ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION
UNIT II
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
POLLUTION
• DEFINITION
• CAUSES
• EFFECTS
• CONTROL MEASURES
SOIL WASTE MANAGEMENT
• CAUSES
• EFFECTS
• CONTROL MEASURES

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 “ The unfavorable alteration of our surroundings ”

Pollution: The term pollution can be defined as influence of any substance

causing nuisance, harmful effects, and uneasiness to the organisms

Pollutant:- Any substance causing Nuisance or harmful effects or

uneasiness to the organisms, then that particular substance may be called as
the pollutant.

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 Air
pollution

Nuclear Water
hazards pollution

TYPES
Soil Noise
pollution pollution

Marine Thermal
pollution pollution

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 Air Pollution
The presence of one or more
contaminants like dust, smoke, mist
and odor in the atmosphere
which are injurious to human beings,
plants and animals.

SOURCE

Natural Man Made

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 Sources
• Industries.
• Automobiles and Domestic fuels.
• High Proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide
and carbon monoxide.
• Dust (e.g. cement dust, foundry dust and wind blown solid
dust)
• Mist.
• Smoke.
• Carbon black.
• Aerosols.

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 Classification

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 Green House Effect

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 Control Measures
1. The forest cover should be protected by restricting deforestation and
through adoption of afforestation programs.
2. The main source of air pollution is the automobiles; therefore, their
engines should be redesigned in such a way that their emissions cause
minimum pollution.
3. In countries like India, traditional use of fuel wood, coal, etc., should
be checked and newly devised smoke-free furnaces be used.
4. The industrial areas should be located at a certain distance from
residential areas.
5. Some methods of controlling air pollution are filtering, settling,
dissolving, absorption, etc

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 WATER POLLUTION
“ the alteration in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water
which may cause harmful effects on human and aquatic life ”

Types

Ground Surface
Water Water
Pollution Pollution

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 Causes of Water Pollution

Natural • Volcanos
• Animal waste
• Algae
causes • Floods

• Chemicals

Human • Sewage
• Nutrients
• Highway runoff

causes • Radioactive waste

• Oil
• Plastic

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 Human life : consuming contaminated water can cause a number of
Effects diseases.
Of
Water Aquatic life: The highest effect of water pollution can be seen on the aquatic
life.
Pollution
Environment: When water pollution hits the ecosystem, it damages the
whole surrounding.

Soil infertility: The accumulation of various pollutants in water also causes

soil infertility.

Sewage: Sewage discharged into coastal waters can wash up on beaches and
cause a health hazard.

Disruption of food-chains Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are eaten

by tiny animals.

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 Control Water Pollution
The most effective method to control water
pollution is to prevent or minimize the mixing
of pollutants into water bodies.

Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act,

1972, was enacted by government of India to
control all types of water pollution. It cares for
maintenance and restoration of water of all
types, such as surface water and ground water.
Industries should treat their effluents
Apart from legislation, each individual should before they dispose it into water bodies.
take care of water quality and refrain from
polluting water.

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 SOIL POLLUTION
“ The contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may
cause harmful effects on living beings ”

The change in physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil

through mans intervention resulting in degrading of soil

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 CAUSES Industrial Activity

Agricultural Activities

Waste Disposal

Accidental Oil Spills

Acid Rain

Radioactive pollutants

Biological agents

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 Effects of Soil Pollution

• Health of Humans
• Growth of Plants
• Decreased Soil Fertility
• Toxic Dust
• Changes in Soil Structure
• Poisoning of the Underground Water Table

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 Control Measures
• Reduced Use of Chemical Fertilizers
• Reforestation and Afforestation Should be Promoted
• Recycle and Reuse Products
• Get the Locals Involved
• Promote Use of Natural Manure

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 MARINE POLLUTION

Effects of marine pollutants

➢ The presence of heavy metals and organic pollutants cause
more damage in birds as
thinning of eggshell and tissue damage of egg.
➢ Oil spilling causes abnormally low body temperature in
birds resulting in hypothermia.
➢ Oil films are able to retard significantly the rate of oxygen ❖ Plants for conserving marine biodiversity must be taken
uptake by water
Control measures of marine pollution
into account of human needs.
❖ People should be educated about marine ecosystems and
the benefits offered by them.
❖ Local communities must be involved in protecting and
managing their coastal
resources. Social and economic incentives must be offered for
conserving and
sustainable use of marine resources.
❖ Governments must manage their own water while
extending cooperation to the
neighboring states.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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 NOISE POLLUTION

Effects of Noise pollution

✓ This affects human health, comfort and efficiency.
✓ It causes muscles to contract leading to nervous breakdown,
tension.
✓ It affects health efficiency and behavior.
✓ In addition to serious loss of hearing due to excessive noise,
impulsive noise also
causes psychological and pathological disorders.
✓ Brain is also adversely affected by loud and sudden noise as
Control and preventing measures
that of jet and aero plane
❖ Source control – acoustic treatment to machine surface,
noise.
design changes, limiting the
operational timings.
❖ Transmission path intervention- the source inside a sound
insulating enclosure,
construction of a noise barrier or provision of sound absorbing
materials.
❖ Oiling – Proper oiling will reduce the noise from the
machines.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

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 NUCLEAR HAZARDS
Risk or danger to human
health or the environment
posed by radiation
emanating from the atomic
nuclei of a given
substance, or the
possibility of an
uncontrolled explosion
originating from a fusion
or fission reaction of
atomic nuclei.

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 Effects of Nuclear Hazards
❖ Exposure of the brain and central nervous system
of high doses of radiation causes
delirium, convulsions and death within hours or days.
❖ The use of eye is vulnerable to radiation. As its
cell die, they become opaque forming
cataracts that impair sight.
❖ Acute radiation sickness is marked by vomiting;
bleeding of gums and in severe cases mouth ulcers.
❖ Nausea and vomiting often begin a few hours Sources of Nuclear
after the gastrointestinal tract is exposed. Infection of
the intestinal wall can kill weeks afterwards. Hazards
❖ Unborn children are vulnerable to brain damage Natural Sources – This is in space which
or mental retardation, especially if irradiation occurs emits cosmic rays.
during formation of the central nervous system in Man made Sources – (Anthropogenic
early pregnancy. sources) these are nuclear power plants, X-
rays, nuclear
accidents, nuclear bombs, diagnostic kits.

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 Control measures

• Nuclear devices should never be exploded in air.

• In nuclear reactors, closed cycle coolant system with gaseous coolant may be
used to prevent extraneous activation products.

• Containments may also be employed to decrease the radio active emissions.

• Extreme care should be exercised in the disposal of industrial wastes

contaminated with radio nuclides.

• Use of high chimneys and ventilations at the working place where radioactive
contamination is high. It seems to be an effective way for dispersing
pollutants.

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SOILD WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 Any materials unused and rejected as worthless
Solid waste management refers to the
or unwanted and “A useless or profile less
collecting, treating, and disposing of solid
activity using or expanding or consuming
material that is discarded or is no longer useful.
thoughtlessly or carefully.”

1. Urban wastes
Sources
✓ Domestic wastes – Food waste, Cloth, Waste paper.
✓ Commercial wastes – Packing material, cans, bottles,
polythene.
✓ Construction Wastes – Wood, concrete debris.
✓ Bio medical wastes – Anatomical wastes, infectious wastes.
2. Industrial wastes
Sources
✓ Nuclear power plants – generates radioactive wastes
✓ Thermal power plants – produces fly ash in large quantities
3. Chemical industries
Produces large quantities of hazardous and toxic materials

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 Steps involved in solid waste management

✓ Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of materials

✓ Land fill: Solid wastes are placed in sanitary landfill system in
alternate layers of 80 cm thick refuse, covered with selected earth
fill of 20cm thickness
✓ Incineration: It is a thermal process and is very effective for
detoxification of all combustible pathogens
✓ Composting: It is another popular method practiced in many cities
in our country. In this method, bulk organic waste is converted into
fertilizing manure by biological action.

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 Role of an individual in prevention of pollution

• Plantmore trees
• Help more in pollution prevention than pollution control
• Use water, energy and other resources efficiently
• Purchase recyclable, recycled and environmentally safe products
• Reduce deforestation
• Remove NO from motor vehicular exhaust
• Use of eco friendly products.

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 Slurry used for Municipal Solid Waste
Collection of waste agriculture or are
discarded safely Management
Municipal solid waste includes
Processed by commercial and domestic wastes
Segregating bio composting,
degradable and non bio vermicomposting or generated in municipal or notified
degradable anerobic digestion or
incineration areas in either solid or semi-solid
form excluding industrial
hazardous wastes but including
Medical wastes treated Storage of waste (not
separately exposed to atmosphere) treated bio-medical wastes.

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