FUEL AND COMBUSTION IN A FURNACE

(Ultimate Analysis)

From PPE by Morse, Table 5-4 Analysis of typical American fuels:

Fuel Number 6

Characteristics of coal
Ultimate Analysis
Ash S H C N O
0.0844 0.0069 0.0420 0.8070 0.0144 0.0453

Excess Air = 10 %

Engr. JD Ganotisi 1
 Solving for Elements of combustions

Oxygen Theoretically Required.

conversion from molal basis to mass basis
by multplying molecular wt.
Computing for the Oxygen required for each element
For Carbon C + O2 → CO2
12C + ( 16 x 2 ) O2 → ( 12 + 16 x 2 ) CO2
Divide both sides by 12 yields to
C + 2.67 O2 → 3.67 CO2
This means that per kg of coal needs 2.67 kg of O2

Engr. JD Ganotisi 2
For hydrogen H + O2 → H 2O
4H + O2 → 2H2O
4 x ( 1 )H + ( 16 x 2 ) O2 → 2 ( 2 + 16 )H2O
4H + 32 O2 → 36 H2O
Divide both sides by 4 yields to
H + 8 O2 → 9H2O
Therefore per kg of coal needs 8 kg of O 2
For Sulfur
S + O2 → S O2
32 S + 32 O2 → 64 SO 2
32 S + ( 2 x 16 ) O2 → ( 32 + 2 x 16 )H2O
Engr. JD Ganotisi 3
 Divide both sides by 4 yields to
S + O2 → 2SO2
Per kg of coal requires 1 kg of O 2

Tabulating the oxygen required for each element ( N2 and ash can
be ignored because they are inert in combustion while O2
decreases the oxygen required
Element Percent Oxygen required per Total
s kg of element
C 0.8070 X 2.67 + 2.1520
H2 0.0420 X 8.00 + 0.3360
S 0.0069 X 1.00 + 0.0069
(Nasa 0.0453 - 0.0453
Fuel)O2
Engr. JD Ganotisi 4
 SUM 2.4496
total required Oxygen for complete combustion

Weight of Air Theoretically Required

Air at sea level is principally composed of 23.2% oxygen and 76.8% by
weight. Therefore to compute the weight of air theoretically required, divide
the weight of oxygen theoretically required by 0.232.

kg of oxygen theoretically required

2. 4496
kg coal
W ta =
0. 232

10 . 5586 kg of air theoretically required

Wta =
Kg coal

Engr. JD Ganotisi 5
The amount of N 2 in air required is W ta - W to by weight

W nitrogen in t a = 10.5586 − 2.4496

kg Nitrogen
= 8 .1090
Kg coal

Engr. JD Ganotisi 6
 Tabulation of the Product of Combustion
Fuel Constituents +
Oxygen
C 0.8070 + 2.1520 C O2 2.9590
H2 0.0420 + 0.3360 H2 O 0.3760
O2 0.0453
N2 0.0144 0.0144
S 0.0069 + 0.0069 SO2 0.0138
Nitrogen present in W ta N2 8.1090
Kg flue gas per kg coal sum 11.4742
Ash Content 0.0844
Total kg flue gas per kg coal Total product
of combustion
11.5586

Engr. JD Ganotisi 7
Actual Total Volume of Flue Gas
From Avogadro’s law which states that under the same
conditions of pressure and temperature, 1 mol of any gas will
occupy the same volume. At sea level ( 14.7 psia, 0 0C) a mol of
any gas will occupy 10.2 m3.

Engr. JD Ganotisi 8
From gas law equation
PV =n RT Substitute to the equation
Using ratio and proportion: R
m2 T
P2 V 2 m2 R2 T 2 P2 V 2 n2 2
= : =
P1 V 1 m1 R1 T1 P1 V 1 R
m1 T
n1 1
R KJ mol
R= ; R = 8. 314 P 2 = P 1 = 101 .3 KPa
n Kg K
for the same gas m 1 = 1 kg ; n 1 = 144 kmol/kg
10 . 2 m 2 T 2
V 2 = equation 1
273 n 1
Ratio of final (condition of flue gas) and initial (gas laws)

Engr. JD Ganotisi 9
 3
V1 10 .2 m ; T 1 = 273 K
10. 2 ( m 2 ) ( 650 )
V2= equation 2−1
273 ( 144 )

From PPE by Morse p. 310 Fig. 10-13 Heat Absorption by

water wall range from 815 0C to 1370 0C say use a minimum
value due to low temperature at T3
From 3rd Checking t gD = 376.78 0C

.at T 1 = 273 K ; T2 = T gD (3rd checking) = 376.78 +

273
= 650 K

Engr. JD Ganotisi 10
Tabulation of Volume of Products
Product Weigh Molecular Calculation using Volume
s t Weight equation
CO2 2.959 44 10 . 2 ( 2. 9590 ) ( 650 ) 1.6327
0 C=12,H=1,O=16 273 ( 44 )
, S=32
H2 O 0.378 18 10 . 2 ( 0 .378 ) ( 650 ) 0.5098
0 273 ( 18 )
Total N2 8.123 28 10 . 2 ( 8 .1234 ) ( 650 ) 7.0434
includin 4 273 ( 28 )
g
nitrogen
in the
fuel
Engr. JD Ganotisi 11
 SO2 0.013 64 10 . 2 ( 0 .0138 ) ( 650 ) 0.0052
8 273 ( 64 )
SUM9.19
0

Air actually required using Excess Air

raf = W ta( 1 + e % ) assume = 10%

Kg air
= 10 .5586 ( 1. 10 ) = 11. 6145
Kg fuel

Engr. JD Ganotisi 12
Weight of Product of Combustion –actual wt. product of comb.

r gf = W product of Combustioon + W
( Excess air )
t a
Kg flue gas
= 11 .5586 + 10. 5586 ( 0. 10 ) = 12. 6145
Kg fuel

Engr. JD Ganotisi 13
Volume of Air

10 . 2 m air T air
V 2 =
273 n air

m air = W t a ( excess air ) = 10 . 5586 ( 0. 10 ) = 1 . 0559 kg

T air = 650 K ; n air = 29
10 . 20 ( 1. 0559 ) ( 650 ) m3
V air = = 0. 8839
273 ( 29 ) Kg coal
Solving for the volume of product of combustion
m3
V Product of Combustion = 9 . 1911 + 0 . 8839 = 10 .0751
Kg coal
Engr. JD Ganotisi 14
Tabulation : Solving for Gravimetric Analysis of Combustion

Products of Combustion Kg product per Kg coal %

CO2 2.9590 23.6152 %
%H2O 0.3780 3.0167 %
%SO 2 0.0138 0.1101 %
%N2 8.1234 64.8312 %
%Excess Air 1.0559 8.4266 %
Total 12.5301 100.0000 %
To check, if ash content is added to the total product of combustion

Engr. JD Ganotisi 15
Weight Gravimetric Analysis + Ash Content = ( r gt ) Weight Product of Combustion
12.5301 + 0.0844 = 12.6145
12.6145 = 12 .6145
Molecular Weight ( Molecular Wt. ) of Product of combustion

M W = ( 44 ) % C O 2 + ( 18 ) % H 2 O + ( 64 ) % S O 2 +
( 28 ) % N 2 + ( 29 ) % Excess Air

M W = ( 44 ) ( 0. 2362 ) + ( 18 ) ( 0 . 0302 ) + ( 64 ) ( 0. 0011 ) +

( 28 ) ( 0 .6483 ) + ( 29 ) ( 0.0843 )
= 10 . 391 + 0 .543 + 0 .070 + 18. 153 + 2 . 444
= 31.601 moles
Engr. JD Ganotisi 16
 Gas Constant of Product of Combustion

8 . 3140 8 . 3140 KJ
Rg = = = 0. 2631
MW 31 .6007 kg − 0 C

Solving for Density of Product of combustion

Engr. JD Ganotisi 17
 P atm 101. 325 Kg
ρg= = = 0 .5927
R g T gD 0. 2631 ( 650 ) m3

Heating Value of Fuel

Using Dulong’s Formula

02
HHV = 14,600 C + 63,000 ( H 2 − ) + 3,450 ( S )
8

Engr. JD Ganotisi 18
Solving for Higher Heating Value ; Substitute Value , HH V,
0 . 0453
= 14,600 ( 0. 8070 ) + 63,000 ( 0 . 0420 − ) + 3,450 ( 0 . 0069 )
8
KJ
= 11,782 . 20 + 2289. 26 + 23. 81 = 32,789. 47
Kg

Engr. JD Ganotisi 19