Gammad, Brent Charles D. Oct.

24, 2020
BSCE 3, CE 3121 0330 - 0430 MW Engr. Udacion

Course Work No. 01

FUNDAMENTALS OF CMT

TLO 01: Explain and illustrate different construction materials used in the civil engineering
practice, apparatus and equipment used in testing of materials.
COMMONLY UTILIZED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
1. AGGREGATES BRIEF DEFINITION:
Aggregate, in building
and construction, material used for
mixing with cement, bitumen, lime,
gypsum, or other adhesive to
form concrete or mortar.
The aggregate gives volume, stability,
resistance to wear or erosion, and other
desired physical properties to the
finished product.

REFERENCE: APPLICATIONS:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/aggregate 1. Its use in concrete are reduction of
https://www.aboutcivil.org/uses-of- cracking, improve the structure, and
aggregate.html help with water drainage.
https://monebros.co.uk/uses-aggregates- 2. Aggregates are used as the base,
construction/ subbase, and/or surface of roads in
several forms: Stabilized using
cementitious materials, Stabilized with
bituminous materials and more.
2. CEMENT BRIEF DEFINITION:
Cement, in
general, adhesive substances of all
kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the
binding materials used in building
and civil engineering construction.
Cements of this kind are finely ground
powders that, when mixed with water,
set to a hard mass.

APPLICATIONS:
REFERENCE: 1. It is used in mortar for
https://www.britannica.com/technology/cement- plastering, masonry work, pointing,
building-material etc.
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering- 2. It is used in concrete for laying
materials/cement/46-uses-of-cement floors, roofs and constructing lintels,
beams, stairs, pillars etc.
 3. CONCRETE BRIEF DEFINITION:
Concrete, in construction, structural
material consisting of a hard,
chemically inert particulate substance,
known as aggregate (usually sand and
gravel), that is bonded together
by cement and water.

APPLICATION:
1. It is used extensively in buildings,
bridges, roads and dams.
REFERENCE: 2. It is used to make concrete streets,
britannica.com/technology/concrete-building- pavements and driveways which is
material stronger and durable than asphalt
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/uses- roadways.
concrete-civil-engineering/35992/
4. MASONRY BRIEF DIFINITION:
Masonry, the art and craft of building
and fabricating in stone, clay, brick, or
concrete block. Construction of
poured concrete, reinforced or
unreinforced, is often also considered
masonry.

APPLICATION:
1. Masonry is commonly used to make
REFERENCE: the walls of buildings, retaining walls,
https://www.britannica.com/technology/masonry and monuments.
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/ 2. Concrete blocks—most of which
Masonry#Applications have hollow cores—offer various
possibilities in masonry construction,
generally providing great compressive
strength (for vertical loads).
5. STEEL BRIEF DEFINITION:
Steel, alloy of iron and carbon in which
the carbon content ranges up to 2
percent (with a higher carbon content,
the material is defined as cast iron). By
far the most widely used material
for building the
world’s infrastructure and industries, it
is used to fabricate everything from
sewing needles to oil tankers.
REFERENCE:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/steel
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-
materials/steel/214-uses-of-steels
6. REINFORCED CONCRETE
REFERENCE:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/reinforced-
concrete
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/applications-
reinforced-
concrete/6732/#:~:text=Reinforced%20concrete
%20is%20being%20used,and%20all%20other%20
conceivable%20structures.
7. WOOD
REFERENCE:
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/The_use_
of_wood_in_construction#:~:text=Hardwood%20is%
20typically%20heavier%20and,of%20walls%2C%20
ceilings%20and%20floors.&text=Softwoods%20are%
20generally%20used%20to,also%20used%20to%20
produce%20furniture.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/wood-in-civil-
engineering
APPLICATION:
1. Mild steel is used for building
construction. It is also a highly
favored building frame material.
2. Stainless steels are used to produce
offshore platforms and pipelines.
BRIEF DEFINITION:
Reinforced concrete, concrete in
which steel is embedded in such a
manner that the two materials act
together in resisting forces. The
reinforcing steel—rods, bars, or
mesh—absorbs the tensile, shear, and
sometimes the compressive stresses
in a concrete structure
APLICATION:
1. The foundation of high-rise or low-
rise buildings are usually constructed
using reinforced concrete, as it is
durable and has a huge load-carrying
capacity.
2. Reinforced concrete is used for the
construction of floors, roof slabs,
columns and beams in residential and
commercial structures.
BRIEF DEFINITION:
Wood is a natural building material:
if used in building elements, it can
play structural, functional and
aesthetic roles at the same time.
APPLICATION:
1. Softwood are generally used to
make more of the inner structures to
the frame of hardwoods, such
as doors and window frames. It is
also used to produce furniture.
2. Hardwood is typically heavier
and denser than softwood and is
usually utilized for construction of
walls, ceilings and floors.
In your own words, answer the given questions:
1. What are the factors influencing the choice of a building material?
There are many factors that can affect one’s choice of building material. The type of
structure to be built can be a big factor because it will dictate the suggested type of
materials to be used and it will also be the basis of the strength of the materials to be
used. The ratio of the cost and effectiveness of the material will also be a big factor
regarding the choice of materials. Another factor is the climate of the area you will
build the structure, certain materials are not good in certain climates and vice versa.
Some people also think of the looks of the structure to be made so some people pick
materials based on aesthetics.

2. Why is it important to make standards for building material?

The standards are there to keep people safe and away from any harm, during the
construction and after the construction of any structure. Engineers created a set of rules
like the building code in order to make construction safe and also to make a durable
and safe building for people to dwell on. Without a proper standard for building
materials, buildings would be a hazard and could result into a catastrophic failure in
the future.