFOCact = 824418 g/h
= 824.418 kg/h

Wt(%)
C = 83.6 % 1kg 당 각성분질량 Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.84 kg :Cf
H = 11.3 % 1kg 당 각성분질량 Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.11 kg :Hf
S = 4.0 % 1kg 당 각성분질량 Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.04 kg :Sf
N = 0.5 % 1kg 당 각성분질량 Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.01 kg :Nf
O = 0.0 % 1kg 당 각성분질량 Wt(%) x 1 kg 0.00 kg :Of

Stoidomeric air demand for the combustion of 1 kg/fuel)

MO2 MO2
O2 wt(%) = ----------- ----> Mair = ----------
Mair O2 wt(%)
Where, Cf ,Hf,Sf,Nf, Of : each element kg in 1 kg fuel

8 x Cf 16 x Nf 1
Stoair = ((--------------) + 8 x Hf + Sf + ---------- Of ) x -------= 13.7 kg/fuel
3 7 0.232

O2 concentration in exhaust gas

O2ref = 20.93 vol(%)
Airin = 28,524 kg/hr ( refered to Engine performance data)
22.0 Nm3/hr
O2inair = Airin x O2 wt(%) mRT
6,618 kg/hr PV=mRT V= -----------
Aircomb = Stoair x SFOCact(kg/h) P
11,319 kg/hr 8.31441
Airrema = 17,205 kg/hr R= ------------ = 0.2867 kJ/kg K
13.3 Nm3/hr 29
O2inairrema= Airrema x O2 wt(%)
3,992 kg/hr

O2exh = Airrema(Nm3/hr)
O2ref x ----------------------
Airin(Nm3/hr)

= 12.6 % wet

Vexh
O2exhdry = O2exhwet x ----------------- = 13.3 % dry
Vexh - watvapor

=
Exhaust gas flow rate( g/kwh)

4쪽
 Calculation

Oref
Mexh = Stoair x SFOC (g/kwh) x ------------------------------ = 7.55 kg/kwhr
Mexh (Oref -O2exh)
Vexh = -----------------= 5.83 Nm3/kw hr
ρexh

Water vapor vol(%) in exhaust gas

2H + O = H2O
2 + 16 = 18

1(kg) : 9( kg) = Hf (kg) : X (kg)

9 kg X Hf kg
Exhwat(X) = ---------------------- = 1.017 kg/1 kg fuel
1kg (H)
Exhwat(X)f = Exhwat(X) x SFOC act(g/kwh) = 0.222 kg/kwhr
Exhwat(X)f
Watvapor = ------------= 0.275814345 Nm3/kwhr
ρh2o

Vexh
Watvol(%) =----------------- x 100 = 4.73 %
Watvapor

SO2 emission
S + 2O = SO2
32 + 32 = 64

1(kg) : 2( kg) = Sf (kg) : X (kg)

2 kg x Sf(kg)
SO2emi = ---------------------- = 0.079 kg/1 kg fuel
1 (kg)

SO2emif = SO2emi x SFOC act(kg/kwhr)*1000 = 17.2299 g/kwhr

SO2emif
Vso2 = ------------------ = 0.005922609 Nm3/kwhr
ρso2
Vso2
Vexhso2 = ------------------ x 1000000 = 1016.1 ppm wet
Vexh
Vexh O2 dry
Vexhso2dry =Vexhso2 x ------------------ = 1066.6 ppm dry based on
Vexh -watvapor 13.3
O2ref - O2ref-f
Vexhso2dry = Vexhso2dry x --------------------------------- = 2202.4 ppm dry based on
O2ref- O2exhdry O2ref-f 5.0

5쪽
 Calculation

NO2 emission due to Feul bound nitrogen

N + 2O = NO2
14 + 32 = 46
14(kg) : 46( kg) = Nf (kg) : X (kg)
46 kg x Nf(kg)
NO2emi = ---------------------- = 0.016428571 kg/1 kg fuel
14 (kg)
NO2emif = NO2emi x SFOC act(kg/kwhr)*1000 = 3.583 g/kwhr
NO2emif
Vno2 = ------------------ = 0.001823842 Nm3/kwhr
ρno2
Vno2
Vexhno2 = ----------------- x 1000000 = 312.9 ppm wet
Vexh
Vexh O2% dry
Vexhno2dry =Vexhno2 x ------------------ = 328.5 ppm dry based on
Vexh -watvapor 13.3

O2ref - O2ref-f
Vexhno2dry = Vexhno2dry x --------------------------------- = 681.4 ppm dry based on
O2ref- O2exhdry 5.0

CO emission

C + O = CO
12 + 16 = 28
12(kg) : 28( kg) = Cf (kg) : X (kg)
28 kg x Cf(kg)
COemi = ---------------------- = 1.9516 kg/1 kg fuel
12 (kg)
COemif = COemi x SFOC act(kg/kwhr)*1000 = 425.6439600 g/kwhr
COemif
Vco = ------------------ = 0.340414094 Nm3/kwhr
ρco
Vco
Vexhco = ----------------- x 100 = 5.8 %
Vexh
CO2 emission

C + 2O = CO2
12 + 32 = 44
12(kg) : 44( kg) = Cf (kg) : X (kg)
44 kg x Cf(kg)
CO2emi = ---------------------- = 3.0668 kg/1 kg fuel
12 (kg)
CO2emif = CO2emi x SFOC act(kg/kwhr)*1000 = 668.869 g/kwhr
CO2emif
Vco2 = ------------------ = 0.410959638 Nm3/kwhr
ρco
Vco
Vexhco2 = ----------------- x 100 = 7.1 %
Vexh

6쪽
 Calculation

Engine Combustion Theory

STP conditions
Pstp = 101325 pa
Tkelvin = 273 K
R = 8.31451 kJ/kmole K

Desity
Mso2 ( PV =RT) P x Mh20
ρso2 = ---------------- RT ρh2o = -----------------
V V=-------- R X T /1000
P x Mso2 P = 0.804 kg/Nm3
= -----------------
R X T X 0.983/1000
= 2.909 kg/Nm3

P x Mno2 P x Mhcl
ρno2 = ----------------- ρhcl = -----------------
R X T /1000 R X T /1000
1.965 kg/Nm3 = 1.628 kg/Nm3

P x Mhcl
ρco2 = -----------------
R X T /1000
= 1.628 kg/Nm3

29
ρexh = ------------ = 1.290 kg/Nm3
22.4

P x Mco
ρco = ----------------- = 1.250 kg/Nm3
R X T /1000

7쪽
 Calculation

Vol(v) ------------------------------------ Wt(%)

Vol(v) Wt(%)
C 88.0 % 10.5698 79.6 %
H 3.0 % 0.0302 0.2 %
Cl 3.0 % 1.0636 8.0 %
S 5.0 % 1.6032 12.1 %
N 0.1 % 0.0140 0.1 %
O 0 % 0.0000 0 %
99.1 % 13.2808 100.0 %

8쪽
 IMO estimation

SO2 emission level estimation : INPUT

: DON'T TOUCH
Sulphur content in fuel 3.9 %
SFOC at site/ LCV of 42700 191.9 g/kwh
SFOC at site/ LCV of 39461 207.7 g/kwh
SFOC tolerance 5 %
Engine output 3,780 kW
Exh. gas flow rate 29,286 kg/hr
Ra = 50 % Relative humidity of the intake air, %
Amt = 0 ℃ Blower inlet temp. of intake air
Pa = 0.6112 Kpa Saturation vapour pressure of the intake air
Al = 0 m Site altitude
Pb = 1013.0 Kpa Total barometric pressure
Gfuel = 784,922 g/hr Fuel mass flow
Gaird = 28,524,000 g/hr Combustion air mass flow
Ffh = 1.864 Fuel specific factor used for calculation of
Gfuel wet concentration from dry concentration
Kwr = (1 - Ffh x -----------------------) - Kw2
Gaird

= 0.9487 0.0513

Kw2 = 1068 x Ha
-----------------------------------------
1000 + (1.608 x Ha)

= 0.000007

6.220 x Ra x Pa
Ha = -----------------------------------------
Pb x Pa x Ra x 1000

= 0.00000614

O2 % 12.8 %

SO2 base on g/kwh ( S + O2 = SO2)

SFOCsite (g/kwh) x Sulphur content(%) x 2 = 17.00 g/kwh

g/kwh to PPM
Sox(ppm) dry = Sox(g/kwh) x P (kW)
-------------------------------------------
Gexhw(kg/h) x 0.002064 x Kwr

9쪽
 IMO estimation

= 1121 ppm dry

= 2187 ppm dry based on 5 % O2

10 쪽
 cal

P1 = 101.3 kPa barometic pressure(total pressure)

T1 = 0.0 ℃
= 273.2 K
Ps1 = 0.6112 Kpa
φ1 = 1013.0 %
Pv1 = φ1 x Ps1
= 6.1916 kPa
Pa1 = P1 - Pv1
= 95.11 Kpa
ω1 = 0.622 x Pv1/(P1-Pv1)
= 40.492386 g(w)/kg(a)
air dry bulb temp.
saturation vapor pressure of intake air
Relative humidity
partial pressure for vapor
partial pressure for dry air
absolute humidity

c14= 6.54
c15= 14.526
c16= 0.7389
c17= 0.09486
c18= 0.4569
A= ln(pv1) 1.8231913
Td = 36.7 ℃ dew point temperature

P1 = 101.3 kPa barometic pressure(total pressure)

T1 = 0.0 ℃
= 273.2 K
Ps1 = 0.6112 Kpa
φ1 = 85.0 %
Pv1 = φ1 x Ps1
= 0.5195 kPa
Pa1 = P1 - Pv1
= 100.78 Kpa
ω1 = 0.622 x Pv1/(P1-Pv1)
= 0.003206 Kg(w)/Kg(a)
air dry bulb temp.
saturation vapor pressure
Relative humidity
partial pressure for vapor
partial pressure for dry air
absolute humidity

c14= 6.54
c15= 14.526
c16= 0.7389
c17= 0.09486
c18= 0.4569
A= ln(pv1) -0.6548289
Td = -2.3 ℃ dew point temperature

11 쪽
 mixing DFO with HFO

SFOC for HFO

Airin = 28524 kg/hr (Based on engine performance data)
Engout = 3780 kW
SFOCref = 191.9 g/kwh LCV of 42,700 kJ/kg
SFOCused = 207.7 g/kwh LCV of 39,461 kJ/kg
Tolerance = 0 %
SFOCact = 207.7 g/kwh
SFOCact = 0.2077 kg/kwh
SFOCact = 785106 g/h
= 785.106 kg/h

SFOC for DFO

Airin = 28524 kg/hr (Based on engine performance data)
Engout = 3780 kW
SFOCref = 191.9 g/kwh LCV of 42,700 kJ/kg
SFOCused = 207.7 g/kwh LCV of 39,461 kJ/kg
Tolerance = 0 %
SFOCact = 207.7 g/kwh
SFOCact = 0.2077 kg/kwh
SFOCact = 785106 g/h
= 785.106 kg/h

Blender formula
B = 3.92 % Impurity ratio in B.O (wt %)(target )
α = 0.9 Blending ratio of HFO
C = 4.2 % Impurity ration in H.F.O (wt %)
A = 1% Impurity ration in D.F.O (wt %)
ρc = 0.987 Specific gravity of H.F.O (15 /4 ℃)
ρa = 0.837 Specific gravity of D.F.O (15 /4 ℃)

1 C-B ρc
--------- = 1 + ---------------------x -------------
α B-A ρa

α x ρc x C +(1-α) x ρa x A
B = ------------------------------------------------------------
α x ρc +(1-α) x ρa

= 3.9 %

12 쪽