HOW COMPUTER WORK

A computer is a machine (hardware) that receives and processes data

according to the instructions given to it, and after the data has been processed, the

results of the processing are usually sent to an output device. 

The input devices for feeding the computer with data and instructions can

be a keyboard, mouse, scanner, or may be generated internally from ‘applications’

stored as programmed instructions (software). The processing of the data is done

by the central processing unit (CPU), which is the heart of the computer. The

output devices can be a screen (monitor), printer, plotter, speakers, ports, or

another computer.

Parts of a computer

CPU

A CPU is on a chip called a microprocessor (about 1 inch square in size).

This is basically your Intel pentium chip. Often referred to as the brains of a

computer, the CPU handles most of the operations that are required of the

computer by processing instructions and sending signals out, checking for

connectivity, and ensuring that operations and hardware are functioning properly.

It acts as a messenger to major components such as RAM, the monitor, and disk

drives
Hard Disk Drive

The hard drive is where all your programs and documents are stored.

Anytime you install software or save a file, it gets written to the hard drive. The

hard drive also reads any data you are trying to access, such as when you open a

text document or play an MP3. Think of it like a library and a librarian all mixed

up in one. This is permanent storage (at least until you uninstall software or delete

a file). The hard drive is normally signified by the drive letter “C”. Today’s hard

drives can store a HUGE amount of information. A new computer might have a

hard drive that will hold 500 GB’s! 

RAM

Random access memory (RAM) is the place in a computer where the

operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that

they can be quickly reached by the processor. The contents of RAM are lost when

the computer power is turned off. The more RAM a computer has, the more

capacity the computer has to hold and process large programs and files.

 Motherboard

Your computer couldn’t work without the motherboard. This vital circuit

board ties everything together! It allows every part of your computer to receive

power and communicate with each other. Everything that runs the computer or

enhances its performance is either part of the motherboard or plugs into one of its

expansion slots or ports. If a component is not connected to the motherboard, your

computer won’t know that it’s there.

 ROM and BIOS

Read only memory (ROM) chips, located on the motherboard, contain

instructions that can be directly accessed by the microprocessor or CPU. Data

transfer from ROM is faster than any disk, but slower than RAM. The instructions

and data in the ROM chip that control the boot process and the computer

hardware are known as the basic input/output system (BIOS), sometimes called

firmware.

The ROM chip that contains the firmware is called the ROM BIOS chip. It

is also referred to as ROM BIOS, or simply BIOS, and is usually marked “BIOS”

on the motherboard. The responsibility of the BIOS is to serve as a liaison

between the computer operating software and the various hardware components

that support it. In simple terms, the BIOS chip wakes up the computer when you

turn it on and reminds it what parts it has and what they do! 

Sound and Video Cards

Sound and Video Cards are Output Devices. They contain special circuits

that allow your computer to play sounds and display graphics on your monitor.
 COMMON COMPUTER PROBLEM

Blue Screen of Death (BSoD)

Many people think of blue as a calming color; however, when it comes up

on your computer screen with a bunch of white text, it probably has the opposite

effect. The blue screen of death (BSoD or STOP Error) may appear to be one of

the scariest computer problems you'll come across. However, all your computer

may need is for you to reboot it. This STOP error appears on your screen for a

variety of reasons: failing hardware, damaged software, corrupt DLL files,

problems with drivers and more. The remedy for a blue screen of death depends

on the original problem. The screen provides you with codes that can help you

identify and fix your computer problems.

Missing DLL File

Dynamic-Link Library (DLL) files house information for your operating

system on how to perform certain functions. Occasionally, your computer loses

DLL files or something damages them. When your PC can't read the particular

DLL file, it doesn't know how to respond in certain situations. You may have a

missing or corrupt DLL file if you receive an error message every time you

perform a certain function, such as saving. If your computer problems are

stemming from missing and damaged DLL files, you can restore them by

downloading them back onto your PC.

 Applications That Won't Install

If you're having trouble with an application not installing, it may be because

your computer doesn't have enough hard drive space. If this is the case, you need

to free up some space. This is one of the computer problems that's, well, least

problematic. You can free up some hard drive space by getting rid of files and

folders you don't need. These may be temporary files, duplicate files or data for

software you've uninstalled.

Applications Run Slowly

There are several reasons software might be running at turtle speed. You

may have computer problems that involve your operating system or an

application, your operating system might be missing updates or your computer

doesn't have enough hard drive space. If you don't have enough hard drive space,

you can scan, clean and optimize your hard drive.

Abnormal Applications Behavior

Computer problems that involve applications acting strangely oftentimes

leave you wondering what has happened. Your application has been working just

fine, but now, seemingly without reason, it is doing something strange.

For instance, your Word document will no longer show the top margin of

your document. It still says it's there, and when you print it, there's not a problem.

You just can't see it on your monitor. If this is happening, you may want to restart
your computer. Conducting an internet search for the type of problem you're

experiencing or consulting your user manual may help you as well.

 WINDOWS DISPLAY

Desktop is the main user interface of the computer. When you start the

computer, the desktop is displayed after the startup process is complete. This

includes a desktop background (or wallpaper) and your file and folder icons that

may have been saved to the desktop. On Windows, the desktop loads the default

task bar located at the bottom of the screen. In Mac OS X, the desktop contains a

menu bar at the top of the screen and a Dock at the bottom.

Desktop is visible on both Windows and Macintosh computer screens as

long as the application or window does not fill the entire screen. You can drag

items to and from the desktop, such as folders. Since the desktop is always visible,

items on the desktop can be accessed quickly rather than navigating through

multiple directories. Therefore, it may be helpful to store commonly used files,

folders, and application shortcuts on your desktop.

Both Windows and Macintosh operating systems allow you to customize

the look of the desktop. In Windows 7, you can change the desktop background

and select the default desktop icon in "Personalization" in Control panel. In Mac

OS X 10.6, you can change the desktop background using "Desktop & Screen

Saver" in system preferences. You can choose what items will be displayed on the

desktop by selecting Finder → Preferences ... and checking the items you want to

display.
Modern Operating Systems such as Windows 8, Windows 10, Linux and the latest

Mac OS are able to display desktops on different screens. You can run multiple

apps with their respective desktop screens.

In general, the desktop sections are explained below.:

Desktop:

1.Taskbar

2. Start button

- Quick Launch

- System Tray

- Icon / Shortcut

3. Background / Wallpaper\

Well, once we know a lot about Desktop, which we need to learn next is the

function click, notice below :

Click Function :

1. Left Click - Selection

2. Right Click – Show Menu

3. Double Klik – Run Program

4. Drag n Drop – Move Object

Other than it can not be denied that every desktop of each person who has a laptop

or computer that can be limited that only so much that they have on their desktop.

And then as for some explanations included in the desktop is as follows :

- Desktop

is a preliminary view when Windows finishes booting (home view when

entering windows).

- Wallpaper

Wallpaper is a picture that sticks to the desktop. Windows provides a

variety of built-in wallpapers so we can change them easily and quickly.

- Start Menu

is the Start button which contains various programs that we have installed,

other menus that can be accessed by the user (user), such as listening to music,

running the program text editor and others.

- Icon

Icon Programs are small images attached to the desktop followed by their

identities. The purpose of this icon is to facilitate in activating an application

program. This icon can we add and subtract according to our needs. If too many

icons on the desktop will reduce the beauty of the desktop itself.
- Task Bar

Taskbar is a long bar that is at the bottom of the desktop. We can move the

taskbar to the top, right and left sides of the desktop to our liking. In this taskbar

there is a program that we minimize it, other icons such as volume adjustment

icon and active clock.

- Quick Launch

is the lower left side, the right side of the start that contains the icons for

the shortcut-shortcut program that we have defined. Shortcuts are a quick way to

run programs / data stored in a particular directory. Shortcut contains the path to

the data / program in question and symbolized by a particular icon.

 REGION ‘’JODOH RIVER’’ IN PALOPO CITY

Jodoh River is one of the natural attractions located adjacent to its Palopo

Utopia in Muranto Sub-District, Mungkajang City, Palopo City.

Eki Anarchy or familiarly called Watu as the leader of the pengelolah tourist

object dating river explains to indoshinju.com Thursday (18/12) that this flower

given the name of the dating river originated from the romance story of Chinese

Palopo and oranh china Toraja, this is where he found his soul mate.

This is where he found his soul mate so this place I call a dating river. He said.

This river before the class by him as a natural tourist attraction, many

Chinese who do recreation in this place around 1997 but garbage greed

everywhere. By looking at these conditions, Watu has a desire to manage it and

inaugurated by him as a tourist attraction around 1998.

Before this place was used as a tourist, many people chinese Toraja and

chinese Palopo who came to this place, even today the guests from Vietnam and

Thailand also visited. Add it.

Water that is not too swift to trigger adrenaline visitors to enjoy the

challenges of nature, adults to children often enjoy the flow of the river a little

challenging.

Various Facilities are provided in this place as huts are rented around Rp.

50.000 (fifty thousand Thousand) a step home for the place of activity or lodging

for rent approximately Rp. 300.000 (Three Hundred Thousand Rupiahs) Also the
Pool tire facility is rented around Rp 5,000 (Five Thousand Rupiah) which is

small and Rp 10,000 (Ten Thousand Rupiah) big.

Visiting and recreation to the dating river is a pleasure and uniqueness of

its own, a unique name and the swift flow of sunga make the visitors feel attracted

to this attraction.

Hopefully the singles who visit will get the same events as the chinese

man is to find his soul mate in the Jodoh River.

 APPLICATION ‘’TELEGRAM’’

Telegram is a chat messaging application that allows users to send end-to-

end encrypted secret chat messages as additional security. With Telegram you can

also share more than just images and videos, but Telegram also lets you transfer

documents or send your current location to friends with ease. Telegram is the Best

app of all, fast, light, no advertising and absolutely free. Please visit the official

website here.

Telegram has a clean user interface and has many features, and therefore

Telegram is widely used by people all over the world today. Unlike other chat

apps, Telegram is cloud-based, meaning you can seamlessly move your

conversations between smartphone, tablet, web and even on your desktop. Here

are some ways to use Telegram on different devices.

How to Use Telegram on iOS and Android

1. Install Telegram app. Open the App Store or Google Play and search for

Telegram. Find an application with the logo of the paper plane and please install

it.

2. Enter your phone number. You will be asked to enter your phone number.

Telegram will immediately send a text message with a four-digit code to verify

that it is indeed your number. Enter the code into the app to continue.
3. Add name and picture. Telegram lets users create your own profile, complete

with name and picture. Enter this information to continue.

4. Find friends with Telegram. Telegram can automatically search for contacts for

friends who use Telegram if you grant an app permission to access your Address

book. When you press the Contact tab at the bottom left of the screen, Telegram

will display a list of friends using Telegram as well as a Contact list that does not

register on the telegram. You can send an invitation to join chat by pressing on the

name of a friend who has not used Telegram.

5. Start a chat. Choose a friend who has a Telegram account to start a new chat.

Similar to WhatsApp and other SMS apps, there is a text field at the bottom of the

screen used for typing messages.

6. Send your photos, Web pictures, videos, documents, contacts or locations.

Unlike most messaging apps, Telegram lets you send information to your friends.

Tap the paperclip or paperclip icon next to the chat text field and select the type of

information you want to send. You can choose to take a photo or video, or select

one of the files on your device. There is also an option to search for images via the

Web, which opens a search prompt that only shows the image results.

7. Start chat secrets. From the Contacts tab, select the New Secret Chat option and

then choose your friend's name. Every message sent in this window will be

encrypted, which means that no one else will have access to this chat. You can

send text, media and documents like regular chat.

8. Background Chat. On the Settings tab at the bottom you can select an image to

be your background chat. Telegram has an already available image selection,

which allows you to customize the look and feel of your chat. There is also an

option to select images from your device to use as background for a more personal

touch.
 HOT ISSUE ‘’NARCOTICS’’

Narcotics are addictive drugs that reduce the user's perception of pain and

induce euphoria (a feeling of exaggerated and unrealistic well-being). The English

word narcotic is derived from the Greek narkotikos , which means "numbing" or

"deadening." Although the term can refer to any drug that deadens sensation or

produces stupor, it is commonly applied to the opioids—that is, to all natural or

synthetic drugs that act like morphine.

Narcotics are the oldest as well as the strongest analgesics , or pain-

relieving drugs, known to humans. Ancient Sumerian and Egyptian medical texts

dated as early as 4000 B.C. mention the opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ) as

the source of a milky fluid (opium latex) that could be given to relieve coughs and

insomnia as well as ease pain. Traditional Chinese medicine recommended the

opium poppy, known to Chinese physicians as ying su ke , for the treatment of

asthma , severe diarrhea , and dysentery as well as chronic pain and insomnia.

Opium latex contains between 10 and 20 percent morphine, which in its purified

form is a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste.

Narcotics are central nervous system depressants that produce a stuporous

state in the person who takes them. These drugs often induce a state of euphoria or

feeling of extreme well-being, and they are powerfully addictive. The body

quickly builds a tolerance to narcotics in as little as two to three days, so that

greater doses are required to achieve the same effect. Because of the addictive

qualities of these drugs, most countries in the twenty-first century have strict laws
regarding the production and distribution of narcotics. These laws became

necessary when opium addiction in the nineteenth century became a widespread

social problem in the developed countries. Opium, which was the first of the

opioids to be widely used, had been a common folk remedy for centuries that

often led to addiction for the user; in fact, many popular Victorian patent

medicines for "female complaints" actually contained opium. The invention of the

hypodermic needle in the mid-nineteenth century, however, increased the number

of addicts because it allowed opioids to be delivered directly into the bloodstream,

thereby dramatically increasing their effect.

Narcotics have several legitimate uses:

Analgesic: Doctors frequently prescribe oral codeine and propoxyphene

(alone or in combination with aspirin) for pain control after oral surgery, for

severe menstrual cramps, and for temporary pain relief after other outpatient

surgical procedures. Intravenous narcotics may be given for several days after

major surgery to relieve the patient's discomfort. Subsequent methods of

administering opioids following surgery include a sustained-release injected form

of morphine sulfate (DepoMorphine) and a patient-controlled transdermal system

(E-TRANS) that releases doses of fentanyl when the patient pushes a button

attached to the arm or upper chest. Intravenous narcotics may also be used for

palliative care, to relieve the pain of patients diagnosed with terminal cancer

Antitussive: Antitussives are medications given to control coughing.

Codeine is often effective in relieving severe coughs and is a common ingredient

in prescription cough mixtures. Antidiarrheal: Paregoric, a liquid preparation

containing powdered opium, anise oil, and glycerin, is sometimes prescribed for

severe diarrhea. The opium in paregoric works to control diarrhea because it slows

down the rhythmic contractions of the intestines that ordinarily move food

through the digestive tract. Lomotil, another antidiarrheal medication, contains a

synthetic opioid known as diphenoxylate; it is often recommended for treating

cancer patients with diarrhea caused by radiation therapy.