SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION PARTICIPATION OF ETHIOPIAN

FARMERS (IN CASE OF JIDDA WOREDA)

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR BA DEGREE IN ECONOMICS

BY; MELESA GUDETA

ADVISOR; ACHELU BARECHA (Msc)

JANUARY, 2019

JIMMA, ETHIOPIA

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 Contents
ACRONYMS/ABBREVATIONS.......................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................v
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study....................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem................................................................................................................2
1.3. Research Question............................................................................................................................3
1.4. Objective of the study.......................................................................................................................3
1.4.1. General objective.......................................................................................................................3
1.4.2. Specific objectives......................................................................................................................4
1.5. Significance of the study...................................................................................................................4
1.6. Scope of the study............................................................................................................................4
1.7 Organization of the paper..................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE R EVIEW....................................................................................................................................5
2.1. Theoretical Literature.......................................................................................................................5
2.1.1. Definition of irrigation...................................................................................................................5
2.1.2. Necessity of irrigation................................................................................................................5
2.1.3. Benefits of Irrigation..................................................................................................................6
2.1.4. Enhancing food securities through small scale irrigation...........................................................7
2.1.5. Sources of water for irrigation...................................................................................................8
2.1.6. Development of irrigation in Ethiopia........................................................................................8
2.1.7. Classification of irrigation project............................................................................................10
2.1.8. Irrigation potential of Ethiopia.................................................................................................10
2.1.9. Irrigation as a source of employment......................................................................................11
2.1.10. Inputs for irrigation................................................................................................................12
2. 1.11. Major constraints of irrigation..............................................................................................13
2.1.12. Small scale irrigation and income distribution.......................................................................13
2.1.13. Government role in small scale irrigation..................................................................................13
2.2. Empirical Literature........................................................................................................................14
2.2.1. Irrigation development in the world........................................................................................14

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 2.2.2. Irrigation development from 18th to 20th AD............................................................................14
2.2.3. Irrigation development in Africa..............................................................................................15
2.2.4. Socio-Economic and other related variables and Irrigation Development...............................15
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................17
3. Methodology and Data Analysis...........................................................................................................17
3.1Source of Data..................................................................................................................................17
3.2 Method of data collection...............................................................................................................17
3.3 Sampling Technique.........................................................................................................................17
3.4. Methods of data analysis................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................19
4.1 Time Budget.....................................................................................................................................19
4.2 Cost Budget.....................................................................................................................................19
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................21
Appendix Questionnaire............................................................................................................................22

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ACRONYMS/ABBREVATIONS

EEA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ethiopian Economic Association

ETB ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ethiopian Birr

FAO ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization

GDP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Gross domestic Product

GTP ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Growth and Transformation Plan hectare

MoA ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ministry of Agriculture

MoARD ,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development

MoWR ,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ministry of Water Resources

NGOs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Non Governmental Organizations

NPC ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, National Planning Commission

MOFED ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ministry of finance and Economic development

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ABSTRA
The core objectives of this study will be to examine the use of small scale irrigation in Jidda
woreda. And identify the participant and non participants out of 13 kebeles. The rationale behind
to this research is that the use of irrigation has posetive relation with socio economic of any
country, its challenges is also still increase in Jidda woreda. The data required for the
accomplishment of this research was also obtained from both primary and secondary data. The
collection of primary data involves the use of questionnaires, where as that of secondary data
involves the use of review of related documents from the data, collected from CSA, and from
written books related to this research. The government is working on irrigation development
giving special emphasis to research activities on irrigation at different scales. But the reason for
not intensively utilized water potential in and impact of small-scale irrigation on
household income has not been systematically assessed in Jidda woreda district. This
study will be conducted to identify factors that determine household’s participation in
irrigation and evaluate the impact of participation in small-scale irrigation on household
income in the district. In this study, two-stage sampling technique will be used to select 71
target respondents. There are different constraints related with lack of market access, topography
associated with distance of land from water source, inadequate government support, and poor or
nonexistent market linkage, poor irrigation water management and development were
forwarded by the participants. To solve the problems and improve small-scale irrigation
participation, the government, especially irrigation development office of the district should
attempt to hamper factors that hinder participation in small-scale irrigation and enhance
a factor that initiates participation in small-scale irrigation identified in the study area.

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 .
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
In small scale irrigation schemes around the worlds, including the developing countries farmers
have over time evolved complex systems for allocating land and irrigation water. These systems
are based up on indigenous principles of natural resources use, and are put in to practice through
coherent sets of operational rules, such principles and rules are also related to a series of land and
water rights recognized by the community and exercised by the beneficiaries of the rogation
schemes.

Arrangements for land and water allocation are after particularly complex in situation where
these production factories are scarce. Under these circumstances, farmers are acutely interested
in any prospective change either in water and land availability or in the principles and practices
for allocating these resources. Infringement up on existing land and water rights becomes a
controversial matter, and often results in political and legal moves to defend these rights and
even in violent physical remedies.

Agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopia economy and it engages the majority of population. It
provides both food and raw material to the rest of the economy. Agriculture employees about
80% labor force in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian agricultural sectors constitute for about 50% of GDP
and about 90% of the country’s foreign exchange earnings. It is also the supplier of food staff to
consumers and about 70% of raw material to agro industries (MOFED, 2002, Ayele. K, 2006).

Irrigation is practiced in Ethiopia since ancient times producing subsistence food crops.
However, modern irrigation system was started in 1960’s with the objectives of producing
industrial crops in Awash valley. Private concessionaires who operated forms for growing
commercial crops such as cotton, sugar cane, and horticultural crops started the first formal
irrigation schemes in the later 1950s, in the upper and lower Awash valley.

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The main purpose of irrigation development in the 1960s was to provide industrial crops to the
growing agro – industrials in the country. The agro-industry was established by foreign investors
and had the objective of increasing export earnings. During the 1960s, irrigation was seen as part
of the modernization of the country’s agricultural economy. In small scale irrigation is defined as
continuous and reliable water requirement by small scale holder farmers practice small scale
irrigation activities on their own land without high cost. Small scale irrigation is the policy
priority in Ethiopia for rural poverty alleviation and growth (MOFED, 2006).

Although irrigation was started earlier in Jidda district, it started to expand in 1990s by private
investors who was born in the district.

The district was popularized by to tomato and onion production, which is familiar with climate
condition of the district.

Even though, irrigation practice was started and influenced by the other private investors, known
a day some of small holder farmers within the district started to engaged in the activity.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Ethiopia also covers 12 rivers basins with an annual run off volume of 22 billion m 3 of water
with an estimated 2.6 billion m3 of ground water potential. This amounts to about 1743m3 of
water per person per year, a relatively large volume, but due to economic water scarcity which is
described through lack of water storage capacity and large spatial and temporal variations in rain
fall, there is not enough water for most farmers to produce more than one crop per year with
frequent crop failures due to dry spells and drought. Moreover, there is significant erosion
reduction the productivity of farm land.

Irrigation is one of important practice under agriculture. The use of irrigation increases the
volume of output and reduces food insecurity to some extent. Although Ethiopia has a great
opportunity for irrigation due to high availability of human and water resource, it is not well
known by using irrigation practice rather than depending on rain fall. The same is true for Jidda
district. The major problems to increase small scale irrigation participation in the district are lack
of knowledge and awareness about small scale irrigation importance by small farmers, this leads
to expectation of these households on rain water by which they produce only one time a year.

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The other problems are financial problems, fluctuation, of market price on products and in
equality of income distribution among farmers.

Irrigation contributed to livelihood improvement through increased income, food security,

employment and poverty reduction. Irrigation enables small holders to adopt more diversified
cropping patterns and to switch from low value staple production to high value market oriented
production.

The development of small scale irrigation is one of major intervention area, to boost agricultural
production in the rural parts of the country. This helps poor farmers to overcome rain fall and
water constraint by providing a sustainable supply of water for cultivation and livestock, strength
the base for sustainable agriculture, provide increased food security to poor communities and
contribute to the improvement of human nutrition.

Many research failed to address the problem that affect the small scale irrigation, especially
some people who have a capital, but they have lack of awareness how they can done the small
scale irrigation and about 40% of population engaged on this small scale irrigation is come from
other place and who live there.

Therefore, this study will aim to view participation of small scale irrigation practice in Jidda
district and analysis of determinants that affect \ participation.

1.3. Research Question

 What is the level of people’s participation on small scale irrigation practice?
 What are the constraints that affect people’s participation in small scale irrigation?
 Which factors determine the intensity of participation in irrigation practice by farmers in the
study area?
 What is the impact of irrigation practice on household income?
 What is the rule of government to improve small rural household’s participation?

1.4. Objective of the study

1.4.1. General objective
The general objective of this study will be eximine major participants of irrigation and
outcome of small scale irrigation for socio-economic of household.

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1.4.2. Specific objectives
Specifically the study is attempt

 To examine the level /performance of small holder farmers in the sectors.

 Discuss the constraints of small scale irrigation participation.
 To examine the government contribution to the sector.
 To examine the contribution of small scale irrigation to the livelihood of the
community.

1.5. Significance of the study

The attainment of the objective mentioned above is important tool for agricultural development
of the country and the study area. This is because an awering person about contribution of
irrigation to household helps to increase income, increase area coverage or high participation and
availability of different resource like labor. Generally it enables to bring a desirable change in
countries as well as in the study area.

1.6. Scope of the study

The study covers one district of north Shoa zone of Oromiya regional states. It focuses on
determinates of small scale irrigation participation by rural households and also analyzed the
constraint that affect the participation of the people in the study area. This study was limited by
different factors such as time, resource and availability of data.

1.7 Organization of the paper

The research paper will be organized and classified in to four chapters the first chapter is the
introduction part which contains the back ground of the study, the statement of the problem,
objective of the study, significance of the study and organization of the paper chapter two deals
with the theoretical and empirical reviews related to the title. Chapter three contains
methodology of the study, data source, methods of analysis .Where as Chapter four deals with
budget and time schedule

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Theoretical Literature
2.1.1. Definition of irrigation
Irrigation may define as the process of supplying water to land by artificial means of for the
purpose of cultivation. In other case irrigation means the action of applying water to land in
order to supply crops and other plants with necessarily water; or irrigation is the artificial
application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops,
maintenance of land scopes and revegetation disturbed soils in dry season and during periods of
in adequate rainfall. Ordinary water is supplied to land by nature through rain, but generally it is
not enough for the proper growth of the plants as such the basic objective of irrigation is to
supplement the natural supply of water to land so as to obtain an optimum yield from the crop
growth on the land. (P.N. Modi, 2004).

Irrigation in fact is nothing, but delivery the volume and quality water required by plant
throughout a season to optimize plant growth and crop production. (Winchell 2000).

Generally, irrigation may be defined as a science of artificial application of water to land in

accordance with crop requirement throughout the crop period for fledge nourishment of crop
(George, 1989).

2.1.2. Necessity of irrigation

The yield from an agricultural land depends on up several factors. But the most important factor
is that the crops get adequate water various growth stages of the plants. The natural supply of
water to the land for the production is throw rain thus, if the normal rainfall at any place is
adequate to meet the total water requirement of crops grown and the time interval of the rain is
such that water is available whenever the plants need it, and then irrigation is not required.

According to P.N Modi, 2004 the following factors are that which necessitate irrigation.

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 A. In adequate rain fall: - when rain fall at the place is in adequate to meet the crop
requirements, then it would necessary to use irrigation in such cases water may be
conveyed from the places where it is available in abundance to the place of
deficiency.
B. Uneven distribution of rain fall: the total rain fall a region may be in adequate, but it
may be unevenly distributed over the time as well as place. The entire rainfall for any
region may occur only some period of the year and for the rest of the period, there
may be no rain. In addition uneven distribution of the rainfall may also show
considerable variation from year to year.
C. Growing a number of crops during a year: the rainfall for a region may be sufficient
to grow only one crop in a year for which on irrigation may be required. However, in
the same year, it would possible only if irrigation facilities are longer period of
maturities for which irrigation is in variably needed.
D. Growing superior crop: certain inferior or low price crops require less water and
hence for growing such crops only the rain water may be sufficient and no irrigation
is therefore needed. However, there are applications of large quantity of water and for
growing such crops irrigations is necessary.

2.1.3. Benefits of Irrigation

According to (N.N. Basak, 1999; D.K. Majumbar, 2002) the following are important benefits of
the irrigation

 Yield of crops:-in the period of low rainfall or drought the yield of crop may be
increased by the irrigation system.
 Protection from famine:-the food production of a country can be improved by
insuring the growth of crop by availing the irrigation facilities. This helps country to
prevent famine situation.
 Improvement of cash crops:-irrigation helps to improve the cultivation of cash
crops like vegetable, fruit, tobacco, etc.
 Prosperity of farmers: - when the supply of irrigation water is assured the farmers can
grow two or more crops in a year on the same land. Thus, the farmer may earn more
money and improve their living standard.

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  Source of revenue:-when irrigation water is supplied to the cultivation in some taxes
it helps to corn revenue which may be spent on other development schemes.
 Navigation:-the irrigation canals may be utilized for in land navigation which is further
useful for communication and transportation of agricultural goods.
Irrigation also other benefit such as
 Water conservation: One of the most of important benefit of irrigation is the fact it
enables the user to save a lot of water. This is very beneficial, especially if you are living
in a area where water is already a scarce commodity. The best type of irrigation in such a
situation is drip irrigation. This is because it enables the farmer to save a huge amount of
water in place with minimal water.
 In habits ground water usage: Ground water in dry and arid areas is usually quite
deep and every little. This is because any water is observed deep in to the ground or
evaporated in to the air through regular irrigation, the over use of ground water is limited
and thus the land because even more fertile.
 Great benefits to plants: The key aim of irrigation is to supply adequate water for
proper plant growth. On the other hand there are different kinds of irrigation that you can
use to achieve that. Through using drip irrigation, you make certain that each drop of
water reached the desired plant for more giants. This is a great method as it enables the
water to be available to plants throughout the day and thus keep them green while
assisting them to grow healthily and quickly.

Irrigation also creates job opportunities and it could employee for the household family as well
as for unemployed youngster in rural area. (Tesfay,A2004).

2.1.4. Enhancing food securities through small scale irrigation

The amount of investment required to expand irrigated agriculture around the major basins is
often considerable, (Befekadu, D and Berhanu, N. 2000).

Irrigation has increased food securities and improved living standard of population in many part
of the world. Between 1967 and 1997 global cereal production increased by 84% at a time when
population increased by 67% and malnutrition among children under the age of the five in
develop countries decline from an aggregate rate of over 45% to 31% during this period. There is

7
a number of reasons this increased food production in chiding of high verities of seeds and
increased used of fertilizer. However, the role of irrigation water to crop land has also a
significant role, (Robert Evers on and ProbhuPingali, 2007).

Irrigation is clearly important for promoting food production in the drier parts of Africa. At the
World Food summit in 1996, the food and agricultural organization (FAO) estimated that 60% of
the extra food required must future comes from irrigated agriculture. The Ethiopia 70% people,
crop production is adequate for only 6 to 9 month of the year and nutritional deficiencies are
important cause of death. Between 5 and 15 million Ethiopian needs food aid annually, part of
government of Ethiopia strategy to address those challenges aimed to increases production and
farmers income through government and expansion of small scale irrigations schemes.

2.1.5. Sources of water for irrigation

Irrigation water will be arranged from streams, lakes wells, springs, ponds, etc. Stream is the
simplest sources by division of stream water coming from higher land to irrigate by gravity a
fairly level land down word mostly this type of water arrangement is dove in public sector by
different state government either independently or jointly.

Natural spring, lakes and ponds where ever available in the hilly areas are drown irrigation water
through gravity channels or portable pumping sets (PreamSinglArya, 2009).

Ethiopia has considerable water resources which can be utilized to expend the land surface
available for the production of food and cash crops through irrigation. Ethiopia has started using
its abundant water for specific irrigation purposes, it has nine major rivers with a total length of
17000km and these major rivers have an annual discharge of 102 billion cubic meter. It is
numerous lakes cover an area of 7400 square km (Kinfe, A. 2001).

2.1.6. Development of irrigation in Ethiopia

Irrigation is practiced in Ethiopia since ancient time producing substances food crops. However,
modern irrigation systems more started in the 1960’s with the objective of producing industrial
crops in awash village. Private concessionaires who operated farms for growing commercial
crops such as cotton, sugarcane and horticultural crops started the first formal irrigation schemes
in the late 1950’s in the upper and lower Awash village. In 1960’s irrigation agriculture was
expended in all parts of awash village and in the lower rift valley (IWMI working paper, 123).

8
With the 1975 rural land proclamation small scale irrigation scheme where transformed in to
producer’s cooperatives. After major famines of 1984 /85 the government began to focus on
potential of small scale irrigation as food security and started promoting farmers and community
oriented small scale irrigation by providing assistance and support to local communities for
rehabilitating and upgrading traditional scheme (Habtamu G, 1990).

The potential for water storage and stream diversion for irrigation is highland the responsible
fertile and workable soil is suitable for agriculture. But subsistence’s nature of farming limits the
number of perennial rivers and streams and precludes irrigation in many areas (Hiwet, 1986,
Helleden and Eklundh 1988). It has been estimated that small irrigation could increase
production, in Ethiopia by 5% at most although its potential contribution may be significantly
greater in more arid low land areas. The irrigation development of ministry of agriculture (MOA)
was established and is responsible for the development of small scale irrigation starting from
1985 on worlds.

The 1984 /85 famine provided major stimulus for the development of the environment sponsored
small scale irrigation program communities where producer cooperative lad been established and
57000 hectare for small scale irrigation prevent and cooperative farms by 1993 /94 given in 1985
total of 213000 farmers irrigated an estimated 53000 – 62000 hectares cooperative farms present
association and 16000 hectare in cooperative farms (FAD, 1996).

In 1986 /87 of crop cultivated under small scale irrigation highly dominated on few selected
region i.e.; more over 2/3 of the total irrigation area and nearly 90% of farmers using irrigation
which Hararghe, Welega and Shewa region, 23% of all farmers using irrigation in Hararghe,
30% in wolega, 7% in Illibabure, 5% in Wollo, and 4% in Shewa were conducted on irrigation.
The result of crop yield is unreadable, in the 1020% peasant association and producer
cooperative for which cropping could be collected: vegetable the most well cultivated crops
followed by maize, potato and fruits (FAO, 1996).

Generally, after 1984 /85 peasants irrigation has expended in different part of Ethiopia. It is
clearly stated on the report implementation and assessment of Ethiopia economy (1988: 84) it is
possible to say that not more than 43 of the expected put were generated as it has been put

9
market related problems, under developed Skill of farmers about irrigation failure of policies and
institutions has been the serious problems.

Different estimators put the total irrigable area in Ethiopia at 1.8- 3.8 million hectares, of which
only about 1400 hector were irrigation 1989 with out about equal proportion under small scale
and large scale irrigation (Assefa. 1990).

Much of the Ethiopia high land is well endowed with basic resource for agriculture development
good soil and amendable climate. But they suffer from erratic rain fall with considerable farming
skill in the high as estimated small scale irrigation (ministry of Agriculture, 1989).

2.1.7. Classification of irrigation project

In Ethiopian the following criteria are use for classification of irrigation project;

 Small scale under 200 hectares

 Medium scale 200 to 300 hectares
 Large scale over 300 hectares

During the Dengue ear the government persuades the development of medium and large scale
irrigation schemes as state farms. The Following those down fall of the Dergue. The current
government until recently withdrew from expanding state farms and further construction of
medium and large scale irrigation while the development of small scale irrigation. A scheme has
continued under regional mater mines and energy bureaus.

The development of medium and large scale irrigation has virtually ceased since the mid 1990’s
until recently. This is due to the withdrawal of federal government from running state
development enter prices such as irrigated state farms, following the adoption of market based
economic policy (MOWE,2010).

2.1.8. Irrigation potential of Ethiopia

The total area of Ethiopia is about 110 million hectares and the cultivable land of the country is
about 13.2 million hector: from this the cultivated land is about 6 million hector among which
small scale farmers occupy 96% of the cropped area, while the remaining 4% are cropped by
state farms and producers cooperatives (FAO,2001).

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Based on various master plans and land and water resources surveys, the gross irrigation
potential would be about 3.7 million hectares. Under traditional and modern irrigation the total
area irrigated till 1991 was 176015 hectare, this figure has increased to 197250 hectare in 1998.
According to data recently compiled by MOWR 200415 from different master plan studies and
regions the area under irrigation in the country has increased to about 250613 hectare. This is
due to rapid incensement of the area under traditional irrigation (MOWE, 2010).

According to FAO the area equipped for irrigation in Ethiopia by 2001 was 289530 hectare. The
following figure refers to year 2001 irrigated areas per state in Ethiopia.

Table: distribution of irrigation area in Ethiopia per state

State Irrigation area in /hectare/

Addis Ababa 352

Afar 43759

Amhara 69789

BenishangulGumuz 600

Dire Dawa 1500

Gambella 116

Harar 937

Oromia 112487

Somali 12700

Southern 34685

Tigray 12607

Total 289530

2.1.9. Irrigation as a source of employment

Irrigation creates job opportunity for different peoples. Irrigation industry employees can affect
farmers, Business land scopes and ever dry areas affected by drought. Increased employment for

11
the poor may originate from the labor intensive nature of irrigation development construction
and subsequent maintenance and from intensive cultivation both on their own farm as well as the
-farms of other large farmers who may find it difficult to provide extra labor from family
resource during peak tines (Hussein and M.ALanjira, 2004). According to USA department of
labor statics employments of ground maintenance workers which include employees in the
irrigation field is protected to increased by 18% from 2008 to 2018 (yashekia king, 1999).

2.1.10. Inputs for irrigation

According to Birhanu.G and D. pad on (2000) the experience of irrigation water development in
the last five decades in Ethiopia suggest that several measures need to be takes to support farmer
managed small scale irrigation project. This includes enhancing and improving the efficiency of
traditional irrigation system such as:-
 Improving market access by building roads and improving product quality.
 Developing appropriate extension and credit service and input supply system.
As stated by them small scale irrigation increase the intensity of use of specially labor, oxen,
improved seed fertilizer. By promoting increase in use of such inputs, irrigation contributes to
increase crop production. Their findings was that the predicated average impact of irrigation on
use of inputs, was an 18% increase in crop production relative to rainfall plots and main impact
of irrigation crop production is through promoting increased intensity of farming rather than
through increase productivity of farming practice. The level of input use in terms of quantity and
quality are higher in irrigation schemes that is dry land areas suggesting that there is more
intensive crop production in irrigation schemes that in dry land agricultural (FAO, 1997).
Condition need for irrigation development according to (Alien and Perry, 1996) a number of
conditions must meet for successful small scale irrigation development. These are:-
- Availability of suitable land
- Availability of water resource
- Availability of labor
- Availability inputs like (speeds, fertilizer and pesticide)
- Access to market
- Capital resource

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2. 1.11. Major constraints of irrigation
FAO 1997 pointed out that many sub Sahara countries have realized the critical role of irrigation
in food production, but that a number of constraints have been responsible for a relatively slow
rate of irrigation development in this region.

These constraints are:-

- Relatively high cost of irrigation development

- In adequate physical in frustration and market
- Poor investment in irrigation
- Lack of access to improved irrigation scheme
- Lack of cheap and readily available water supplies.

FAO, 1997, also further identified the following constraints to be affected the capacity of farmers
to invest and manage irrigation project.

- Poor resource base of farmers

- Small size of land holding
- Un secured or lack of land tittles
- High investment rate
- Poor transportation and marketing facilities

2.1.12. Small scale irrigation and income distribution

As state earlier improvement income of small holder farmer is one of the advantages of small
scale irrigation. But there is in equality of income distribution among farmer. Often the reach
rather than the poor get access to irrigation which would make irrigation unsuitable for rural
development. The poor will even lose an absolute term of irrigation causes land concentration or
displacement of labor (Husain and Hanjra, 2000).

2.1.13. Government role in small scale irrigation

The government does not have a very positive role to play building and managing irrigation
scheme whether they are large or small. The Kenya experience demonstrates that farmers do
much better when they build, own and operate the scheme themselves. But the government does

13
have a critical role to play in creating enabling environment for technology development and up
take for small scale irrigation. Government can play direct role in extension services training and
provision of other technician support services like training on small dam construction.

Government can mobilized real time information on market and convey it to farmers association
and facilitate the creation of farmers network to disseminated and utilize such information (R.
Percell, 2010).

2.2. Empirical Literature

2.2.1. Irrigation development in the world
Irrigation is an ancient as civilization among the more notable irrigation works in the world,
more those of Egypt, Iraq, India, and Pakistan, Peru and Mexico.

More than six –major irrigation based civilization a rose between 2000 and 6000 years ago. They
include the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians, thrived in the basins of the Tigris Euphrates
Rivers of present day Iraq, the long tasting irrigation society was developed in the valley of Nile
river, the Harappa civilization developed in the Indian River valley of present day Pakistan, the
yellow river basin of north central of China saw measure development of irrigation workers
during the period. Sometime later irrigation based on culture a rose in central Mexico, Costal
Peru and American south west each of which saw the rise and fall of advanced societies
depending on irrigated agriculture. The influence of irrigation on the development of the above
societies and their Vulnerability and environmental deterioration offer lessen for global irrigation
of modern time (A.M Michael, 1978).

2.2.2. Irrigation development from 18th to 20th AD

From progressive growth of irrigation in the world during the period 1800 AD to 2000 AD four
countries namely India, China, USA and Pakistan accounts for over half of the worlds irrigated
land major countries including India China, Indonesia, and Pakistan depends on irrigated
agriculture for more than half of their domestic food production with irrigation farmers can grow
two or three crops a year. Irrigation has been a key driver in the size of food production. In 20 th c
about 40% of world food is grown in the 17% of crop land that irrigated (A.M.Michael, 1978).

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2.2.3. Irrigation development in Africa
The 53 countries of Africa could be grouped in to seven on the basis of geographic and climate
homogeneity which has direct influence on irrigation. These regions are the northern; the Sudan
– Sahelian, and the gulf of guinea, central –eastern Indian Ocean is lands and southern Africa.

Irrigation in Africa has been very uneven the part of water managed areas in agriculture varies
from less than 1% of the cultivated land in Zaire, Uganda, China, Togo, and Comoros to 100% in
Egypt and Djibouti, where agriculture is impossible without irrigation. About 42% of Africa
irrigated area is in Egypt and Sudan, Morocco and Madagascar accounts for another 30%of
irrigated area.

Food production in Africa has been increasing at an estimated 2.3% per year, while cereal crops
have been increasing at only 1.8% per year hence, the food imports are raising alarmingly.

Types of irrigation development have been uneven most of about two-third of irrigation area is
under formally large and medium scale project. They are concentrated mostly in Egypt and
Sudan. The remaining one-third of irrigation area is mostly traditional small scale system.
(FAO,2001).

2.2.4. Socio-Economic and other related variables and Irrigation Development

2.2.4.1. Output market system
Irrigation with utilization of more productive to technology as well as selling final products
depends on adequate performance of market. Mouse hold decision and responses are governed
and market related institution. Hence the removal of market constraints/ institutional to output –
input and market are expected to allow rapid process of the introduction and adoption to local
condition of productivity improving technologies and farming practice.

2.2.4.2. Capital and skilled man power

Farmers ability to use their irrigated in influenced by Varity of factors in chiding personal views,
family views, technology, and profitability, public opinion, research change agent and market.
Some of these factors can be alleviated through schooling and adequate training.

In general skilled farmers took fast decision about the situation of irrigation project, utilization of
other organic fertilizer for production and finalized home need. Skilled man power also active

15
agent to influence on product demand, it is significant for farmers to encourage farmer to
produce marketable products, farmers to know what to produces and when and how to sell their
product.

2.2.4.3. Technology and inputs

Agriculture inputs are required for increasing production and productivity of agricultural sector,
these includes improved varieties seed, fertilizer, pesticides, other irrigation policy facility, farm
implement and post harvest technologies. As the case these input are complementary and vended
to be available for frames to use these input, access to credit and improvements in the marketing
system are crucial.

16
 CHAPTER THREE

3. Methodology and Data Analysis

3.1 Description of the study area
The study will focus on the small scale irrigation participation in Jidda woreda. Jidda woreda is
found in the Oromiya zone which located in north shewa. It’s bordered on the north by abichu
nya.a which separates it from the Oromiya Region, on the south by Barak woreda, on the North
estern by the Alaltu on the west by Wucale Woreda. It also located at distance of 78km North
West of Addis Ababa. Geographical location of Jidda woreda is 08 0 59’N latitude and 370 51’E
longitude. The total population in this woreda is71592 out of it 35969 are male and 35623are
females. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestants with 20.42 of the Population reposting
that belie ,70.38 Praticed Ethiopia OrdoxChristanity,5.36 Embraced Catholicisim and 3.84
Practiced Traditionally beliefs, (CSA, 2010).

The economy based on the agricultural activities such as: - livestock includes beef farming and
dairy farming and includes small scale irrigation others to home consumption purpose such
barley, sorghum, wheat and others (SWADB, 2010).

3.2 Source of Data

The source of data for this paper is primary data and secondary .the primary data that will be
obtain from sample of rural house hold farmers and agricultural and rural development office of
the district and the secondary data is collect from the different relate documents, books,
internets, and written documents from the organization.

3.3 Method of data collection

The data for this study will be obtained through questionnaire and interview. the questionnaire
asks respondent about socio-economic variables such as sex, family size and education level etc.
and interview asks about total amount of peasant engage in irrigation, total amount of irrigation
land and others relate information necessary will be collect from books, publication, articles etc.

17
3.4 Sampling Technique
The sampling technique that will be used random sampling because it made my task easy and
avoids the possibility of making personal bias. To make easer to administrator and number of
unit will be sampled for a given cost.

Regarding on sampling technique to make a sample to statically efficient the researcher

employed by grouping the whole peasants engaged on irrigation and sample farmers were
selected proportionally from all kebeles. There are 14305 households in 13 kebele of Jidda
woreda. There are 9 kebeles which participate in small scale irrigation, out of this, I will select
three kebeles, and those are Horo Abbu, Arebsa Chifara and Wegna dega nasiri. The total
numper of participants and non participants of households in this kebeles is, 2154, 3454 and
5235 respectively. Out of this the numper of participants’ households in each kebele is 84, 98,
and 72, respectively, with traditional and modern method of irrigation use. In order to determine
the sample size of each kebeles the formula used is Yemen (1967) .T formula.

n = N/1+N (e) 2 where; N= total household of target population.

n= sample size e= level of precision (error level) at 90% confidence level (0.1) . The total
number of households in three kebeles will be used to determine the sample size.

Using this formula, the statistically acceptable sample size from the given population with
maintaining a 90% confidence level is found to be 254 of small scale irrigation participant.

n =254/1+254 (0.1)2 = 71 sample

Sample size from Horo abbu kebele 84*71/254= 23 households

Sample size from Arebsa chifara kebele 98*71/254= 27 households

Sample size from Wegna dega kebele 72*71/254= 21 households

3.4. Methods of data analysis

Concerning methods of analysis, the method used for this paper is descriptive method. In
descriptive analysis data has been analyzed through tables and percentages. The most of the data

18
which collect are qualitative in nature and it believe to be appropriate method of data editing,
classification and then analysis for all data interpretation are relying on the description

CHAPTER FOUR
4 WORK PLAN AND BUDGET
4.1 Time Budget
Time plan or time budget is a time table explaining how the researcher expected to carry out his
project. It is a plan in terms of months and expected completion.
Dates, it is presented in the table form or charts in the following schedule
No Activates Time periods / Months/

Oct Nove Dece Jan Feb March April May June

obe mber mber
r
1 Title Selection XX

2 Proposal writing XX XX
3 Proposal XX
submission
4 Data Collection XX XX

5 Data processing XX XX
and analyzing
6 Report writing XX XX
7 Presentation XX

4.2 Cost Budget

There are different cost table incurred to undertake this study. The researcher estimates the
following minimum cost per item.
Activities Unit Unit cost/Birr/ Total cost/Birr/
Transportation from
Jimma to Jidda woreda and 250.00

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jidda to jimma 250.00
Secretarial service 200 200.00
-for writing
Proposal
Pays of researcher for tax, 50 50.00
food, tea and etc.
Pen 3 5.00 15.00
Pencil 2 2.00 4.00
Paper 1 pad 120.00 120.00
Printing costs for getting 150 pages 1.00 150.00
related document,
san disk 1 120.00 120.00
Sub-total cost 1,159
Contingency (10%) 150.9
Total Cost 1,309.9

REFERENCE
 water resource and irrigation development in Ethiopia pp 39– 40
 Knife A.M Michael 1978, irrigation theory and practice BefeqaduDagife and
 BirhanuNega 2000; manual report on the Ethiopian economy pp 145 -6
 Birhanu Gebemedhin and D pandon 2000; policies and institutions to enhance the
impact of irrigation development in mixed crop life stock system pp 618
 D.K Majumdar 2002; irrigation water management
 FAO 1998; irrigation challenges
 FAO 2001; irrigation in Africa in figure
 George S.K 1989; irrigation engineering and hydraulic structure.

20
  Habtamu Gessesse 1990; construction and management of small scale irrigation
project.
 Husain and M.A hanjra 2004; irrigation and poverty allevation in srilankapp 5
 IFAD 2005; enhancing food security through small scale irrigation in Ethiopia.
 IWM Working Abraham 2001; the dynamics of economic reforms pp 295 – 645
 Pream Singh Arya 2009; Vegetable breading and seed production pp 57
 R.G lowe 1986; agricultural revolution in Africa pp 187
 R. Percell 2010; Potential for small scale irrigation in sub Saharan Africa.
 Robert Even son and P. Pingili 2007; agricultural economics pp 2960
 TesfayeAbebe 2004; modernizing agriculture and away out of food in security.

Appendix Questionnaire

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
College of Business and Economics
Department of Economics
This questionnaire is prepared by third year economics department student. The objective of this
questionnaire is to assess the small scale irrigation participation in case of Jidda woreda. This
study is only intended for academicals purpose. Further I want to assure you that your identity

21
will never be disclosed and your response will be kept confidential. (Answer for the following
question the box Use this symbol “X”)
Research site: District --------------------------, Kebele ----------------------------------------------
Name of interviewee:-----------------------------------------------,Mob:--------------------------- Date of
interview: --------------------------------------------- Sample respondents’ identification number:
---------------------------------------------------
I. Demographic Background information of the household head 1.1. Sex: 1) Male 2) Female
1.2. Age: ------------------------------------------------------------. 1.3. Marital status: 1) Married 2)
Single 3) Widowed 4) Divorced 1.4. Education level: 1) Literate 0) Illiterate; if literate the
formal education in grade: ------ 1.5. How many family members do you have?
--------------------1.6. Could you please tell me their characteristics? No Name Sex Age Marital
status Education level 1 2 3 4 5 Code Sex: 1) male 2) female, Marital status: 1) married 2)
single 3) widowed 4) divorced Education: 1) illiterate 2) literate,
II. Irrigation practice 2. Have you ever experienced in irrigation activity? 1) Yes 0) No

2.1. If yes, for how long you have been practicing irrigation activity? ----------------- (yrs)

2.2. Which small-scale irrigation type do you use? 1) modern micro dam 2) traditional river
diversion 3) motor pump 4) treadle pump 5) others specify ( if any),----------------------

2.3. Have you cultivated your irrigable plot in full scale? 1) Yes 0) no 2.3.1. If no, write the most
important inhibiting factors in the following table:
Factor Rank How do you respond? Shortage of Water Labor Input Credit

2.4. How many times you produce per year on irrigable land? 1) Once 2) twice 3) three times 4)
four times

3. If you are not using small scale irrigation schemes, what are the main reasons for not using? 1)
Shortage of land for irrigation 2) lack of awareness about irrigation 3) production input problems
4) lack of oxen 5) problem of sufficient irrigation water 4. Have you used irrigation planning? 1)
Yes 0) no

4.1. If yes, what criteria you used to decide when and type of irrigated crops? 1) Price of the crop
2) cost of production 3) cash income from the sale of the crop 6. Do you have access to irrigation
water? 1) Yes 0) no 6.1. If yes, what is the main source of your irrigation water? 1) Hole 2) river
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3) lake 4) well 5) others 6.2. How far is your irrigation plot from water source?
------------------------km (hour) How far is the nearest farm land? ------------------------km (hour)
The furthest farm land ------------------------km (hour) 6.3. Do you participate in irrigated farming
group? 1) Yes 0) no 6.4. If yes what is the number the member of the grou _____. The area of
land irrigated by the group_______(ha), type of crop produced___________
III. Socio-Economic status of the household

1. What is the total farm land you have (owned)? ________(hectares)

1.1. Have you rented in/out? 1) Yes 0) no, rented in____(hectares) rented out____(hectares)

1.2. How much of your land is used by irrigation? _____________(hectares).

1.3. Have you cultivated the total of your irrigable land during the last crop production season?
1) Yes 0) no 2. Have your own active family members (11 years and above) participated in farm
activity? 1) Yes 0) no

2.1. If yes, specify the number of the family members engaged in the farm activity:__________
2.1.1. What type of activity they are engaged in? 1) Weeding 2) harvesting 3) threshing 4)
watering 5) planting 6) ploughing

3. What are the main sources of the labor for your irrigation activity? 1) Family labor 2) hired
labor

3.1. Did you face any labor shortage during the last production season? 1) Yes 0) No 3.1.1. If
yes, how did you solve the labor shortage? 1) Through hiring additional daily laborers 2) through
debo/jigi 3) using family labors

3.1.2. Can you easily get labor to hire when you are in need? 1) Yes 0) No

3.1.3. How much you pay for daily laborers' in cash per day? _______________(ETB).

4. Do you produce livestock? 1) Yes 0) no

4.1. If yes, indicate number and types of livestock you owned currently in the following table:
Types of Livestock Number of Livestock Livestock Sold Number Average Unit Price (ETB)

23
Cattle Oxen Cows Bull Heifer Calves Sub-total Sheep and Goat Goat Sheep Equines Horse
Donkey Poultry Chickens

4.2. What is the area of land allocated for animal husbandry?__________(hectares)

5. Would you give information on cropping of your irrigation plot and rain-fed agriculture for
2016/17 production season?

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