Combustion Engineering

Coverage:

Combustion and combustion technology.

for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
Includes selection criteria for fuel, handling and
storage corresponding to technology used.
Estimation of product of combustion ( concentration) and
appropriate control.
Comparison of fuel used for internal combustion engines
including cleaning and conditioning.
Papers/research works:

1. Comparison on the use of LPG as for Gasoline

engine.
2 Components / systems for using bunker oil as fuel
for power plants using diesel engines.

Grading:

Base 60
cumulative system of grading
References

1. Steam Plant Operation

by: Woodruff, et al.

2. Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook

second edition by: Meherwan P. Boyce

3. Engineering Fundamental of the Internal Combustion

Engine
by: Willard W. Pulkrabek
 Fundamentals of Combustion
Combustion of fuels must be considered both from
theoretical and practical perspectives. Theoretically,
combustion can be defined as the rapid chemical
reaction of oxygen with the combustible elements of a
fuel (Black et. al.;1996).
For complete combustion, four basic criteria must be
satisfied:
 adequate quantity of air (oxygen);
Oxygen and fuel thoroughly mixed ;
Fuel-air mixture maintained at or above the ignition
temperature; and
Furnace volume large enough to give the mixture time
for complete combustion.
 Ultimate Analysis
Laboratory analysis that determines the percentage
constituents elements of a fuel, including water and ash.

Ultimate Analysis of Fuel

Carbon (C) 84.4%

Hydrogen (H) 5.4%

Nitrogen (N) 1.8%

Sulfur (S) 0.69%

Oxygen (O) 7.71%

Ash 16%
 Required Amount of air for Combustion

Computation for the required O2:

For C: 32 O2 /12C (0.844 C) = 2.251 O2
For H: 16 O2 /2 H2(0.054 H2) = 0.432 O2
For O: to be subtracted = - 0.0771 O2
For N: Inert Gas = 0
For S: 32 O2 /32S (0.0069 S) = 0.0069 O2
Total = 2.613 lb. O 2 /lb fuel
Product of combustion:
For C: 44 C O2 /12 C(0.844 C) = 3.095 CO2
For H2: 18 H2O /2 H2(0.054 H2) = 0.486 H2O
For N2: Inert Gas = 0.018 N2
For S: 64S O2 /32S (0.0069 S) = 0.0138
Total = 3.613 lbfluegas/lbfuel
For the computations of air-fuel and gas-fuel ratios, the
considered percent distribution of oxygen and nitrogen in the
atmosphere are 23.2% and 76.8%, respectively (Morse, 1953).
Where:
N2 in air = 0.768N2 /0.232 O2 (2.613 O2) = 8.65 N2
Air-fuel ratio:
Raf = N2 in air + (Required O2)
= 8.65N2in air + 2.613O2
Raf = 11.26 lb air/lbfuel
Gas-fuel ratio:
Rgf = N2in air + (Product of combustion)
= 8.65N2in air + 3.613
Rgf = 12.26 lb flue gas/lb fuel
By volume:

For carbon:

C + O2 CO2
C – 12 ; O2 – 32 ; CO2 – 44

1mol C + 1 mol O2 + 3.76 mol N2 = 1mol CO2 + 3.76 mol N2

for C=12 ; for any gas 1 mol = 379 ft3

1 lb C + (379/12) ft3 O2 + (3.76x379/12) ft3 N2 = (379/12) ft3 CO2 +

(3.76x379/12) ft3 N2

1 lb C + 31.6ft3 O2 + 118.8 ft3 N2 = 31.6ft3 CO2 + 118. 8 ft3 N2

1 lb C requires 150.4 ft3 (31.6ft3 O2 + 118.8 ft3 N2) of air at std. condition
For Hydrogen

H + ½ O2 H 2O
H – 2 ; O2 – 16 ; H2O – 18

1mol H+ ½ mol O2 + 1.88 mol N2 = 1mol H2O + 1.88 mol N2

for H - 2 ; for any gas 1 mol = 379 ft3

1 lb H + 0.5(379/2) ft3 O2 + (1.88x379/2) ft3 N2 = (379/2) ft3 H2O +

(1.88x379/2) ft3 N2

1 lb H + 94.75 ft3 O2 + 356.26 ft3 N2 = 189.5 ft3 H2O + 356.26 ft3 N2

1 lb H requires 451.01 ft3 (94.75 ft3 O2 + 356.26 ft3 N2 ) of air at std. condition
For Sulfur

S + O2 SO2
S – 32 ; O2 – 32 ; SO2 – 64

1mol S+ 1 mol O2 + 3.76 mol N2 = 1mol SO2 + 376 mol N2

for S - 32 ; for any gas 1 mol = 379 ft3

1 lb S + (379/32) ft3 O2 + (3.76x379/32) ft3 N2 = (379/32) ft3 SO2 +

(3.76x379/32) ft3 N2

1 lb S + 11.84 ft3 O2 + 44.5 ft3 N2 = 11.84 ft3 SO2 + 44.5 ft3 N2

1 lb S requires 56.34 ft3 ( 11.84 ft3 O2 + 44.5 ft3 N2 ) of air at std. condition
 SO2 and Particulate Matter Concentration
(estimated)

Computation for the required O2: (by volume)

For C: 0.844C (150.4) = 126.9
For H: 0.054 H(451) = 24.35
For S: 0.0069 S(56.34) = 0.389
Total = 150.74 ft3 air/lb fuel
ft3 of Flue Gas
( 0.844C) (31.6 ft3 air/C) = 26.67 ft3 CO2
(0.054 H)((189.5 ft3 air/H) = 10.23 ft3 H2O
(0.0069S) ((11.8ft3 air/S) = 0.081ft3 SO2
(N in fuel) + (Nair) = (.018) ( 379/14) + (0.79)(150.74)
= 119.57 ft3 N
total = 156.55 ft3 fluegas/lb fuel
 Estimating SO2 and PM Concentration

𝑆𝑂2 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛=(%𝑆)(379 ft3/mol. of S)(l/𝑟𝑔𝑓⁄)(10x6) ppm

=(0.0069)((379 ft3/32)(1/ 156.55)(10x6) ppm× (mol of
SO2/24.45lmol) mg/Ncm
SO2 Concentration = 522 ppm x (64/ 24.45lmol)mgNcm
SO2 Concentration = 1,366.38mg/Ncm

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑖 𝑐𝑢𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑒𝑟 =(𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡 )(7000𝑔𝑟𝑙 𝑏)(1/𝑟𝑔𝑓)

=0.16(7000𝑔𝑟/𝑙𝑏)(1/156.55)= 7.38 𝑔𝑟/𝑓𝑡3
=7.15 𝑔𝑟/𝑓𝑡3 𝑥 64.7989/𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (35.28𝑓𝑡3 /1 𝑚3)
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓= 16,345.65 𝒎g/𝑵𝑪𝑴
assuming 30% discharge as fly ash: PM = 4,903.7mg/NCM