Module in UCSP Standard Format Pages 56 107

Understanding Culture
Society and Politics
WEEK 9
Social Organizations
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define the concept of social groups

2. Identify the characteristics and forms of social groups.
3. Share examples of primary, secondary, in, out, reference
group and networks based on real life situation.
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Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
1
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL GROUPS
Everyone belongs to a group; your race, gender, favorite sports team, your college, even the place
where you were born were all examples of groups. Sometimes groupings are determined by factors
related to who we are (sex, age, race/ethnicity) but in many other cases, they arrive in a somewhat
arbitrary fashion. In school, you would likely associate with classmates who share the same interests as
you do like having a common hobby or sports affiliation or even fashion sense or even love of a certain
type of music.
What is a Group?
A group is composed of two or more persons interacting with each other and guided by a set of
norms. It is also defined as specified number of individuals where each recognizes members as distinct
from non-members.
Basic Classifications of Social Groups
1. Primary Groups
Primary groups are marked by concern for one another, shared

activities and culture, and long periods of time spent together. They
are influential in developing an individual’s personal identity. The goal
of primary groups is actually the relationships themselves rather than
achieving some other purpose. The examples of a primary group but
not limited to be your family and childhood and close friends.
The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles

Cooley in his book, Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind.
(Contreras, Antonio P. et al. “Social Groups”. Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
2016)
Sample Groups: Family, Play group, Village/Neighborhood, Work-

team
2. Secondary Groups
Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one
another. In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups don’t have the goal of maintaining and
developing the relationships themselves.These groups are based on usual or habitual interests or
affairs. It includes groups in which one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages,
services for payments, and such.
Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional

Association, Corporation, University classes, Athletic teams, and groups
of coworkers.
3. In-group
Belonging to the same group as others who share the same

common bond and interests who are more likely to understand each
other refers to an in- group. Sample Groups: Sports team, Unions and
Sororities
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Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
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4. Out-group
Those who do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group, which
exist in the perceptions of the in group members and takes on social reality
as a result of behavior by in-group members who use the out group as a
negative point of reference.
5. Reference Groups
A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a

standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether
we are part of that group. We rely on reference groups to
understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas,
behavior, and appearance. This means that we also use them
to evaluate the relative worth, desirability, or appropriateness
of these things.
By looking to reference groups--be they those of race,

class, gender, sexuality, religion, region, ethnicity, age, or
localized groups defined by neighborhood or school, among
others-- we see norms and dominant values, and we choose to either embrace and reproduce them in
our own thoughts, behavior, and interactions with others; or, we reject and refute them by thinking and
acting in ways that break from them. Sample of these groups are parents, siblings, teachers, peers,
associates and friends.
6. Network
A network is a collection of people tied

together by a specific pattern of connections.
They can be characterized by the number of
people involved, as in the dyad (by twos) and
triad (by threes), but also in terms of their
structures (who is connected to whom) and
functions (what flows across ties). Networks
indeed, are able to do more things and
different things than individuals acting on their
own could. Networks have this effect,
regardless of the content of the connections or
persons involved.
Nowadays, the giving of information and establishing of connections and various relationships can
be done through social networking sites. In this manner, it is easier to form connections, relationships
and linkages. Example: Family Members, Friends, Work Colleagues, Classmates
There is another strong example of a network that has boomed since the beginning of the 21st
century. Since 1979, electronic forms of social networking have boomed, starting with CompuServe and
MySpace, and moving to other networking applications such as Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter, and
Instagram.
Week 9
Activity Sheet # 6
Social Organizations
Student’s Name: Date:

Grade & Track: Teacher:
I. Multiple Choice. Read each item carefully and encircle your correct answer.
1. Typically, this refers to a small social group which members share close, personal and
enduring relationships:
A. Primary Group
B. Secondary Group
C. Out Group
D. Networking Group
2. We observed various grouping of people with certain degree of relationship. This can be a
small or large, mostly impersonal and usually short-term.
A. Out Group
B. Primary Group
C. Secondary Group
D. Social Group
3. Social groups manifest different affinity of social relation. Which of the following is an
example of a primary group?
A. No identity
B. Fraternity groups
C. Childhood groups
D. Short term relationship with the community
4. In the society, we observed that people are group in certain particular manner. Which of
the following is an example of a secondary group?
A. bikers
B. project group
C. clan of Juan Dela Cruz
D. childhood friends of Juan Dela Cruz
5. People are group according to certain manner. Which group is identified with each other
based on common interests?
A. social group
B. in- group
C. reference group
D. out-group
6. Because of certain characteristics of people, what groups in which individuals do not

identify herself/himself
A. reference group
B. social group
C. out-group
D. in-group
7. Based on the kind of social relation, which of the following is an example of an in-group?
A. Enemies
B. Biker and Singer
C. Members of a Dance troupe
D. Knowing out-groups differences
8. In the course of social relation within social group, an out-group may later become part of
your .
A. In group
B. Reference group
C. Network Group
D. Social Group
9. Based on the familiarity and similarity of people in a given group, what is a group to which
we compare ourselves?
A. Social Group
B. In-group
C. Reference Group
D. Out Group
10. Given a person finds themselves in a particular group, what could be the other term for
reference groups?
A. In-group
B. Out-group
C. Social Group
D. Identity Association Groups
11. Many of the social groups have shared various similarities in some particular way, which
of the following is the true purpose of having a reference group?
A. To win friends
B. To serve as guide of our behavior
C. To identify Cultural and behavioral Norms
D. To evaluate the behavior and culture of the people
12. In the variety of social groups where people are getting into relationship, reference
groups may be classified as .
A. In-groups
B. Out-Groups
C. In-groups and Out Groups
D. Primary and Secondary Groups
13. With different kinds of relation among social groups, these are sets of informal and
formal social ties that link people to each other
A. In-groups
B. Network Groups
C. Out Groups
D. Reference Groups
14. Network as social group has various characteristics, the following are the true reason for
forming networks EXCEPT:
A. Personal
B. Economic
C. Socio-Cultural
D. Environmental
15. In various social manifestation of network as a social group, below are examples of
networks EXCEPT:
A. Letters
B. Postcards
C. Facebook
D. Instagram
II. Complete the letters of the word based from what the pictures are implied.
1. F_ _ _ l_
2. F _ _ _n _s
3. C _a_ _m_ _ _ s
4. N _ _ W _ _ _s
5. O _ g _n _ z _ t _ _ n
III. Complete the sentence below based on the previous activity:
1. The words that I formed were

and .
2. I can relate to the picture/s above because
IV. Directions: Differentiate the following classifications of groups by citing their

characteristics and examples.
Primary Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Secondary Group
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
In-Group
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Out-Group
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
V. Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively.

Question: Think of a group that you belong to. How does this group influence you as a
student?
Answer: The group that I belong to is my .
Theyinfluencemeasastudentby
I influence them by
Theyhelpmefulfillmyambitionsinlifeby
WEEK 10
Political Organizations and Nonstate

Institution
Learning Outcomes
1. Analyze social and political structures

2. Differentiate functions of non-state institutions in society
Political Organizations
Bands and tribes are considered as the simplest political

systems. They are often perceived without a well-defined system of
leadership.
A band is usually small, formed by several families living

together; oftentimes moving from one place to the other to search
for food. Bands are egalitarian, meaning, all families are equal.
There is no class differentiation based on wealth; however, status
differences based on gender and age is well-defined. There is no
formal leadership, instead, those who possess special skills and
knowledge can be raised to become informal leader.
As the population of bands increases, the tendency of

conflict also increases. The conflict leads to “band fissioning” or Image: https://bit.ly/3cJITvz
band splitting.
Some leave the band to form their own group (social velocity). The band who survives
fissioning and social velocity eventually becomes a tribe.
A tribe (tribu) is more complex and larger than a band. As the population increases, there is a
shifting from a basic form of livelihood to a multiple way of living. Tribe is organized through pantribal
associations in the form of councils, tribal leaders, elders, etc. due to the presence of multiple
communities in a tribe. Tribes are commonly headed by a village headman who perform leadership
roles but has limited political power. Most tribes remain egalitarian.
A chiefdom has a more defined political organization. Chiefdoms have more or less permanent,
fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions. These leaders are referred to as the
“chief”. Formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select family. It is
composed of a number of communities that is ruled by a permanent paramount chief coming from this
elite family. Power is inherited. Chiefdom can either be simple chiefdom or complex chiefdom. Simple
chiefdom is characterized by a single village or community rules by a single family. A complex
chiefdom is composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a
single paramount center.
State and Nations
The advent of modernity has made the process of consolidating different individuals into one
political community more difficult and complicated. Out of the breakdown of political organizations,
what emerged was the presence of groups of people that shared a common history, language,
traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity. These groups are collectively referred to as nations.
On the other hand, a state is a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty
presiding over a group of people and a well-defined territory and has the highest form of political
organization.
Political Legitimacy and Authority
The task of organizing a political community requires the existence of leaders. Leaders, in
order to be effective, need to possess authority that is considered legitimate by the community.
Authority in relation to Legitimacy
Authority is the right to command. Authority is observed when an individual has a command to
make a person do things. Such act is a response to that person’s perceived power. This person can
be your boss, your superiors, or those who hold high positions in the society. For example, public
officials are elected by the people and granted with the rights to regulate and exercise administrative
functions based on the existing laws of the land.
Authority is more than power. Authority is guaranteed by legitimacy in a formal manner. What makes
authority binding and worthy of obedience is its
Legitimacy. Legitimacy gives form to authority. Legitimacy is a “value whereby something or

someone is recognized and accepted as right and proper. For authority to be binding and stable, it
must be legitimate.
WEBER’S THREE (3) TYPES OF AUTHORITY
According to the sociologist Max Weber, there is a category as to how authority is legitimated
as a belief system. These are traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational.
Traditional Charismatic egal-rational (bureaucra

Source of Power gitimized from from gitimized from the chari gitimized from formal r
tablished customs, hathe individual mulgated by the s
d social structures ough its fundamental
plementing laws.
Leadership Style Historic personality namic personality reaucratic
narchical rule or the rul ligious leaders or pop vernment officials in mo
Example es in a chiefdom ns such as movie actors tes
Nonstate Institutions and Organizations
Bank is a place where people deposit or

save their money with corresponding interest on a
given period of time. It lends money both to the
public and private organizations. The government
borrows money from the bank to finance its projects
while private organizations and individuals borrow
money to finance their business and other personal
needs. Example includes Banco de Oro, Bank of the
Philippine Islands, Metrobank, rural banks, etc.
Corporation is a company or group of

people authorized to act as a single entity and
recognized as such in law. Usually, corporations Image: https://bit.ly/3eQooPw
operate as stock corporations where ownership is through stockholders who own particular shares in
the company. Examples are San Miguel Corporation and Jollibee Foods Corporation.
Cooperative or coop refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary

toward the attainment of common economic, social and cultural needs or aspirations. A cooperative is
owned by its members. Examples are credit cooperative, consumer cooperative, electric cooperative,
housing cooperative, worker’s cooperative, agricultural cooperative, general cooperative.
A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers whose main objective is to
protect the welfare of its members. Its purpose is to collectively negotiate employers for better
compensation benefits, safety standards in the workplace, just to name a few. In the Philippines,
these national federations are Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) and the Kilusang
Mayo Uno (KMU).
Transnational Advocacy Groups are involved in social advocacy to promote principled

causes, ideas and values. Their goal is to give the powerless a voice in the domestic and
international lawmaking body. Common social advocacies include human rights, consumer rights,
women’s rights, environmental issues, and international peace. In the Philippines, Human Rights
Watch is very active in human rights and peace issues.
Development Agencies are committed/dedicated to distributing aid. These agencies are

present in developing countries challenged by security conflict, food shortage, climate change,
financial instability and others. Some of the prominent development agencies in the Philippines are
the following:
 United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
 Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)
 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Aid can be subdivided into two categories: humanitarian aid (emergency relief efforts in response
to disasters and development aid (foreign aid) aimed at helping countries to achieve sustainable
economic growth.
Global Organizations operate in the development of entire countries. They are the
funders and donors. They operate by giving loans or grants to other countries to be used for
development. In the onslaught of covid-19, the Philippines was granted a loan by the World Bank to
be used for financial assistance to many of the Filipinos who are affected by the pandemic. Below are
the most well-known organizations in the world.
 World Bank (WB)
 International Monetary Bank (IMB)
 Asian Development Bank (ADB)
International Organizations are organizations with international membership, scope or

presence. The two (2) main types are the following:
 International Non-governmental Organizations (INGO) – non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) that operate internationally, example, International Committee of the Red Cross.
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) – these are organizations that are made
up primarily of member states, example, the United Nations (UN).
SUMMARY
 Band is usually small, formed by several families living together; oftentimes moving from one
place to the other to search for food.
 Tribe is more complex and larger than a band. Tribe is organized through pantribal associations in
the form of councils, tribal leaders, elders, etc. due to the presence of multiple communities in a
tribe.
 Chiefdom has a more defined political organization. Chiefdoms have more or less permanent,
fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions. These leaders are referred to as the
“chief”.
 Out of the breakdown of political organizations, what emerged was the presence of groups of
people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity. These
groups are collectively referred to as nations.
 A state is a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty presiding over a group of
people and a well-defined territory and has the highest form of political organization.
 Authority is the right to command. Authority is observed when an individual has a command to
make a person do things.
 Legitimacy is a “value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and
proper. For authority to be binding and stable, it must be legitimate.
 Max Weber’s three types of authority includes traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational.
 Bank is a place where people deposit or save their money with corresponding interest on a given
period of time.
 Corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized
as such in law.
 Cooperative or coop refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward

the attainment of common economic, social and cultural needs or aspirations.
 A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers whose main objective is to protect the
welfare of its members. In the Philippines, these national federations are Trade Union Congress
of the Philippines (TUCP) and the Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU).
 Transnational Advocacy Groups are involved in social advocacy to promote principled causes,
ideas and values. In the Philippines, Human Rights Watch is very active in human rights and
peace issues.
 Development Agencies are committed/dedicated to distributing aid. Some of the prominent

development agencies in the Philippines are United States Agency for International Development
(USAID), Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), and Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA).
 Global Organizations operate in the development of entire countries. Some of the most well-
known organizations in the world include World Bank (WB), International Monetary Bank (IMB),
and Asian Development Bank (ADB).
 International Organizations are organizations with international membership, scope or presence.

The two main types are the International Non-governmental Organizations (INGO) and the
International Governmental Organizations.
Week 10
Activity Sheet # 7
Political Organizations and Nonstate Institution

I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is formed by several families living together based on marriage ties, common
descendants, friendship affiliations and members usually have common interest, or
enemy.
a. chiefdom c. tribe
b. band d. nation
2. A group usually headed by a village headman.

a. nation-state c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state
3. Formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select family.
a. nation c. tribe
b. state d. chiefdom
4. This is defined as a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty

presiding over a group of people and well-defined territory and has the highest form
of political organization.
a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation
5. It does not possess political sovereignty.

a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation
6. The power to make binding decisions and issue commands.

a. bureaucracy c. charismatic
b. legitimacy d. authority
7. Legitimized from formal rules promulgated by the state through its fundamental and
implementing laws.
a. traditional c. bureaucracy
b. legitimacy d. authority
8. Legitimated by the sanctity of tradition.

a. traditional c. dynamic
b. historical d. charismatic
9. A value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and

proper.
a. authority c. legal-rational
b. legitimacy d. bureaucracy
10. It has a more defined political organization and has more or less permanent, fulltime
leader with real authority to make major decisions.
a. nation c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state
11. It is more complex and larger than a band.

a. tribe c. chiefdom
b. band d. village headman
12. The Philippines belongs to what type of authority?

a. monarchial c. traditional
b. legal-rational d. charismatic
13. What leadership style is currently practiced by the Philippine government?

a. historical c. bureaucratic
b. traditional d. charismatic
14. Mother Teresa is an example of a leader.

a. charismatic c. monarchial
b. historical d. traditional
15. President Duterte is an example of a leader.

a. traditional c. monarchial
b. historical d. bureaucratic
II. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is a financial institution that lends money both to public as well as private

organizations.
a. trade unions c. corporations
b. labor union d. banks
2. It refers to a broad category of nonstate organizations representing a company or

group of people that engages in a lawful activity in relation to a public function, such
as the provision of a good or service to the larger society.
a. corporation c. cooperative
b. bank d. financial organization
3. It refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward the

attainment of common economic, social and cultural needs or aspirations.
a. bank c. NGO
b. cooperative d. labor union
4. What is the term used to an organization of workers whose main objective is to
protect the welfare of its members?
a. labor union c. cooperative
b. NGO d. INGO
5. They are the funders and donors.

a. Government Organizations c. Global organizations
b. People’s Organizations d. Religious organizations
6. World Bank, International Monetary Bank and Asian Development Bank are
examples of .
a. Civil Society Organizations c. Economic Organizations
b. Global Organizations d. Political Institutions
7. These agencies are present in developing countries challenged by security conflict,
food shortage, climate change, financial instability and others
a. financial market c. financial institution
b. economic organizations d. development agencies
8. They exist to promote principled causes, ideas, and values to change international
policy.
a. Transnational Advocacy Groups c. International Organizations
b. Development Agencies d. Local Organizations
9. The following banks are owned by private institutions except .
a. Banco de Oro c. Land Bank of the Philippines
b. Bank of the Philippine Island d. Metrobank
10. The following are government-owned institutions except

a. Jollibee Foods Corporation c. Philhealth Insurance Corporation
b. Home Mutual Development Fund d. Development Bank of the Phils.
11. This is a business owned by its customers. Employees can also become members.
a. banks c. consumer’s cooperative
b. corporations d. agricultural cooperative
12. This where residents either own shares reflecting their equity in the cooperative’s
real estate
a. electric cooperative c. general cooperative
b. housing cooperative d. credit cooperative
13. Ownership of a corporation is through stockholders who own particular shares in the
company.
a. stock corporation c. profit corporation
b. nonstock corporation d. nonprofit corporation
A cooperative that performs a broader range of functions.

a. housing cooperative c. farmer’s cooperative
b. electric cooperative d. general cooperative
A cooperative that provides credit facility to each member.

a. credit cooperative c. farmer’s cooperative
b. housing cooperative d. consumer’s cooperative
III. NAME THEM
1. Identify five (5) public officials in the Philippine government.

2. Write their names and their official government positions.
Name Official government position

1
2
3
4
5
IV. FILL IT UP
Fill in the missing letters to complete the word.
1. B N - it is a place where people deposit or save their money with

corresponding interest on a given period of time.
2. C R O A I N – is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single

entity and recognized in the law.
3. C O E A I E – or coop refers to an autonomous association whose

membership is voluntary toward the attainment of common economic, social and
cultural needs or aspirations.
V. WORD LOOPING
Encircle the words related to political leadership and structures. Write them also in
the box below.
B U R E A U C R A C Y C
Z L O T M C R O I G U Q
C Y C A M I T I G E L W
D K D R M A I L N T C E
O H N E O S C E T H O R
I G A W R D T K I A P T
X F B Q E F R E B W A E
V D I Q F E F N B P S T
M S U A O D B M X U D A
H A Y A O R E A C H F T
S P Y M R T S F C A G S
A Y T I R O H T U A H S
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.
VI. PARTNER FOR LIFE
Basta “Abot mo ang mundo!” “Bida ang Saya!” Of course, “We find ways!” to “Taste the
Feeling!”
Sounds familiar? Yes, indeed. Those are called taglines or slogan from different nonstate
institutions that make their brand distinct. Many of these institutions have played a key role in
boosting the economy of our country. Many of these institutions have always proven their worth as
a counterpart of the government especially in times of crisis. The private-public partnership is
obviously working in our country for the better. Let’s have a break through our next activity.
1. Watch the television, listen to the radio, and browse the internet. What else? Be
resourceful.
2. Research three (3) different nonstate institutions or organizations that can be found
in the Philippines which extended help during crisis.
3. Look for their name, their tagline or slogan, and their valuable contribution to our
country.
Name of the Organization Tagline or Slogan Valuable Contribution
VII. LOOK FOR IT
For you to be familiar with some nonstate institutions in our country, research two (2)
of the following:
1.
Bank 2
1.
Corporation 2
1.
Cooperative 2.
1.
NGO 2.
VIII. HOW CAN I HELP?
As a learner, give three (3) ways on how you can help In the economic development
in your respective community, city, province or in our country, in general.
1.
2.
3.
WEEK 11
Education
Learning Outcomes
1. Evaluate how functions of education affect the lives of

people in society;
2. Promote primary education as a human right.
Education is the social institution that formally
socializes members of the society. It also refers to the
process through which skills, knowledge, and values are
transmitted from the teachers to the learners.
Formal education usually takes placed in a classroom

setting and provided by trained teaching and nonteaching
staff.
Elementary education is the first part of the

educational system, and it includes the first six years of
Image: https://bit.ly/2Myx5BQ
compulsory education from grade1 to grade 6.
Secondary education is continuing basic education from the elementary level to four years of
junior high school and two years of senior high school.
Tertiary education is offered by private and public colleges and universities. Most higher
education institutions offer 4-year degree programs with 2 semesters per year.
Vocational education. Accredited institutions offer technical and vocational education. Programs
offered vary in duration from a few weeks to two years.
Special education (SPED) refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally,
emotionally, socially or culturally different from so-called “normal” individuals, such that they require
modification of school practices to develop their potential.
Nonformal education is an organized educational activity that takes placed outside a formal set
up. It has no age-limit, even adults can take part in a nonformal education program. One example for
this is the Alternative Learning System (ALS) of the Department of Education.
Informal education is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and
accumulates knowledge, skills, attitude from daily experiences at home, at work, at play, and from life
itself.
Functions of Education in the Society
 Give training in specific skills; or the basic general education literacy

 Prepare individuals for job
 Preserving culture from generation to generation
 Encouraging democratic participation through verbal skills
 Develop the person’s ability to think logically
 Enriching life by enabling the students to expand his/her intellectual and aesthetic horizons
 Improving personal adjustment through personal counselling
 Improving the health of the nation’s youth
 Producing nationalistic citizens
 Build personal character
The two most important goals of education for the individual and society are productive
citizenry and self-actualization. Productive citizenry refers to an idea that a citizen can create
opportunities to become productive.
Self-actualization refers to a desire for self-fulfilment. If an individual’s self-fulfilment is through

achieving his dreams and aspirations in life, once these are achieved, he reaches the level of self-
actualization.
Primary Education as a Human Right
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education.
Education has to be free and compulsory at least in the primary level, higher education and technical-
vocational education should be made generally available.
In the statement of United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO), education is a fundamental human right and essential for the exercise of all other human
rights. It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important development benefits.
Education is a powerful tool by which economically and socially marginalized adults and
children can lift themselves out of poverty and participate fully as citizens.
Hence in the Philippines, primary education is considered a right of a child. It is enshrined in the
1987 Philippine Constitution.
SUMMARY
 Education is the social institution that formally socializes members of the society. It also refers
to the process through which skills, knowledge, and values are transmitted from the teachers
to the learners.
 Formal education usually takes placed in a classroom setting and provided by trained
teaching and nonteaching staff.
 Elementary education is the first part of the educational system, and it includes the first six
years of compulsory education from grade1 to grade 6.
 Secondary education is continuing basic education from the elementary level to four years of
junior high school and two years of senior high school.
 Tertiary education is offered by private and public colleges and universities.
 Vocational education. Accredited institutions offer technical and vocational education.

Programs offered vary in duration from a few weeks to two years.
 Nonformal education is an organized educational activity that takes placed outside a formal
set up.
 Informal education is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and
accumulates knowledge, skills, attitude from daily experiences at home, at work, at play, and
from life itself.
 Special education (SPED) refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally,
emotionally, socially or culturally different from so-called “normal” individuals, such that they
require modification of school practices to develop their potential.
 The two most important goals of education for the individual and society are productive
citizenry and self-actualization.
 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education.
Education has to be free and compulsory at least in the primary level, higher education and
technical-vocational education should be made generally available.
Week 11
Activity Sheet # 8
Education

1. Which of the following is an example of nonformal education?
a. primary schooling c. adult night classes

b. senior high school d. doctorate program
2. What term explains a social institution that formally socializes members of society?
a. school c. formal education

b. nonformal education d. education
3. It is intentional, organized and structured form of learning, imparted in educational

institutions like school, college or university in order to modify the behavior of an
individual.
a. school c. formal education

b. nonformal education d. education
4. Learning that goes on in daily life and can be received through daily experiences
such as from family, peer group, the media and other influences in a person’s
environment.
a. education c. formal education

b. nonformal education d. informal education
5. It refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally,

socially or culturally different from so-called “normal” individuals.
a. special education c. primary education

b. secondary education d tertiary education
6. A continuing basic education from the elementary level and expanding it to include
the learning of employable, gainful skills.
a. informal education c. primary education

b. secondary education d. nonformal education
7. It usually takes placed in a classroom setting and provided by trained teaching and
nonteaching staff.
a. formal education c. education

b. nonformal reducation d. informal education
8. It is offered by private and public colleges and universities.
a. Special education c. primary education

b. Secondary education d. tertiary education
9. Programs offered vary in duration from a few weeks to two years.
a. nonformal education c. vocational education

b. special education d. formal education
10. Which educational institution one will enrol if he/she is interested to learn in a short
period of time about shielded metal arc and welding, baking, food processing, etc.
a. primary school c. vocational school

b. tertiary school d. pre-school
11. Which of the following is not a primary function of education?
a. cultural innovation c. socialization

b. courtship d. transmission of culture
12. Which of the following is a primary function of education?
a. socialization c. courtship
b. to work in group d. finding a business partner
13. Which of the following is included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
a. Everyone has the right to education.

b. Education has to be free.
c. c. Education is compulsory at least in the primary level.
d. a, b, c
14. Primary and secondary education is regulated by
a. CHED c. DepEd
b. TESDA d. Private Institutions
15. Tertiary education is regulated by
a. CHED c. DepEd
b. Private Institutions d. TESDA
II. DRAW ME A PICTURE
1. Draw me a picture in the box below about your views on education in the midst of
covid-19 pandemic.
2. Make it colourful. Be creative.
I LEARN
As a learner, give three (3) things that you learn during the quarantine period.
4.
5.
6.
WEEK 12
Social and Political Stratefication
Learning Outcomes
1. Examine stratification from the functionalist and conflict

perspectives
Social and Political Stratification
Differentiation is the method of relating people in

terms of certain social characteristics and then classifying
them into social categories based on their characteristics; it
does not involve ranking. For example, we may differentiate
people according to sex, age, occupation, education, etc.
We then place them in a particular social category.
The layering of these categories into higher and

lower position of prestige or respect is called social
stratification. Image: https://bit.ly/2Mz7b0Q
Social stratification is a society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic

strata/layer, based on their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived
power (social and political).
Three Social Classes
1. The upper class – consists of the elite or wealthy families who are the most prolific
(productive) in their respective areas. They value heritage most over wealth.
2. The middle class – these are mostly professional people like lawyers, doctors,
manager, owners of small businesses, executives, etc. They value education most
since education to them is the most important measure of social status.
3. The lower class – these are the office and clerical workers, skilled and unskilled
craftsman, farm employees, underemployed, indigent families, etc. They depend on
their paycheck.
Status is the individual’s position in the social structure. The higher or lower positions
that come about through social stratification are called statuses. For example, some people
are high government officials while others are salesmen, utility workers, etc. Statuses do not
relate to the individual themselves but rather to the position into which they have been
placed.
Social Desirables
Any rational individual will always aspire for things that give wealth, power, and
prestige. The ability of an individual to realize such aspiration is constrained by situations
where one is born into.
Ascribed statuses are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of
some fixed category. Examples are sex, family background, ethnicity, etc.
Achieved statuses are earned by the individual. Examples are honours received in
school, good job, award for winning a competition, etc.
Prestige and Esteem
Prestige refers to the evaluation of status. You have prestige according to your
status. For example, being a senior student, you have the prestige of a senior student at
your school. The prestige does not apply directly to you as a person, but rather to the social
category to which you belong (senior class).
Esteem refers to the assessment of our role behaviour. The measure of esteem we
have depends on how well we carry out our role. If you perform well, get an outstanding rating,
you get and have a high esteem.
Political Stratification
Political stratification is the extent to which inequalities are encapsulated in, or influenced
by political structures and processes regarding influence, power and authority.
Social Mobility System/Structure
Social mobility is the act of moving from one social status to another.
Open class system means that individuals can change their social class in the
society. People are free to gain a different level of education or employment than their
parents. They can also socialize with members of other classes, which allow people to move
from one class to another.
Caste and closed-class system, people can do little or nothing to change their
social standing. People are born into their social standing and will remain in it. People are
assigned occupations regardless of their talents, interests, or potential.
Types of Social Mobility
Horizontal mobility is the movement of a person within a social class level. For
example, a factory worker who finds a new job as a construction worker.
Vertical mobility is the movement of a person between social class levels or another
class. For example, a factory worker who enrols in college and becomes a businessman.
SUMMARY
 Differentiation is the method of relating people in terms of certain social

characteristics and then classifying them into social categories based on their
characteristics; it does not involve ranking.
 Social stratification is a society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic

strata/layer, based on their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or
derived power (social and political).
 The three social classes are the upper class, middle class, lower class.
 Status is the individual’s position in the social structure.
 Ascribed status are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of some
fixed category.
 Achieved statuses are earned by the individual.
 Prestige refers to the evaluation of status. You have prestige according to your
status.
 Esteem refers to the assessment of our role behaviour. The measure of esteem we
have depends on how well we carry out our role.
 Political stratification is the extent to which inequalities are influenced by political

structures and processes regarding influence, power and authority.
 Social mobility is the act of moving from one social status to another.
 Open class system means that individuals can change their social class in the
society.
 Caste and closed-class system, people can do little or nothing to change their social
standing.

 Horizontal mobility is the movement of a person within a social class level.
 Vertical mobility is the movement of a person between social class levels or another
class
Week 12
Activity Sheet # 8
Social and Political Stratefication

1. It consists of the elite or wealthy families.

a. lower class c. ascribed status
b. upper class d. achieved status
2. It is one in which people are born into their social standing and will remain in it their
whole lives.
a. caste and closed-class system c. middle class
b. open class system d. lower class
3. The individual’s position in the social structure.

a. upper class c. status
b. middle class d. statuses
4. A society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic strata/layer, based on their

occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power.
a. vertical mobility c. political stratification
b. horizontal mobility d. social stratification
5. Status earned by the individual.

a. status c. ascribed status
b. achieved status d. statuses
6. The act of moving from one social status to another.

a. social mobility c. social stratification
b. political stratification d. differentiation
7. People in the social class who depend merely on their paycheck.

a. middle class c. upper class
b. lower class d. social class
8. It refers to the evaluation of status.

a. esteem c. differentiation
b. prestige d. stratification
9. The method of relating people in terms of certain social characteristics and then
classifying them into social categories based on their characteristics.
a. social structure c. differentiation
b. social mobility d. political stratification
10. These are mostly professional people like lawyers, doctors, manager, owners of
small businesses, executives, etc.
a. upper class c. lower class
b. social class d. middle class
11. The movement of a person within a social class level.

a. horizontal mobility c. statuses
b. vertical mobility d. status
12. Assigned by the society on the basis of some fixed category.

a. Status c. ascribed status
b. achieved status d. statuses
13. The movement of a person between social class levels or another class
a. horizontal mobility c. vertical mobility
b. upper class d. middle class
14. Individuals can change their social class in the society.
a. caste and closed-class system c. social status
b. social class d. open class system
15. It refers to the assessment of our role behaviour.

a. class c. prestige
b. esteem d. status
II. STATUS
Based on the concepts in this lesson, list down your ascribed and achieved status.
No. Ascribed Status No. Achieved Status

1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
III. JUMBLED LETTERS
Answer the questions by arranging the jumbled letters. Place your answers at the last
column.
No. Question Jumbled Letters Answer

1 The individual’s position in the social structure. TTSASU
2 The movement of a person between social ARETVIC
class levels or another class. TLOBMIIY
3 Status earned by the individual. EDHCAIV
USTTAS
4 People can do little or nothing to change their ETSAC
social standing. YSETMS
5 Individuals can change their social class in the PENO LCSSA
society TEMYSS
WEEK 13
Social Inequality
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand what is social inequality

2. Identify characteristics of the systems of stratification
Social inequality is the existence of uneven
opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions or
statuses within a group or society. It happens when
resources, in whatever nature, are distributed unevenly in
most societies.
Social inequalities are correlated also to gender

inequality (women and LGBT), ethnic minorities, racial
inequality and persons with disabilities, etc.
Image: https://bit.ly/3cOzGSM
Gender and sexual orientation has been a subject in inequality. Traditionally, women
were regarded as placed in the lower social status in the society compared to men. Men were
accorded to have more social and political rights. In these modern societies, though there are
already many women representations in the civil society, the culture of stereotyping is still evident.
They are also subjected to abuse and violence.
A similar situation is also experienced by the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender)
community whose gender preferences are subject to discrimination in the society.
Ethnic minorities, as we usually call them taga-bukid (from the hinterlands), are also
subject to social discrimination – the cultural marginalization that they experience from the dominant
majority. They are also victims of stereotyping, abuse and violence.
Persons with disabilities (PWD) or differently-abled persons are also victims of

inequality and deprived of the opportunities in the society especially in the employment sector due
to their physical impairments.
Minorities in the social structure. Members of the society that have more power than
others are called dominant members. Dominant members set the standards in the society. They
enjoy more privileges such as better houses, better schools, and higher income. On the other hand,
those who are barred from such privileges and opportunities are called the minorities. They are
usually denied by the equal treatment of the majorities or dominant.
Discrimination and prejudice. Discrimination happens when minorities are being deprived
of equal treatment and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members of the society and the
resistance of equality.
Closely linked to discrimination is prejudice. Prejudice can be either positive or negative but
most of the times it connotes negativity. Prejudice is defined as a negative attitude toward the
members of a particular group. It is a prejudgement of others that allows us to brand or label them
in various negative ways.
Discrimination is an act while prejudice is an attitude.
Stereotyping refers to our tendency to picture all members of a particular category as

having the same qualities. Usually, stereotyping is a result of over generalization.
Ethnocentrism is the belief that our nation, race, or group is the best or superior than
others.
Scapegoating. This is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know
how to solve it. Often they feel frustrated and eventually it leads to aggression. When it happens,
people usually look someone or something else to be blamed for their own troubles or problems.
Racism. It is the belief that one’s own race is superior and has the right to control or direct
others.
There are ways to address this social inequality issues. First, there should be enough laws to
protect these vulnerable groups in the society. If laws are already made available, execution of
these laws should be strengthened.
Another way is to promote programs and projects from the government and non-government
organizations for these groups. Educate the public, in whatever avenue, to address the culture of
social inequality.
SUMMARY
 Social inequality is the existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social
positions or statuses within a group or society.
 Gender and sexual orientation has been a subject in inequality. Traditionally, women were
regarded as placed in the lower social status in the society compared to men.
 A similar situation is also experienced by the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender)
community whose gender preferences are subject to discrimination in the society.
 Ethnic minorities are also subject to social discrimination – the cultural marginalization that
they experience from the dominant majority.
 Persons with disabilities (PWD) or differently-abled persons are also victims of inequality and
deprived of the opportunities in the society especially in the employment sector due to their
physical impairments.
 Members of the society that have more power than others are called dominant members.
Those who are barred from such privileges and opportunities are called the minorities.
 Discrimination happens when minorities are being deprived of equal treatment and are kept in
a lower status by the dominant members of the society and the resistance of equality.
 Prejudice is defined as a negative attitude toward the members of a particular group. It is a

prejudgement of others that allows us to brand or label them in various negative ways.
 Stereotyping refers to our tendency to picture all members of a particular category as having
the same qualities.
 Ethnocentrism is the belief that our nation, race, or group is the best or superior than others.
 Scapegoating is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know how to
solve it. People usually look someone or something else to be blamed for their own troubles or
problems.
 Racism is the belief that one’s own race is superior and has the right to control or direct
others.
Week 13
Activity Sheet # 9
Social Inequality

1. People whose cultural background differs from that of the dominant members of the
society
a. ethnic minority c. PWD
b. women d. LGBT
2. People who are barred from some degree of power, prestige, or wealth.
a. dominant c. minority
b. wealthy d. majority
3. Women regarded as placed in the lower social status in the society compared to men.
a. racial discrimination c. ethnic discrimination
b. gender discrimination d. disability discrimination
4. It is the existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions or
statuses within a group or society.
a. economic inequality c. political inequality
b. cultural inequality d. social inequality
5. It is the thinking that one’s own race is superior than the others.
a. discrimination c. stereotyping
b. racism d. prejudice
6. This people who have physical impairments do not usually enjoy the benefits that abled
people received.
a. PWD c. ethnic group
b. LGBT d. women
7. This is a group of people whose gender preferences are subject to discrimination.

a. dominant c. LGBT
b. minority d. PWD
8. An act of depriving minorities of equal treatment and are kept in the lower status of the
society and the resistance of equality.
a. stereotyping c. racism
b. discrimination d. prejudice
9. A negative attitude towards the members of a particular group.

a. prejudice c. discrimination
b. racism d. ethnocentrism
10. The belief that our own nation, race, or group is the best.
a. prejudice c. stereotyping
b. ethnocentrism d. racism
11. The situation when people encounter problem that they do not know how to solve it.
a. ethnocentrism c. stereotyping
b. racism d. scapegoating
12. It refers to the tendency to picture all members of the particular group as having the
same qualities.
a. discrimination c. stereotyping
13. It is described on the basis of unequal distribution of income and wealth.

a. economic inequality c. political inequality
b. social inequality d. gender inequality
14. When people move, or migrate, from one society to another, they are commonly called
members of the .
a. majority c. ethnic group
b. minority d. women’s group
15. Which of the following was not identified as a group that has substantial advantages
accorded upon them?
a. men c. members of the upper class
b. women d. wealthy
II. WHAT DO YOU THINK?
Do you agree that women and men should always be treated the same way? Give three
(3) reasons.
1.
2.
3.
III. TRUE or FALSE
Direction: Write the word True if the statement is correct, write the word False if the
statement is incorrect.
1. Discrimination is a biased thought against an individual or group.
2. Having high quality, free education and health care available for everyone help
reduce inequality.
3. Same sex marriage is legal in the Philippines.
4. Women are accorded more on social and political rights.

5. Social inequality is almost present in all societies.
IV. ENUMERATION
Enumerate five (5) possible ways to eliminate, if not, minimize social inequality in the
society?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
WEEK 14
Global Inequality
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand global inequality

2. Suggest ways to address global inequalities
Inequality does not only
exist in our community, in our
society, in our country but also
among countries. There are
countries which are economically
matured and more powerful than
other countries and ends up to
become influential in the global
community. This leads to a
condition of global inequality where
developing countries end up being
controlled and influenced by the
developed countries.
Image: https://bit.ly/37nqHab
The case of the Philippines

and the United States is a good example of this, where, culturally, economically, and
politically, the Philippines is perceived to be under the strong influence of the United States
due to the colonization in the past.
Inequality can also be an outcome of the relative strength of a state as compared

with another in terms of strategic importance or development assistance. Countries with
many resources tend to have more power. Countries that send official development
assistance (ODA) in the form of loans and grants are in the position to dictate their policy
conditions.
Military strength is also a source of inequality where countries with superior military
competence are able to bully the weaker ones, just in the issue of West Philippine Sea
between China and the Philippines.
Global inequality can also be manifested through transnational business corporations

and organizations that operate globally. These private corporations have enormous power to
influence the economy of the countries where they have investments.
SUMMARY
 Inequality does not only exist in our community, in our society, in our country but also
among countries.
 There are countries that are economically matured and more powerful than other
countries and basically ends up to become influential in the global community.
 Inequality can also be an outcome of the relative strength of a state as compared

with another in terms of strategic importance or development assistance.
 Countries with many resources tend to have more power. Countries that send official
development assistance (ODA) in the form of loans and grants are in the position to
dictate their policy conditions.
 Military strength is also a source of inequality where countries with superior military
competence are able to bully the weaker ones.
 Global inequality can also be manifested through transnational business corporations

and organizations that operate globally
Week 14
Activity Sheet # 10
Global Inequality

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. The following are included in the 2015 Millennium Development Goals except
a. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
b. reduce child mortality
c. climate action
d. achieve universal primary education
2. The following are included in the Sustainable Development Goals except

a. improve maternal health c. life on land
b. reduced inequalities d. life below water
3. The following are the top solutions to income inequality except

a. job creation c. tax policy
b. decline quality of education d. workforce development
4. It involves the concentration of resources in certain nations, significantly affecting the

opportunities of individuals in poorer and less powerful countries.
a. economic inequality c. global inequality
b. political inequality d. social inequality
5. It refers to this unequal distribution among nations.

a. discrimination c. global stratification
6. Non-industrialized country is termed as

a. developing country c. undeveloped country
b. developed country d. underdeveloped country
7. Industrialized country is termed as

a. developing country c. underdeveloped country
b. undeveloped country d. developed country
8. Equality exists in
a. communities c. cities
b. countries d. a, b, and c
9. It is the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities
a. poverty c. relative poverty
b. absolute poverty d. situational poverty
10. The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a
people by a foreign power for an extended period is referred to as:
a. colonialism c. stratification
b. dependency d. inequality
11. The top solutions to income inequality include

a. social welfare policy c. tax policy
b. redistribution d. a, b, and c
12. The following are the causes of global inequality except

a. natural calamity c. war
b. innovation d. lack of education
13. The formation of regional groups can address global inequality.

a. true c. neither true nor false
b. false d. a, b, and c
14. The following are effects of global inequality except

a. crime c. better access to education
b. poverty d. terrorism
15. The following are mechanisms that can address global inequality
a. bilateral treaties and pacts c. international treaties
b. formation of regional groups d. a, b, and c
II. CONCEPT MAP
Using the concept map below, give five (5) ways to address global inequality.
Ways to address global inequality

WEEK 15
Cultutral, Social, and Political Change: New

Challenges to Human Adaptation and
Social Change
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify new challenges faced by human populations in

contemporary societies.
2. Describe how human societies adapt to new challenges in
the physical, social, and cultural environment.
3. Develop a plan of action for community-based response to
change.
Any shift in various aspects of the society means
change. Social change refers to the significant
modification or alteration in the lifestyle of a society,
including culture. Social change also means any significant
shift or modification in the lifestyle of the society that
affects the major portion of the population that brings about
pattern of behaviour. It may be brought about by cultural,
religious, economic, scientific, or technological forces.
Image: https://bit.ly/2UAHr8F
“Staying at home and the “new normal” because of
covid-19 are the best examples for this. Any change of
what we perceived as a normal thing in our lives, may it be intentional or not, may lead to social
change.
Cultural change refers to changes made in cultural elements, both material and non-material.
Political change is when there is a significant disruption in a government that leads to new or
modified leadership or policies.
CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Technology. According to Thomas Friedman, American political commentator and author,

technology is the driving force behind globalization. People get connected all over the world through
technology. Technologically advanced countries are on the rise. Technology contributes a lot to the
modernization in the fields of medicine, agriculture, manufacturing, and other industries. Life has
been made easier through technology. But, it can’t be denied that while technology has given so
much comfort to us, there is also its downside. To name a few, it helps widen the gap between the
technology savvy and those who are not. It can also bring security risk in terms on data privacy
issues, online scam, online hacking, phishing, systems failure, and the like.
Social Institutions. Social institutions are established sets of norms and subsystems in a
society. Societies are composed of different sectors and each sector carries out specific tasks. Each
sector also has different responsibilities that contribute to the normal functioning of the society. Each
change in a single social institution, also leads to changes in all other institutions. For instance, the
change in technology has led to changes in other social institutions. The introduction of machineries
to be used in factories has led to a change in the acquisition of the workforce where there are only
few individuals are needed to run an industry than in a manual work set-up.
Population. A change in population in the composition of every level in the society leads
to social change. Regardless, whether the population increases or decreases, for sure it has a great
impact of all aspects in the society.
Environment. A population change may affect the environment and the natural resources.
Likewise, a change in the environment will also affect the people and the society. Because of the
changes in the population (increase), people will now be using all the natural resources available. The
way human interact with the environment and the way members of the population utilize the
resources aggravate the impact of those natural disasters.
Modernization may also be considered as atypical result of social change. It refers to the
process of increased differentiation and specialization within a society, primarily around its industry
and infrastructure.
SOURCES OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE

Innovation. It is the use of new techniques to achieve desired ends. It also refers to
changing or creating more effective processes and ideas. This is the process of translating a new
idea into something that can create value.
Cultural Diffusion. This is the spread of culture including aspects such as clothing and
food, from one group to another, typically as a result of making contact with a new group for the first
time. When one culture begins to adopt elements (clothing, food, religion, costume, song, dance,
language, etc.) of another culture, then cultural diffusion happens. Filipinos experience cultural
diffusion when KPOP was first introduced in the Philippines. The concept of KPOP music and K
drama was new to us at that time.
Acculturation. It is a process where a minority (small group of people) adopts the cultural
aspects of the majority (large group of people) without losing its own traditions and customs. Looking
back to our previous example about KPOP, many Filipino millennial begin to speak and dress like
their KPOP idol but they can still retain their Filipino culture.
Assimilation. Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the

ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of the minority’s own culture as more value is given to the
cultural aspects of the majority.
SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND TENSIONS
Social contradictions and tensions apply only to humans. There are instances that a new
idea somehow may lead to innovation, but instead, it can disturb patterns and relationships between
people, likewise, the encountering of other cultures may lead to tensions and conflict.
Inter-ethnic conflict is an armed conflict between different ethnic groups. When two or
more ethnic groups meet because they are occupying or living in the same territory, there are so
many possibilities that may arise. One of these is misunderstanding between these groups that would
likely lead to conflict and would result to war.
Political violence can be the result not only of ethnic conflict but also of class conflict. In
political science, political violence is also seen as a manifestation of aggressive politics, and it
includes revolutions, civil war, riots, strikes, and peaceful protest movements. Two of the more
serious forms of political violence are revolution and terrorism.
Revolution involves a public seizure of the state with the main goal of overturning the
existing political structures. Revolutions involve the public, and are usually attended by rapid,
structural changes that usually involve the use of violence.
Terrorism occurs when nonstate actors use violence against civilians to achieve their
political goals.
Gender issue is also a source of social contradictions and tensions. The issue on gender
equality has been a subject on social discussions for quite some time up to the present. Gender
equality refers to a view that all genders, including men and women, should receive equal treatment,
and therefore should not be discriminated against based on their gender. UNICEF (United Nations
children’s Fund) describes gender equality as “women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the same
rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It does not require that girls and boys, or women and
men, be the same, or that they be treated exactly alike.
New Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social Change

Humans are generally adaptive to changes in the
environment. If people perceive relevant changes in the
environment they are in, they readily adapt their
behaviour to meet these new challenges for their own
benefit. Changes are inevitable. They bring a host of
problems, and as humans, we are challenged to respond
to these problems not only individually but collectively.
Image: https://bit.ly/3dSFTPa
Global Warming and Climate Change
Many researchers on global warming and climate change focus mostly on what it will bring
to the future. Climate change serves as a new challenge to humans today. The changing climatic
conditions that we experience tell us that there is an existing environmental problem that needs to be
addressed immediately so that it will not give too much negative impact to human beings in the future.
Everyone must do something and act on global warming and climate change to ensure the survival of
human species.
Today, different programs are being implemented worldwide to prevent further global
warming and avoid climate change. Despite of this, its effect will definitely last many years from now.
Therefore, adaptation to the resulting changes in climate change is necessary. The goal of adaptation
to climate change is to increase the ability of our environmental, social, and economic system to cope
with the problem.
Transnational Migration and Overseas Filipino Workers
Aside from human adaptation to changes in environment, people on earth are also facing
adaptation challenges borne by the need for mobility; people are changing residences rapidly.
Migration is defined as the process of geographic mobility, or the change of residence of a

person from one community to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently. There
are three types of migration – international migration is the permanent transfer from one country to
another. A change of residence within a country is called internal migration. Circular migration is a
temporary movement of a person.
Transnational migrants are those persons who having migrated from one nation-state to
another, live their lives across borders, participating simultaneously in social relations that embed
them in more than one nation-state.
Overseas Filipino Worker is a person of Filipino origin who lives and works outside of the
Philippines. This term applies to Filipinos who are abroad indefinitely as citizens or as permanent
residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens who are abroad for a limited, definite
period as workers or as students. They are called bagong bayani ng bayan.
Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural Change
Inclusive citizenship is a governing policy focused at giving all citizens a strong sense that
they are members of the overall society. This also includes access to public funds, public
organizations, egalitarian rights and acceptance by national figures.
Participatory governance is a kind theory which put emphasis on democratic engagement

through deliberative practices. The desired output of participatory governance is citizen engagement.
Participation is a fundamental goal of most government institutions. The right to participate in a
society’s decision-making processes has been accepted as a basic human right.
New media. From media to mass media, to electronic media, and now to the so-called new
media. Technology has a great influence on our way of living; it also widens our social circle. New
media is a generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication that are made
possible through the use of computer technology.
Social networking is a more casual form of social media. The most popular example is
Facebook. Social networking is just one of the different forms and types of social media. Others
include forums, microblogging, bookmarking, video sites and search engines.
Social movement is defined as a set of attitudes and self-conscious actions by people

seeking to change society. Social movements involve a large number of people mobilize to endorse
or resist any social and cultural change.
Environmentalism is a social movement whose advocacies are in line with concerns for
the environment – its protection and improvement; feminism is for the women’s liberation movement.
It is a feminist movement which is a series of political campaigns to push for reforms on issues
involving women such as reproductive health, domestic violence, fair labor practices, political suffrage
and sexual harassment.
SUMMARY
 Social change refers to the significant modification or alteration in the lifestyle of a

society, including culture. Social change also means any significant shift or
modification in the lifestyle of the society that affects the major portion of the
population that brings about pattern of behaviour.
 Cultural change refers to changes made in cultural elements, both material and non-
material.
 Political change is when there is a significant disruption in a government that leads to

new or modified leadership or policies.
 Causes of social change include technology, social institutions, population,

environment, and modernization.
 Sources of cultural, social and political changes include innovation, cultural diffusion,
acculturation, and assimilation.
 Social contradictions and tensions include inter-ethnic conflict, class struggle, armed
conflict, terrorism, protests, and gender issues.
 Humans are generally adaptive to changes in the environment. If people perceive

relevant changes in the environment they are in, they readily adapt their behaviour to
meet these new challenges for their own benefit.
 Many researchers on global warming and climate change focus mostly on what it will
bring to the future. Climate change serves as a new challenge to humans today. The
changing climatic conditions that we experience tell us that there is an existing
environmental problem that needs to be addressed immediately so that it will not give
too much negative impact to human beings in the future.
 Migration is defined as the process of geographic mobility, or the change of

residence of a person from one community to another with the intention of settling
temporarily or permanently. There are three types of migration – international
migration, internal migration and circular migration.
 Transnational migrants are those persons who having migrated from one nation-state
to another, live their lives across borders, participating simultaneously in social
relations that embed them in more than one nation.
 Overseas Filipino Worker is a person of Filipino origin who lives and works outside of
the Philippines. This term applies to Filipinos who are abroad indefinitely as citizens
or as permanent residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens who are
abroad for a limited, definite period as workers or as students.
 Inclusive citizenship is a governing policy focused at giving all citizens a strong sense
that they are members of the overall society.
 Participatory governance is a kind theory which put emphasis on democratic

engagement through deliberative practices.
 New media is a generic term for the many different forms of electronic
communication that are made possible through the use of computer technology.
 Social networking is a more casual form of social media. The most popular example
is Facebook.
 Social movement is defined as a set of attitudes and self-conscious actions by

people seeking to change society. Environmentalism is a social movement whose
advocacies are in line with concerns for the environment – its protection and
improvement; feminism is for the women’s liberation movement.
Week 15
Activity Sheet # 11
Cultutral, Social, and Political Change: New Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social
Change

1. Social movements help bring about social change. This statement is .

a. true c. neither a nor b
b. false d. a, b, and c
2. Social change can be

a. Political c. scientific
b. social d. a, b, and c
3. Population change may affect the environment and the natural resources. Environmental
changes also affect people and the society. Therefore, we can conclude that:
a. Population growth has a negative effect in the environment.
b. Individuals and the environment affect each other.
c. Disasters are caused by people themselves.
d. The continuous growth of world population increases the possibility of more natural
disaster.
4. The following are causes of social changes except:

a. tensions c. technology
b. modernization d. environment
5. This refers to the view that all genders including men and women should receive equal
treatment and therefore should not be discriminated based on their gender
a. ethnic conflict c. feminist movement
b. Gender equality d. racial discrimination
6. It refers to the use of new techniques to achieved desired end.

a. diffusion c. assimilation
b. acculturation d. innovation
7. Ethnic conflict and civil war

a. means the same c. usually happens together
b. is different from each other d. prevails in Asian countries
8. Gender issue is an example of

a. innovation c. social tension
b. assimilation d. social movement
9. It refers to transmission of cultural characteristics or traits from the common society to all
other societies
c. diffusion c. technology
d. assimilation d. acculturation
10. It is an armed conflict between different ethnic groups

c. revolution c. inter-ethnic conflict
d. civil war d. terrorism
11. It is a process of systematic cultural change of a particular society carried out by a new or
another dominant society
c. Assimilation c. revolution
d. acculturation d. terrorism
12. The following are causes of social change except:

a. social institutions c. modernization
b. innovation d. gender issues
13. It refers to changes made in cultural elements, both material and non-material.
c. social change c. cultural change
d. population change d. political change
14. It occurs when nonstate actors use violence against civilians to achieve their political goals
a. crime c. civil war
b. revolution d. terrorism
15. It involves a public seizure of the state with the main goal of overturning the existing
political structures
a. revolution c. inter-ethnic conflict
b. civil war d. terrorism
II. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Overseas Filipino Workers are also called

a. Huwarang Mamamayan ng Bansa
b. Bagong Bayani ng Bayan
c. Modelo ng Bayan
d. Bayani ng Makabagong panahon
2. It is the process of geographic mobility, or the change of residence of a person from one
community to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently.
a. mobilization c. urbanization
b. transnationalism d. migration
3. This kind of migration exists when a person is moved against his will such as slaves or when
the move is initiated because of external factors line disaster or war.
a. internal migration c. force migration
b. international migration d. circulatory migration
4. A change of residence within a country.

a. internal migration c. international migration
b. circulatory migration d. transnational migration
5. It is a type of migration where persons who having migrated from one nation-state to
another, live their lives across borders, participating simultaneously in social relations that
embed them in more than one nation-state.
a. circulatory migration c. force migration
b. transnational migration d. internal migration
6. Temporary kind of migration is usually dominated by

a. student migration c. both a and b
b. labor migration d. none of the above
7. The positive effects of transnational migrations are:

a. enhance lifestyle opportunities c. personal enrichment
b. improved language abilities d. all of the above
8. It is a governing policy focused at giving all citizens a strong sense that they are a member
of the overall society.
a. inclusive citizenship c. citizenship
b. exclusive citizenship d. multiple citizenship
9. Which of the following is not an example of new media?

a. email c. blog
b. magazine d. facebook
10. It is defined as set of attitudes and self-consciousness actions by people seeking to change
society.
a. social networking c. social movement
b. social media d. social change
11. It is for the women’s liberation movement.

a. sex equality c. gender equality
b. gender sensitivity d. feminism
12. A social movement whose advocacies are in line with concerns for the environment – its
protection and improvement;
a. sustainable development c. feminism
b. environmentalism d. ecologism
13. A generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication that are made
possible through the use of computer technology.
a. print media c. new media
b. social movement d. mass media
14. It is a kind theory which put emphasis on democratic engagement through deliberative
practices
a. environmentalism c. participatory governance
b. poverty d. inclusive citizenship
15. A more casual form of social media. The most popular example is Facebook.
a. social networking c. social movement
b. social media d. social change
III. TANGLED - Arrange the tangled letters until you get the right term.
No. Tangled Words Answer

1. coslia agecnh
2. lulucrat nheagc
3. acitolpil hcnaeg
IV. “NOON AT NGAYON” - Due to the changes brought by technology, there are many
inventions/innovations used by human that make lives easier. You are to provide the old
invention and the new innovation. Number one (1) is already done for you.
Noon Ngayon
1. typewriter computer
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
V. PICTURE ANALYSIS - Analyze the picture below and answer the question asked.
What is the picture trying to convey?
VI. MY THOUGHTS
What cultural, social and political changes that I have learned during covid-19 pandemic.
1.
2.
3.
VII. ACTION PLAN - Identify one (1) problem in your community that was caused by
cultural, social or political change. Propose a community-based advocacy plan on how to
respond to the problem.
COMMUNITY-BASED ADVOCACY PLAN
Problem:
Cause/s of the problem:
.
Effect/s of the problem on people:
.
Proposed community-based action on how to solve the problem:
.
Target date or month of the proposed action:
.
Activities that will be conducted to solve the problem (enumerate) and timetable:
.
Other Materials Needed:
Rubric for the Activity
The content and ideas are organized in a clear, logical manner.

The answer conveys a genuine personal view regarding the topic.
The work is original and does not contain plagiarized content.
Total points (15)

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Understanding Culture

Society and Politics

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Define the concept of social groups

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Basic Classifications of Social Groups

Primary groups are marked by concern for one another, shared

The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles

Sample Groups: Family, Play group, Village/Neighborhood, Work-

Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional

Belonging to the same group as others who share the same

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a

By looking to reference groups--be they those of race,

A network is a collection of people tied

Student’s Name: Date:

6. Because of certain characteristics of people, what groups in which individuals do not

1. The words that I formed were

2. I can relate to the picture/s above because

IV. Directions: Differentiate the following classifications of groups by citing their

V. Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively.

Political Organizations and Nonstate

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Analyze social and political structures

Bands and tribes are considered as the simplest political

A band is usually small, formed by several families living

As the population of bands increases, the tendency of

State and Nations

Political Legitimacy and Authority

Legitimacy. Legitimacy gives form to authority. Legitimacy is a “value whereby something or

WEBER’S THREE (3) TYPES OF AUTHORITY

Traditional Charismatic egal-rational (bureaucra

Nonstate Institutions and Organizations

Bank is a place where people deposit or

Corporation is a company or group of

Cooperative or coop refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary

Transnational Advocacy Groups are involved in social advocacy to promote principled

Development Agencies are committed/dedicated to distributing aid. These agencies are

International Organizations are organizations with international membership, scope or

 Cooperative or coop refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward

 Development Agencies are committed/dedicated to distributing aid. Some of the prominent

 International Organizations are organizations with international membership, scope or presence.

Student’s Name: Date:

I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

2. A group usually headed by a village headman.

4. This is defined as a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty

5. It does not possess political sovereignty.

6. The power to make binding decisions and issue commands.

8. Legitimated by the sanctity of tradition.

9. A value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and

11. It is more complex and larger than a band.

12. The Philippines belongs to what type of authority?

13. What leadership style is currently practiced by the Philippine government?

14. Mother Teresa is an example of a leader.

15. President Duterte is an example of a leader.

II. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is a financial institution that lends money both to public as well as private

2. It refers to a broad category of nonstate organizations representing a company or

3. It refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward the

5. They are the funders and donors.

10. The following are government-owned institutions except

A cooperative that performs a broader range of functions.

A cooperative that provides credit facility to each member.

III. NAME THEM