8

Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy× I K~U‰bwZK wecøe

kw³kvjx ivRZ‡š¿i D™¢e AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi Ab¨vZg D‡jøL‡hvM¨

GKwU w`K| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y ga¨hy‡M ivRv wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ `ye©j| AvaywbK hy‡M d«vÝ, Bsj¨vÛ,
†¯úb, cZ©yMvj, Awóªqv, cÖvwkqv cÖf…wZ †`‡k ivRv µgk kw³kvjx n‡q D‡Vb| Lye kxNªB
Gme kw³kvjx ivRv BD‡iv‡c cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi Ges c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvq Jcwb‡ewkK
mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß nb| G cÖwZ‡hvwMZv KLbI KLbI mk¯¿
msNv‡Zi iƒc aviY K‡i| AvVvi kZ‡K BD‡iv‡c †h me hy× msNwUZ nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨
†¯ú‡bi DËivwaKvi hy×, Awóªqvi DËivwaKvi hy× Ges mvZ eQie¨vcx hy× Ab¨Zg| G
BDwb‡Ui `y‡Uv cv‡V †k‡lv³ `y‡Uv hy‡×i KviY I djvdj Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| cÖK…Z A‡_©
mvZ eQie¨vcx hyׇK GKwU wek¦hy× wn‡m‡e wPwüZ Kiv hvq| †Kbbv GKB m‡½ G hy×
BD‡ivc, Av‡gwiKv I fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k msNwUZ n‡q‡Q| G hy‡×i d‡j BD‡iv‡ci
GKwU eo kw³ wn‡m‡e cÖæwkqvi Avwef©ve N‡U| Acic‡¶ Bsj¨vÛ we‡k¦i me© †kªô
Jcwb‡ewkK iv‡óª cwiYZ nq|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q -

 cvV - 1 : Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy× I K‚U‰bwZK wecøe
 cvV - 2 : mvZ eQie¨vcx hy×
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 1
Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy× I K‚U‰bwZK wecøe
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 Avw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy‡×i cUf‚wg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy‡×i wewfbœ ch©vq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy× †k‡l GB-jv-m¨v‡c‡ji mwÜ ¯^v¶i Ges Zvrch© e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 BD‡iv‡ci ivRbxwZ‡Z DËivwaKvi hy‡×i cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 K‚U‰bwZK wecøe Ges Gi KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 K‚U‰bwZK wecøe msµvšÍ g~j NUbvmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ÔK‚U‰bwZK wecø‡eÕ Gi Ges Zvrch© g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z DËivwaKvi hy× GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| BD‡iv‡c Avwac‡Z¨i
Ø›Ø, ciivR¨ `L‡ji wjáv, Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i cÖvavb¨ we¯Ív‡ii cÖK…ó D`vniY n‡jv
DËivwaKvi hy×|

DËivwaKvi hy‡×i cUf‚wg

m¨vwjK AvBb Abymv‡i Aw÷ªqvi wmsnvm‡b †Kv‡bv ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki Av‡ivnb Kivi AwaKvi
wQ‡jv bv| lô Pvj©m GB AvBbMZ ÎÆwU KvUv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ¨vMg¨vwUK m¨vskb
(Pragmatic Sanction) bv‡g GKwU ¯^xK…wZ cÎ gvidZ BD‡ivcxq ivRvMY KZ©„K ¯^v¶i
Kwi‡q Zuvi Kb¨v gvwiqv †_‡imv‡K wmsnvm‡b DËivwaKvi wn‡m‡e AwawôZ nIqvi
AwaKvi jvf K‡ib| Aek¨ gvwiqv †_‡imv cweÎ †ivgvb mgªvU c‡` AwawôZ bv n‡q ivYx
wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡e GwUI †gvUvgywU w¯’i nq| †ewki fvM BD‡ivcxq kw³ †hgb ivvwkqv,
d«vÝ, mvwe©qv, m¨v·wb, BZvwj, †¯úb, mvwe©qv GB cÖ¨vMg¨vwUK m¨vskb c‡Î ¯^xK…wZ †`b
wb| mgªvU lô Pvj‡m©i g„Zz¨i ci 1740 wLª: Zuvi GKgvÎ Kb¨v gvwiqv †_‡imv‡K
cÖ¨vMg¨vwUK m¨vskb Abyhvqx Aw÷ªqvi ivbx wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`qv nq Ges cweÎ †ivgvb
mvgªv‡R¨i mgªvU c‡` Zvi ¯^vgx †jv‡ib d«vwÝm Gi wbe©vPb `vwe Kiv nq|

wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡bi ci ciB gvwiqv †_‡imv AZ¨šÍ RwUj cwiw¯’wZi m¤§yLxb nb|
Aw÷ªqvi mvgwiK `ye©jZv Ges ivR‰bwZK wew”QbœZvi my‡hv‡M BD‡iv‡ci GKvwaK iv‡óªi
AwacwZiv Zv‡`i cÖwZkÖæwZ f½ K‡i gvwiqv †_‡imvi `vwei we‡ivwaZv K‡ib|

†h mKj we‡`kx ivRv GB Ae¯’vi my‡hvM wb‡qwQj cÖvwkqvi †d«WvwiL `¨v †MÖU Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb| DËi IWvi Gi De©i AÂj mvB‡jwkqv `Lj Kivi gva¨‡g cÖwkqvi
†kªôZ¡ i¶v Kiv nq| eûKvj †_‡KB cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i ARynv‡Z mvB‡jwkqvi Dci

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 237

Gm Gm GBP Gj

`vwe Rvwb‡q †d«WvwiL gvwiqv †_‡imvi Kv‡Q GKwU PigcÎ cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| RywjI I evM©
bvgK `ywU ¯’vb bv †`qvq wZwb cÖ_g †d«WvwiL DBwjqvg ¯^v¶wiZ ÒcÖ¨vMg¨vwUK m¨vskbÓ
†g‡b wb‡Z eva¨ bb GB hyw³ †`Lvb| Zvi †cÖwiZ Pigc‡Î Rvbv‡bv nq †h, gvwiqv
†_‡imv hw` mvB‡jwkqvi Dci †d«Wvwi‡Li AwaKvi †g‡b †bq, Z‡e gvwiqv‡K Aw÷ªqvi
mvgªv‡R¨i kxl© Ae¯’v‡bi †¶‡Î me©`vB mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb| Zuvi GB `vwe AMÖvn¨ n‡j 1740
mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i cÖvwkqvi ˆmb¨evwnbx mvB‡jwkqvi gvwU‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| †d«Wvwi‡Li GB
Awfhvb Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy‡×i m~Pbv K‡i| GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B †d«WvwiL mgMÖ
mvB‡jwkqv Ges ivRavbx †eªmj `Lj K‡i †bb| mvB‡jwkqv `Lj K‡i gvwiqv‡K ejv
nq-

1| mvB‡jwkqvi wewbg‡q wZwb Zuvi ¯^vgxi c‡¶ mgªvU nevi †¶‡Î ivRKxq wbe©vP‡b
mg_©b †`‡eb;
2| Zuv‡K Zuvi mKj kÎÆc‡¶i weiæ‡× mvgwiK mvnvh¨ †`Iqv n‡e;
3| GQvovI Zuv‡K wZb wgwjqb †_jvim ev ¸j‡Wb gy`ªv ¶wZc~iY †`Iqv n‡e| Z‡e
gvwiqv †_‡imv †d«Wvwi‡Li GB me cÖ¯Íve N„Yvf‡i cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡jB `yB c‡¶i g‡a¨
hy× Aek¨¤¢vex n‡q D‡V| gvwiqv BD‡iv‡ci kvmK‡`i Kv‡Q GB AvMÖvmx kw³i
weiæ‡× Ges mvB‡jwkqv †_‡K †d«WvwiL‡K †ei K‡i w`‡Z mvnvh¨ Pvb|
wKš‘ BD‡iv‡ci kw³eM© gvwiqv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z wQ‡jb bv, eis †d«Wvwi‡Li
c¶ AbymiY K‡i n¨vcmevM© mvgªvR¨ aŸsm Kiv Ges Aw÷ªqv‡K wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
fvMev‡Uvqviv K‡i wb‡Z AvMÖnx wQ‡jb|

weªM bvgK ¯’v‡bi wbKU gjDBR Gi hy‡× †d«WvwiL gvwiqv †_‡imvi evwnbx‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
civwRZ K‡ib| | Awóªqvi civRq Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq kw³i Rb¨ GKwU wec¾K ms‡KZ
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| cÖvwkqvi Rqjv‡f cÖ‡ivwPZ n‡q d«vÝ, †¯úb, m¨v·wb, evfvwihv,
mvw`©wbqv D`¨Z n‡q c‡o| d«vÝ Zvi HwZn¨MZ kÎÆ n¨vcmevM©‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z `„p
cÖwZÁv wQ‡jv| 1741 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi †ewj AvBm‡j †¯úb I e¨vfvwiqvi m‡½ GKwU
Pzw³c‡Î ¯^v¶i K‡i Ges AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ m¨v·wb, mvw`©wbqv I cÖvwkqvi c‡¶
†Kvqvwjk‡b †hvM `vb K‡i| GB Pzw³‡Z wm×všÍ nq -
1| Aw÷ªqvi UvBij Ges †ev‡nwgqvi e¨vfvwiqvi Pvjm© AvjevU© cv‡eb
2| m¨v·wb cv‡e †gv‡iwfqv;
3| mvB‡jwkqvq cÖvwkqvi AwaKvi wbwðZ n‡e;
4| d«vÝ cv‡e Aw÷ªqv - †b`vij¨vÛ;
5| †¯úb cv‡e BZvwj I Aw÷ªqvi n¨vcmevM© AÂjmg‚n|

gvwiqv †_‡imvi Ici ïay nv‡½wii AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z n‡e| G QvovI G‡Z wm×všÍ nq †h
†d«WvwiL e¨vfvwiqvi B‡j±i‡K Aw÷ªqvi mgªvU c‡` mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb Ges ivBb A‡ji
`vwe Z¨vM Ki‡eb|

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 238

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Z‡e gvwiqv †_‡imv mvn‡mi m‡½ kw³†Rv‡Ui GB weiæ× kw³i weiæ‡× †gvKvwejv
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Aciw`‡K Aw÷ªqvi c‡¶ `uvovq Bsj¨vÛ Ges nj¨vÛ| d«vÝ wQj
Bsj¨v‡Ûi HwZn¨MZ kÎÆ| GQvov Rvgv©wbi n¨v‡bvfvi Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv KZ©„K kvwmZ
n‡Zv| divwm‡`i AvMÖvm‡b n¨v‡bvfv‡i weªwUk‡`i AwaKvi‡K ûgwKi g‡a¨ †dj‡e e‡j
Bsj¨vÛ g‡b K‡i| Aciw`‡K 1737 mv‡j †MÖU e„‡Ub Ges †¯ú‡bi g‡a¨ hy× ïiæ nq hv
†RbwKbm hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ| †MÖU e„‡Ub gvwiqv †_‡imv‡K A_©ej KZK kw³ w`q mvnvh¨
Ki‡Z GwM‡q Av‡m| Gfv‡e Aw÷ªqv‡K evwYR¨ I Jcwb‡ewkK hz‡× Rwo‡q †d‡j| e„‡Ub
†¯ú‡bi mgy‡`ªi AvwacZ¨‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z `„p cÖwZÁ nq Ges bZzb kw³ wn‡m‡e d«vÝ I
e„‡Ub Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Jcwb‡ewkK I evwYwR¨K Ø›Ø µgk cÖej †_‡K cÖejZi n‡q D‡V|

myZivs, Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy× GKwU BD‡ivcxq hy‡× cwiYZ nq| †MÖU e„‡Ub civ‡bv
kÎÆ d«v݇K aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ Ges gnv‡`‡k ¶gZvi fvimvg¨ wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨
n¨v‡bvfv‡ii ¯^v_© i¶v‡_© Aw÷ªqvi weiæ‡× Ges Aciw`‡K e„‡Ub WvP †b`vij¨vÛ ev
nj¨vÛ Giv Aw÷ªqvi c‡¶ hy‡× Ask †bq|

2| Aw÷ªqvi hy‡×i ch©vqmg~n

gjDBR Gi hy‡× Aw÷ªqvi civRq N‡U| G‡Z BD‡ivcxq kw³eM© Aw÷ªqv‡K mvnvh¨
Ki‡Z bv G‡m Aw÷ªqvb mvgªvR¨‡K fvMev‡Uvivq wjß n‡q c‡o| †d«WvwiL cÖ_‡g Aw÷ªqv
we‡ivax †Kvqvwjk‡b AskMÖn‡Y K‡ib wb| G †¶‡Î wZwb kZ© †`b †h Aw÷ªqv hw` mgMÖ
mvB‡jwkqv Zv‡K w`‡q †`q Z‡e wZwb Zvi weiæ‡× HK¨‡Rv‡U Ask ‡b‡eb bv| Z‡e
Aw÷ªqvi ivbx GB cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡j cÖvwkqv Aw÷ªqv-we‡ivax ˆgÎx‡Rv‡U Ask †bq|
Aw÷ªqvi hy× wZbwU ch©v‡q wef³ wQj| cÖ_g ce© cÖ_g mvB‡jwkqv hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Aw÷ªqvi weiæ‡× ˆgÎx‡RvU d«vÝ KZ©„K MwVZ n‡qwQj Ges †RvU cÖvwkqvi mg_©b jvf
K‡i| d«vÝ wQj n¨vcmev‡M©i cyivZb kÎÆ Ges Aw÷ªqvi `ye©j f‚-L‡Ûi my‡hvM wb‡q
gnv‡`‡k Zvi cÖwZôvi †Póv K‡i| d«vÝ †ev‡nwgqv‡Z Aw÷ªqv‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civf‚Z
K‡iwQ‡jv, e¨vfvwiqv wf‡qbvi kniZjx ch©šÍ cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| Gi g‡a¨ Pvj©m G¨vjev
cweÎ †ivgvb mgªvU wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ nb| Gfv‡e wKQy Kv‡ji hy‡×i ci PZ©zw`‡K AvµvšÍ
Aw÷ªqv 1741mv‡j wK¬bwkø‡jbWid-Gi Pzw³ Øviv wb¤œ mvB‡jwkqvi Dci †d«WvwiL Gi
AwaKvi ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv nq| wZb mßvn c‡i †d«WvwiL Zvi †Rv‡Ui m‡½ †gv‡iwfqv
AvµgY Kivi ci wZwb Zvi ˆgÎx‡RvU‡K wØZxq ev‡ii g‡Zv cwiZ¨vM K‡ib|

cÖvwkqv hy× Z¨vM Ki‡jv, wKš‘ Acivci kw³i m‡½ Aw÷ªqvi hy× Pj‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e wKQy
Kvj ci Aw÷ªqv hy× Rqjvf Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡j †d«WvwiL fxZ n‡q c‡ob| wZwb Avk¼v
Ki‡jb nq‡Zv Aw÷ªqv Avevi mvB‡jwkqv cybiæ×v‡i m‡Pó n‡e| †mB Kvi‡Y †d«WvwiL
cybivq hy‡× AeZxY© n‡eb| Rvmj-Gi hy‡× Aw÷ªqv †d«Wvwi‡Li nv‡Z civwRZ nq Ges
1743 wLª: †eªm&j Gi mwÜ Øviv M- vfm I mvB‡jwkqvi Dci cÖvwkqvi AwaKvi ¯^xK…wZ
jvf K‡i| †eªmj Gi mwÜi m‡½ m‡½ mvB‡jwkqvi cÖ_g c‡e©i hy‡×i Aemvb N‡U|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 239

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BD‡iv‡ci ivóªmg~‡ni Øviv kÎƇewóZ n‡q Aw÷ªqvi ivbx nv‡½wi‡Z cvwj‡q hvb| wZwb
nv‡½wii RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ AvKzj Av‡e`b Rvbvb| Zuvi Av‡e`‡b
nv‡½wiqvbiv ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e GwM‡q Av‡m Ges Zuv‡K 1 j¶¨ ˆmb¨ w`‡q mvnvh¨ †`evi
cÖwZkÖæwZ †`q| Gi cÖwZ`vb ¯^iƒc gvwiqv †_‡imv A‡÷ªv-nv‡½wi ˆØZ ivRZš¿ cÖwZôvi
†NvlYv †`b| †eªm&j-Gi mwÜi d‡j †d«WvwiL hy× Z¨vM Ki‡j Aw÷ªqv Ab¨vb¨ kw³i
weiæ‡× hy× Ki‡Z m¶g nq Ges hy‡×i MwZ Aw÷ªqvi AbyK‚‡j cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K|
†_‡imv mvB‡jwkqv nv‡iv‡bvi ¶wZ wn‡m‡e e¨vfvwiqv †c‡Z `„p msKí wQj| 1743 mv‡j
Iqvg‡m©e Pzw³i gvidZ Bsj¨vÛ Aw÷ªqv, mvw`©wbqv, wcWg›U, d«vÝ Ges e¨vfvwiqvi
weiæ‡× hy‡× AeZxY© nq|

Aciw`‡K d«vÝ I †ejwRqvg A‡÷ªnv‡½wi ev gvwiqv †_‡imvi Aaxb †b`vij¨vÛ `Lj

Ki‡Z `„p cÖwZÁ wQ‡jv| d‡j hy× Ab¨vb¨ gnv‡`‡kI Qwo‡q c‡o, we‡klZ Av‡gwiKv
Ges fvi‡Z| `yB kw³ ci¯ú‡ii Dci cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii †Póv K‡i| nv‡½wiiv d«v‡Ýi
mvgwiK evwnbx‡K nwU‡q †`q Ges e¨vfvwiqv I wgDwbL †_‡K ˆgÎx‡Rv‡Ui evwnbx‡K
D‡”Q` K‡i| Pvjm© G¨vjevU© dz‡mb Aw÷ªqvi ivRwmsnvm‡bi †h `vwe wQ‡jv Zv cwiZ¨vM
K‡ib| Bsj¨vÛ mvw`©wbqv Ges Aw÷ªqvi Avµg‡Y divwm AÂj Gjmvm Ges j‡ibI
wec`MÖ¯’ n‡q c‡o| g~jZ cÖvwkqvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z ˆgÎx‡Rv‡Ui kw³ eû cwigv‡Y n«vm cvq
Ges Zv‡`i fv‡M¨ fwel¨Z civRqB Awbevq© n‡q D‡V|

Gw`‡K Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv wØZxq RR© wbqwš¿Z cÖvMg¨vwUK ‡mbvevwnbx g~jZ n¨v‡bvfvi Ges
Aw÷ªqvi evwnbx 1744 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| †WwU‡Ä‡bi hy‡× divwm
ˆmb¨ evwnbx m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civwRZ K‡i| GB mgq †_‡K Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy× B½-
divwm Ø›Ø Ges Aw÷ªqv-cÖvwkqvi Ø›Ø GB `yB cÖavb ؇›Ø cwiYZ nq|

GKw`‡K Aw÷ªqvi mvdj¨ Ges Aciw`‡K `w¶Y mvB‡jwkqv mgc©b Kivi †¶‡Î Aw÷ªqvi
Mwogwm Ges BZ¯ÍZ †d«Wvwi‡Li Rb¨ A¯^w¯Íi KviY n‡q `uvovq| Gici Aw÷ªqvi m‡½
Pzw³ f½ K‡i wZwb †ev‡nwgqv AvµgY K‡ib Ges 1744 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m cÖvM
`Lj K‡ib| Z‡e †d«WvwiL †ev‡nwgqv‡Z chy©`¯Í n‡q 1745 mv‡j GKwU c„_K kvwšÍPzw³
m¤úv`b K‡ib| H eQ‡ii ïiæ‡ZB e¨vfvwiqvi mßg Pv‡j©‡mi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi †`k
Aw÷ªqv KZ…©K AvµvšÍ nq Ges B‡jKUiiv gvwiqv †_‡imvi ¯^vgx cÖ_g d«vwÝm‡K cweÎ
†ivgvb mgªvU wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| Gi c‡ii eQi Aw÷ªqvi evwnbx ˆgÎx‡Rv‡Ui
weiæ‡× mvdj¨ jvf K‡i Ges BZvwj I d«vÝ †¯ú‡bi weiæ‡× GKUvi ci GKUv hy‡× Rq
jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e Gi wecix‡Z divwm †mbv evwnbx nj¨vÛ, Bsj¨vÛ I WvP‡`i
weiæ‡× hy‡× Rqx n‡qwQj|

Aw÷ªqv m¨v·wb, †cvj¨vÛ Ges ivwkqvi m‡½ Pzw³ ¯’vcb K‡i Ges cÖvwkqv‡K `yB w`K
†_‡K AvµgY K‡i| myZivs †d«WvwiL Aw÷ªqvi †gvKvwejv I mvB‡jwkqv cybiæ×v‡i
Avevi hy× Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e hy‡× †d«Wvwi‡Li cybivq AvMg‡b ˆgÎx‡RvU Z_v
d«v‡Ýi hy× R‡qi m¤¢vebv D¾j nq| mvB‡jwkqv cyb`©L‡ji Rb¨ Aw÷ªqvi ‰mb¨iv

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 240

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

AMÖmi n‡j †nv‡nbwd«Wev‡M©i hy‡× civwRZ nq| Aw÷ªqvi ˆm‡b¨‡`i avIqv K‡i
†ev‡nwgqvi wbKU †mvni hy‡× cybivq Zv‡`i‡K civwRZ K‡i| `y‡Uv hy‡× civR‡qi ci
Aw÷ªqv †d«WvwiL‡K mgMÖ mvB‡jwkqv w`‡q w`‡Z eva¨ nq| 1745 mv‡j †WªmW‡bi hy‡×
mvB‡jwkqv Ges M- vr‡mv cÖvwkqvi Kv‡Q mgc©b Kiv nq| GiB g‡a¨ †_‡imvi ¯^vgx cÖ_g
d«vwÝm †ivgvb mvgªv‡R¨i mgªvU c‡` wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| †d«WvwiL GB wbe©vPb †g‡b
†bb| Z‡e Gi ciI hy× Pj‡Z _v‡K, 1748 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `yB c¶B wech©¯Í n‡q c‡o
kvwšÍi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| Gi d‡j 1748 mv‡j AvB‡q-jv-m¨v‡c‡ji mwÜ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| GB
mwÜ AvU eQ‡ii Ø›Ø msNvZ eÜ Kivi gva¨‡g BD‡iv‡c kvwšÍi cwi‡ek wb‡q Av‡m|

3| AvB‡q-jv-m¨v‡c‡ji mw×, 1748

Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi msµvšÍ `xN© hy‡× K¬všÍ n‡q 1748 mv‡j `yB c‡¶i g‡a¨ AvB‡q-
jv-mv‡c‡ji weL¨vZ Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq| GB mwÜi g~j avivmg~n n‡jv :
1| GB Pzw³i gva¨‡g gviwqv †_‡imv‡K Aw÷ªqvi kvmK Ges Zuvi ¯^vgx d«vwÝm †jv‡ib‡K
cweÎ †ivgvb mvgªv‡R¨i mgªvU wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`qv nq,
2| mvB‡jwkqv I M- ¨rm Gi Dci cÖvwkqvi AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z nq,
3| wØZxq RR©‡K Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv e‡j †NvlYv †`qv nq,
4| DB‡Ujme¨vK (Wittelsback) cwievi e¨vfvwiqv Ges c¨vjvwU‡b‡U Zv‡`i ¶gZv
cyyb:cÖwZôv K‡i,
5| mvw`©wbqvi Pvjm© Bgvby‡qj †jv¤^vwW©, m¨vfq Ges wbrm jvf K‡ib, wKš‘ wd‡bBj
¯’vbwU Z¨vM Ki‡Z e¨_© nb;
6| d«vÝ AweiZ hy× Pvwj‡q †M‡jI GB Pzw³ †_‡K wKQyB cvqwb| WvbKvK© e›`‡ii
i¶vcÖvPxi †f‡½ †djv nq| BD‡Uª± mwÜ Øviv †h mKj `yM© ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQ‡jv Zv
d«v݇K wdwi‡q w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq;
7| GB hy‡×i ci d«vÝI †MÖU e„‡U‡bi g‡a¨ Jcwb‡ewkK I evwYwR¨K hy‡×i m~Pbv nq|

cÖ_gZ : GB Pzw³i gva¨‡g gvwiqv †_‡imv Aw÷ªqvi kvmK wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K cÖwZôv
Ki‡Z m¶g nb;

wØZxqZ : GB Pzw³ gvidZ cÖvwkqv BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m Ab¨Zg cÖavb kw³‡Z cwiYZ
nq,

Z…ZxqZ : Bsj¨vÛ I d«v‡Ýi g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K, Jcwb‡ewkK Ges mvgvwRK cÖvav‡b¨i †h

Ø›Ø wQ‡jv, AvB‡q-jv-m¨v‡c‡ji mwÜ GB ؇›Øi m‡šÍvlRbK †Kv‡bv mgvavb
w`‡Z m¶g nq wb,

PZz_©Z : d«vÝ GB hy‡× †KejgvÎ ¶wZMÖ¯’ Ges AcgvwbZ n‡qwQ‡jv Ggb bq, eis GB
Pzw³i gva¨‡g Zv‡K K‡qKwU ¯’vb wdwi‡q w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq,

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 241

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cÂgZ : ivwkqv Aw÷ªqvi c‡¶ wØZxq mvB‡jwkqv hy‡× †hvMv`vb K‡i Ges GB Pzw³‡Z
Ask MÖn‡Yi d‡j fwel¨‡Z BD‡iv‡ci ivRbxwZ‡Z iæk kw³i cÖfve e„w×i
Bw½Z †`q,
lôZ : AvB‡q-jv-m¨v‡c‡ji mwÜ ivR‰bwZK gxgvsmv Ki‡Z m¤ú~Y©fv‡e e¨_© nq| GB
Pzw³ †Kv‡bv c¶‡KB mš‘ó Ki‡Z cv‡i bvB| d‡j BD‡ivc cybivq hy‡×i Rb¨
cÖ¯‘Z n‡Z jvM‡jv| d‡j wKQy w`b c‡iB mßel©e¨vcx hy‡×i m~Pbv nq|

4| BD‡ivcxq ivRbxwZ‡Z DËivwaKvi hy‡×i cÖfve

Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy‡×i djvdj ‡h me we‡Pbvq my`~i cÖmvix wQ‡jv Zv wb¤œiƒc|

cÖ_gZ : GwU wQ‡jv Awóªqv Ges cÖvwkqvi ؇›Øi hy×| gvwiqv †_‡imv KLbB mvB‡jwkqv
nviv‡bvi `y:L †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib bvB| gvwiqv mvB‡jwkqv cybiæ×v‡i
cÖwZÁve× n‡jI G‡Z Zvi m¤§vb `viæbfv‡e ¶zbœ nq| GwU Zvi mvgwiK
kw³i `ye©jZv‡KB cÖgvY K‡i|

wØZxqZ : GB hy‡×i gva¨‡g Rvg©vwb Z_v cÖvwkqv BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m Ab¨Zg †kªô
kw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQ‡jv| cÖvwkqvi AvšÍR©vwZK gh©v`v †hgwb e„w× ‡c‡qwQj
†Zgwb GB hy‡× Gi ivR¨mxgvI e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g nq| Gici cÖvwkqv
BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨Zg †bZ…Z¡Kvix ‡`k wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ nq|

Z…ZxqZ : hy‡× wKQy bv cvIqvq d«vÝ GB Pzw³ †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i wb| GB-jv-m¨v‡c‡ji
Pzw³wU d«v‡Ýi Kv‡Q ÔPeace without VictoryÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| fwel¨‡Z d«vÝ
Avevi BD‡iv‡c wb‡Ri cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii my‡hvM LuyR‡Z _v‡K|

PZz_©Z : GB hy× mgvwßi ci ciB BD‡ivcxq ivRbxwZ‡Z bZzb wgÎ cÖvwßi m¤¢vebv m„wó
nq| BD‡iv‡ci kw³eM© wbR ¯^v‡_©i AbyK~‡j Zv‡`i eûw`‡bi wgÎ Z¨vM K‡i
bZzb wgÎ mÜv‡b ˆgÎx‡RvU MVb K‡i| BwZnv‡m GwUB ÔKyU‰bwZK wecøeÕ
bv‡g cwiwPZ|
myZivs †`Lv hvq †h, 1748 mv‡j ¯^v¶wiZ AvB‡q-jv-m¨v‡cj Pzw³ mvgwqKfv‡e
DËivwaKvi hy× †VKv‡jI GwU ¯’vqx mgm¨vi mgvav‡b m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c e¨_© nq|

5| K‚U‰bwZK wecøe
1756 mv‡j B‡ivcxq ivRbxwZ‡Z weivU cwieZ©b N‡U| 1748 mvj †_‡K 1756 mvj
ch©šÍ mg‡q wewfbœ BD‡ivcxq kw³eM© Zv‡`i wbR¯^ K‚UbxwZ cwiPvwjZ Kivi wbwg‡Ë
bZzb bZzb wgÎ LyuR‡Z _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbR¯^ DbœwZi K_v we‡ePbvq G‡b †h hvi kÎÆi
nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡`i evuPv‡bvi †Póv K‡i| GB cÖ‡Póvi Ask wn‡m‡e1756 mv‡j bZzb‰gÎx
†RvU MwVZ n‡qwQj|

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 242

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

K) Aw÷ªqv Ges d«vÝ Zv‡`i `yÔ`k‡Ki weev` fz‡j wM‡q ‰gÎx Pzw³‡Z Ave× nq|

L) Aciw`‡K cÖvwkqv Ges Bsj¨vÛ ˆgÎx‡Rv‡U Ave× n‡q d«vÝ, Aw÷ªqv Ges ivwkqvi
weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i| GB wecixZag©x †RvUB ÔK‚U‰bwZK wecøeÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
ÔK‚U‰bwZK wecøeÕ Gi c~e© BD‡ivcxq kw³eM© cÖavbZ `yBwU wkwe‡i ev c‡¶ wef³
wQ‡jv| Bsj¨vÛ, Aw÷ªqv, ivwkqv I cZ©yMvj mvaviYZ GK c‡¶ _vK‡Zv Ges d«vÝ,
cÖvwkqv, †¯úb, †WbgvK©, †cvj¨vÛ, Zzi¯‹ I myB‡Wb _vK‡Zv Ab¨c‡¶| Z‡e Aw÷ªqvi
mvgyw`ªK kw³ Bsj¨v‡Ûi m‡½ Abym„Z ‰gÎx i¶vi bxwZ Z¨vM K‡i Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K
wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| Aci w`‡K Bsj¨vÛ d«v‡Ýi m‡½ mvgyw`ªK evwYwR¨K cÖvavb¨ evRvq
ivLvi Rb¨ cÖvwkqvi m‡½ wgÎZvq Ave× n‡q hy‡×i cÖ¯‘wZ cyb©`¨‡g Pvwj‡q ‡h‡Z
_v‡K|

BD‡ivcxq kw³¸wji m‡½ cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î K‚UPv‡ji GB weivU

cwieZ©b‡K ÔK‚U‰bwZK wecøeÕ e‡j AvL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q|

K‚U‰bwZK wecø‡ei g~j KviY¸‡jv n‡”Q

1| 1748 mv‡ji AvB‡q-jv-m¨v‡c‡ji mwÜ †Kv‡bv c¶‡KB mš‘ó Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
cÖvwkqv mvB‡jwkqv `Lj Ki‡jI Gi wbivcËvi mgm¨v ZLbI †d«WvwiL‡K wPwšÍZ
‡i‡LwQj| Aw÷ªqv Bsj¨v‡Ûi †RviRei`w¯Í‡Z mvB‡jwkqv †d«WvwiL‡K w`‡Z ivwR
n‡jI ivbx gvwiqv `y:L fzj‡Z cv‡ib wb| m‡ev©cwi Bsj¨vÛ I d«v‡Ýi g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K
I Jcwb‡ewkK cÖvav‡b¨i †Kv‡bv ؇›Øi gxgvsmv GB mwÜ Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| K‚U‰bwZK
hy×B †h‡Kvb gyn~‡Z© mk¯¿ hy‡×i KviY n‡q `uvovq|

2| cÖvwkqvi DÌvb Ges kw³ mÂq BD‡ivcxq ivRbxwZ‡Z GK weivU cwieZ©b

G‡bwQ‡jv| cÖvwkqvi DÌvb d«vÝ I Aw÷ªqvi g‡a¨ fxwZi mÂvi K‡i| KviY G‡Z
gnv‡`‡ki fvimvg¨ webó nq e‡j mevB AvksKv Ki‡Z _v‡K|

3| K~U‰bwZK wecø‡ei cÖZ¨¶ KviY wQ‡jv gvwiqv †_‡imvi mvB‡jwkqv cybiæ×v‡ii

msKí| gvwiqv †_‡imv Aw÷ªqvi fwel¨r ciivóªbxwZ cwieZ©b Kiv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv
fvebv ïiæ K‡ib|

6| K‚U‰bwZK wecø‡ei g~j NUbvmgyn

gvwiqv †_‡imv mvB‡jwkqv nviv‡bvi ¶wZc~iY jv‡fi j‡¶¨ Zvui me©kw³ wb‡qvM K‡ib|
Zuvi †`‡ki m¤§vb e„w×i j‡¶¨ wZwb †d«Wvwi‡Li weiæ‡× ˆgÎx‡RvU MVb ïiæ K‡ib| wZwb
m¨v·wb Ges ivwkqv‡K Zuvi wgÎ wn‡m‡e ivL‡Z B”QyK wQ‡jb, †MÖU e„‡Ub Ges nj¨v‡Ûi
m‡½ ˆgÎxeÜb †_‡K ‡ewi‡q Av‡mb|
K) K‚U‰bwZK wecø‡ei cÖavb iæcKvi wQ‡jb gvwiqv †_‡imvi gš¿x †KŠwbR| Aw÷ªqvi
gš¿xiv cyivZb wgÎ kw³ Z_v Bsj¨vÛ Gi m‡½ Aw÷ªqvi ‰gÎx i¶v K‡i Pjv‡KB hyw³hy³

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 243

Gm Gm GBP Gj

e‡j Rvbvb| wKš‘ Zvui gš¿x ‡KŠwbR GKwU bZzb bxwZ D™¢veb K‡ib| wZwb divwm‡`i
wb‡q ˆgÎx‡RvU MV‡b Zrci nb| wZwb hyw³ †`Lv‡jb †h Aw÷ªqvi cÖavb kÎÆ n‡jv
cÖvwkqv| cÖvwkqvi DÌv‡b BD‡iv‡ci ivRbxwZ‡Z GK weivU ciweZ©b N‡U‡Q| myZivs
†KŠwbR hyw³ †`Lv‡jb `~ieZ©x kw³ Bsj¨v‡Ûi wgÎZv‡K MÖnY KivB AwaKZi hyw³hy³|
G Qvov wZwb Av‡iv hyw³ †`Lv‡jb †h, mvB‡jwkqv mvnvh¨ K‡í Bsj¨vÛ mvB‡jwkqv‡K
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z n‡e bv| G QvovI cÖvwkqvi †d«WvwiL Bsj¨v‡Ûi h‡_ó RbwcÖq
†KŠwbR GB hyw³I †`Lv‡jb| gvwiqv †_‡imvi Kv‡Q †KŠwb‡Ri civgk© AZ¨šÍ g‡bvMÖvnx
n‡q D‡V| KviY wZwb mvB‡jwkqv cybiæ×v‡i `„pmsKíe× wQ‡jb Ges †h‡Kvb Dcv‡q Zv
cybiƒ×vi Ki‡Z ‡P‡qwQ‡jb|
Aciw`‡K d«v‡ÝI AvB‡q-jv-m¨v‡cjv Pzw³ LyeB ARbwcÖq wQ‡jv| d«vÝ GB Pzw³
mnRfv‡e †g‡b †bq wb| d«vÝ Ges cÖvwkqvi g‡a¨ cÖKvk¨ Ø›Ø bv _vK‡jI mvB‡jwkqvi
hy‡× †d«WvwiL GKvwaKevi d«v݇K bv Rvwb‡q hy× Z¨vM Kivq Ges ‰gÎx‡RvU ‡_‡K
we`vq †bqvq d«vÝ I cÖvwkqvi g‡a¨ m™¢ve wQj bv|
L) Bsj¨vÛ †d«WvwiL‡K mg_©b K‡iwQ‡jv| KviY d«v‡Ýi m‡½ Bsj¨v‡Ûi †h Jcwb‡ewkK
Ges gnv‡`‡k cÖvavb¨MZ Ø›Ø wQj Zv‡Z d«v݇K `gb Kiv Riæwi wQ‡jv| G QvovI
Rvgv©wbi n¨v‡bvfvi bvgK †`kwU wQ‡jv Bsj¨‡Ûi n¨v‡bvfvi eskxq ivRvM‡Yi gvZ…f‚wg|
†MÖU e„‡Ub n¨v‡bvfv‡ii wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨I GKwU ˆgÎx †RvU Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z m‡Pó
nq| Z‡e wbDK¨v‡m‡ji Bs‡iR wWDK GwU Awe®‹vi K‡ib †h Aw÷ªqv e„‡U‡bi m‡½
cybivq m¤úK© SvjvB Ki‡Z B”QyK bq| myZivs weªwUk ciivóªgš¿x wcU wbDK¨v‡mj
n¨v‡bvfv‡ii wbivcËvi Rb¨ ivwkqvi Kv‡Q Av‡e`b K‡i| GB `yB kw³ ÔmvewmWvB Pzw³Õ
m¤úv`b K‡i| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z I‡q÷wgwb÷vi Kb‡fbkb Pzw³ (1755) ¯^v¶wiZ nq,
hvi d‡j Bsj¨vÛ Ges cÖvwkqv G‡K Ac‡ii AÂj i¶v Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZÁve× nq|
M) hw`I cÖvwkqv g‡b K‡iwQ‡jv †h Bsj¨v‡Ûi m‡½ ‰gÎx d«v‡Ýi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î
†Kv‡bviƒc weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡e bv| KviY `yB †`kB Aw÷ªqv I †¯ú‡bi n¨vcmev‡M©i
weiæ‡× wQ‡jv| wKš‘ I‡q÷ wgwb÷vi Pzw³i Lei †kvbvgvÎ d«vÝ †KŠwb‡Ri ga¨¯’Zvq
Avw÷ªqv-nv‡½wii m‡½ Av‡iv GKwU Pzw³ m¤úv`v‡b GwM‡q Av‡m| Aciw`‡K ivwkqv Zvi
m‡½ Bsj¨v‡Ûi Pzw³ evwZj n‡j A‡÷ªv-d«v¼ †Rv‡U †hvM`vb K‡i| Gfv‡e 1756 mv‡j
c~‡e©Kvi K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© wQbœ Ges bZzb K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nevi welqwUB
BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m ÔK~U‰bwZK wecøeÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| G‡Z bZzb ivR‰bwZK Ø›Ø ïiæ
nq|

7| K‚U‰bwZK wecø‡ei Zvrch©

1) K‚U‰bwZK wecø‡ei NUbv we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Bsj¨vÛ cÖvwkqvi m†½ ˆgÎx
e܇b AveÜ n‡q weP¶YZvi cwiPq w`‡qwQj| d«v‡Ýi weiæ‡× cÖvwkqv‡K hy‡× cÖe„Ë K‡i
Av‡gwiKv I fvi‡Z mvnvh¨ †cÖi‡Yi c_ eÜ K‡i †`qv m¤¢e nq| `ye©j Awóªqv †_‡K
D`xqgvb kw³ cÖvwkqvi ‰gÎx Bs‡iR‡`i Rb¨ we‡klZ Bs‡iR AwaKvifz³ n¨v‡bvfvi
ivR¨ i¶vi Rb¨ AwaKZi mnvqK n‡qwQj|

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 244

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

2) cÖvwkqvi w`K †_‡K Bs‡iR‡`i eÜzZ¡ jvfRbK wQ‡jv| KviY Aw÷ªqvi AvµgY †_‡K
mvB‡jwkqv i¶vi Rb¨ Ges divwm AvµgY ‡_‡K ivBb AÂj i¶vi Rb¨ Bsj¨v‡Ûi
mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb wQ‡jv|

3) d«v‡Ýi m‡½ Aw÷ªqvi ˆgÎx ¯’vc‡bi cðv‡Z D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv mvB‡jwkqv D×vi Kiv|
myZivs Bsj¨v‡Ûi cwie‡Z© BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z wbKUeZ©x †`k d«v‡Ýi m‡½ ‰gÎx
¯’vcb Aw÷ªqvi c‡¶ K~U‰bwZK weP¶YZvi KvR wQ‡jv|

4) K~U‰bwZK wecø‡ei ivRbxwZ‡Z eyi‡evu d«vÝB mePvB‡Z †ewk wbey©w×Zv ev cÖvÁnxbZvi

cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jv| d¨v‡Ýi c‡¶ `yB kZvãxi cyi‡bv n¨vcmevM© Ø›Ø fz‡j wM‡q Aw÷ªqvi
mvnv‡h¨ GwM‡q Avmv †gv‡UI eyw×i cwiPvqK wQ‡jv bv| Aw÷ªqv wQ‡jv `ye©j †`k|
cÖvwkqvi weiæ‡× AvZœi¶v Kievi mvgwiK kw³ Aw÷ªqvi wQ‡jv bv| Aw÷ªqvi m‡½ d«v‡Ýi
ˆgÎx BD‡ivcxq ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi GK weivU cwieZ©b N‡U| Gi d‡j ivBb A‡j
divwm cÖvavb¨ A¶zbœ _v‡K|

5| m‡ev©cwi Aw÷ªqvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv mvB‡jwkqv D×vi Kiv| †mRb¨ BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡k
Aw÷ªqvi Rb¨ Av‡iv GKwU hy× Riæwi wQ‡jv| Av‡gwiKv Ges fviZe‡l© ˆmb¨ Ges A_©
mvnvh¨ †cÖiY Kiv wQ‡jv d«v‡Ýi AvZœi¶vi GKgvÎ Dcvq| wKš‘ d«vÝ Aw÷ªqvi m‡½ ‰gÎx
¯’vcb K‡i wb‡R‡K mvB‡jwkqv AwaKv‡ii ؇›Ø Rwo‡q †d‡j| wbi‡c¶ wePv‡i d«vÝ
Aw÷ªqvi m‡½ ˆgÎx ¯’vcb K‡i ¯^xq ¯^v_© ¶zbœ K‡i|

mvims‡¶c
Aw÷ªqvi DËivwaKvi hy× Ges K~U‰bwZK wecøe BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv|
Aw÷ªqvi wmsnvm‡b gvwiqv †_‡imvi AwaKvi cÖwZôv wb‡q BD‡ivcxq ؇›Øi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z
DËivwaKvi hy‡×i m~Pbv nq| Z‡e Aw÷ªqvi ivbx AZ¨šÍ `„pZvi m‡½ cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ
†gvKvwejv Ki‡Z m¶g nb| mvB‡jwkqv nviv‡jI Aw÷ªqvi ivbx wn‡m‡e Zuvi gh©v`v A¶zbœ iv‡Lb
Ges GB hy‡× Aw÷ªqvi c‡¶ Ges wec‡¶ BD‡ivcxq kw³mg~n‡K wef³ Kivi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri
¯^v_© i¶v Ki‡Z m¶g nb| Aciw`‡K GB hy‡×i ciciB BD‡iv‡c K‚U‰bwZK m¤ú‡K©i cwieZ©b
N‡U| BD‡ivcxq ivRviv Zv‡`i cyivZb wgÎ Z¨vM K‡i bZzb wg‡Îi mÜvb K‡ib Ges ˆgÎx‡RvU
M‡o †Zv‡jb| BD‡ivcxq ivRb¨e‡M©i GB c~e©Zb Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b Ges Gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z bZzb
BD‡ivcxq e¨e¯’vB ÔK~U‰bwZK wecøeÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V| Z‡e GB cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vI
BD‡ivc‡K hy‡×i Wvgv‡Wvj †_‡K gy³ Ki‡Z m¶g nq wb Ges BD‡ivc `ªæZB Av‡iv GKwU hy‡×
Rwo‡q c‡owQ‡jv|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 245

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV‡Ëvi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k¦© wUK () wPý w`b|
1| †Kvb AvBb Abymv‡i Aw÷ªqvi wmsnvm‡b ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki †Kv‡bv AwaKvi wQ‡jv bv?
K) †ivgvb AvBb L) m¨vwjK AvBb
M) †cÖv‡MÖwmf AvBb N) RywWm AvBb

2| DËivwaKvi hy‡×i cÖ_g c‡e© †Kvb hy‡× †d«Wvwi‡Li evwnbx Aw÷ªqvi evwnbx‡K
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civwRZ K‡i?
K) gjDB‡Ri hy× L) †mWv‡bi hy×
M) Rywi‡Li hy× N) †ev‡nwgqvi hy×

3| DËivwaKvi hy‡×i cÖ_g ce© wK bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jv ?

K) wØZxq mvB‡jwkqvi hy× L) cÖ_g ivBb hy×
M) wØZxq ivBb hy× N) cÖ_g mvB‡jwkqvi hy×

4| DËivwaKvi hy‡×i wØZxq c‡e© †Kvb hy‡× weªwUk evwnbx divwm evwnbx‡K m¤ú~Yf
© v‡e
civwRZ K‡iwQj?
K) wgDwb‡Li hy× L) †jv‡i‡bi hy×
M) †Ww›U‡R‡bi hy× N) cÖv‡Mi hy×

5| GB-jv-m¨v‡c‡ji mwÜ KZ mv‡j m¤úvw`Z nq?

K) 1742 mv‡j L) 1744 mv‡j
M) 1746 mv‡j N) 1748 mv‡j

6| K‚U‰bwZK hy‡×i g~j iƒcKvi †K wQ‡jb?

K) wiPvW©mb L) RR©ivd‡Uj
M) Gwgwj N) †KŠwbR

7| Bsj¨vÛ Ges ivwkqv †Kvb Pzw³e‡j ˆgÎx‡Rv‡U Ave× nq?

K) I‡q÷ wgwb÷vi Pzw³ L) c¨vwi‡mi Pzw³
M) jÛb Pzw³ N) wMÖbwd‡ìi Pzw³

8| K‚U‰bwZK wecø‡ei mePvB‡Z †ewk wbey©w×Zvi cwiPq †`q †Kvb †`k?

K) Bsj¨vÛ L) d«vÝ
M) cÖvwkqv N) Aw÷ªqv

DËi : 1| (L), 2| (K), 3| (L), 4| (M), 5| (L), 6| (L), 7| (K), 8| (L)|

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 246

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| DËivwaKvi hy‡×i cUf‚wg m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
2| K‚U‰bwZK wecøe ej‡Z wK eySvq? Gi KviYmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb|
3| BD‡ivcxq ivRbxwZ‡Z DËivwaKvi hy‡×i cÖfve eY©bv Kiæb?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| DËivwaKvi hy‡×i wewfbœ ch©vq¸wj ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| AvB‡q-jv-m¨v‡cjvi Pzw³ KLb m¤úvw`Z nq? GB Pzw³i Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Kiæb?
3| K‚U‰bwZK wecø‡ei g~j NUbvmg~n we‡kølY Kiæb|

mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
1| Edward Mcnall Burns, Western Civilization, Their History and Their Culture,
Vol 1
2| Thomas P. Neill, A History of Western Civilization, Vol II, From 1600 to the
present
3| Carlton J. H. Hayes, Modern Europe to 1870
4| Robert Ergang, Europe from the Renaissance to Waterloo
5| B V Rao, History of Europe (1450 - 1815)
6| W. wKiYP›`ª †PŠayix, AvaywbK BD‡ivc (1648 - 1870 Lªx:)|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 247

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV - 2

mvZ eQie¨vcx hy×

GB cvV c‡o Avcwb Ñ

● mvZ eQie¨vcx hy‡×i KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
● mvZ eQie¨vcx hy‡×i KwZcq NUbvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
● mvZ eQi e¨vcx hy‡×i djvdj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvZ eQie¨vcx hy× 1756 mv‡j BD‡iv‡c ïiæ nq| wKšÍz hy×wU GK‡hv‡M P‡jwQj fviZ
Dcgnv‡`‡k I DËi Av‡gwiKvq| G hy‡×i GKc‡ÿ wQj Aw÷ªqv, d«vÝ, myB‡Wb Ges
mvKmwbmn Aci K‡qKwU Rvg©vb ivR¨, Aci c‡ÿ wQj †MÖU e„‡Ub I cÖæwkqv| hy‡×i
ïiæ‡Z ivwkqv cÖ_g c‡ÿ wQj, wKšÍz †kl ch©v‡q G‡`kwU cÖæwkqvi c‡ÿ †hvM †`q|
1763 mv‡j c¨vwi‡m ¯^vÿwiZ Pyw³ †gvZv‡eK G hy‡×i Aemvb nq|
hy‡×i KviY
BD‡iv‡c mvZ eQie¨vcx hy‡×i g~‡j wQj Rvg©vwb‡Z cÖvavb¨ we¯Ív‡ii cÖ‡kœ Aw÷ªqv I
cÖæwkqvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv| Gw`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j ejv hvq †h, G hy× wQj Aóªxq
DËivwaKvi hy‡×i AbyeZ©b (Continuation)| A÷ªxq DËivwaKvi hy‡× me‡P‡q †ewk
ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡qwQj Aw÷ªqv wb‡RB| †mR‡b¨ hy‡×i Ae¨ewnZ c‡iB mgªvÁx gvwiqv †_‡imv
civR‡qi cÖwZ‡kva †bqvi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ¯ÍzwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb cÖkvmb‡K †Kw›`ªf‚Z
K‡ib; K…wl, wkí I evwY‡R¨i DbœwZi †Póv K‡ib, miKv‡ii Avq e„w× K‡ib Ges GKwU
kw³kvjx †mbvevwnbx M‡o Zzj‡Z m‡Pó nb| GKB m‡½ wZwb K‚U‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î cÖæwkqv‡K
GKN‡i Kivi †Póvq wb‡qvwRZ nb| ivwkqvi mvgªvÁx (Rvwibv) GwjRv‡e_ wewfbœ Kvi‡Y
cÖæwkqvi ivRv gnvgwZ †d«Wvwi‡Li Dci AmšÍzó wQ‡jb| G my‡hv‡M gvwiqv Zvi m‡½
ˆgÎxi m¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡jb| Zuvi †Póvq myB‡WbI cÖæwkqvi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡kvag~jK hy‡×
AskMÖn‡Y m¤§Z nq| gvwiqvi aviYv nq †h, BwZc~‡e© hy×Kv‡j e„‡Ub I nj¨v‡Ûi m‡½ †h
ˆgÎx cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Zv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| AZGe, wZwb d«v‡Ýi mg_©b cvIqvi †Póv
K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib Zuvi weL¨vZ ciivóª gš¿x †KŠwbU&R|
K‚U‰bwZK wecøe
†KŠwbU&R cÖ¯Íve K‡ib †h, d«vÝ hw` cÖæwkqvi cÿ Z¨vM K‡i Aw÷ªqvi m‡½ ˆgÎxi m¤úK©
cÖwZôvq m¤§Z nq Z‡e d«v‡Ýi nv‡Z Awóªqvi †b`vij¨vÛ ev †ejwRqvg †Q‡o †`Iqv
n‡e| wKšÍz d«v‡Ýi ivRv cÂ`k jyB G cÖ¯Ív‡e m¤§Z n‡jb bv, †Kbbv `xN©w`b hver
d«v‡Ýi eyi‡euv ivResk Awóªqvi n¨vcmeyM© ivRes‡ki we‡ivwaZv K‡i AvmwQj| DcvqvšÍi
bv †`‡L †KŠwbU&R jyB-Gi DccZœx g¨vWvg c¨v¤úvWz‡ii kiYvcbœ nb Ges †kl ch©šÍ Zvi
cÖfv‡e jyB Aw÷ªqvi m‡½ †RvUe× n‡Z m¤§Z nb| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Bsj¨vÛ n¨v‡bvfv‡ii

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 248

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wbivcËv I Rvg©vwb‡Z kvwšÍi wbðqZv w`‡q cÖæwkqvi gnvgwZ †d«Wvwi‡Li m‡½ GKwU Pyw³
¯^vÿi K‡iwQj| 1754 mv‡j DËi Av‡gwiKvq I Bsj¨vÛ I d«v‡Ýi g‡a¨ msNvZ ïiæ
n‡j Bsj¨vÛ mivmwi cÖæwkqvi m‡½ ˆgÎxi e܇b Ave× nq| Gfv‡e Amgvß A÷ªxq
DËivwaKvi hy‡× d«vÝ I cÖæwkqv †hLv‡b Aw÷ªqv I Bsj¨v‡Ûi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj Gevi
mvZ eQie¨vcx hy‡×i mgq Bsj¨vÛ I cÖæwkqv †RvUe× nq Aw÷ªqv I d«v‡Ýi weiæ‡×| G
NUbv BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m K‚U‰bwZK wecøe bv‡g AwfwnZ|

BD‡iv‡c hy×
BD‡iv‡c hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ nq †d«WvwiL KZ…©K m¨v·wb `L‡ji gva¨‡g| AZwK©‡Z wZwb G
†`kwU AvµgY K‡ib Ges ivRv‡K civwRZ K‡i wecyj cwigvY A_© hy‡×i ÿwZc~iY
wn‡m‡e Av`vq K‡ib Ges ˆmb¨ msMÖn K‡ib| AZci wZwb †ev‡nwgqv AvµgY K‡ib,
wKšÍz A÷ªxq evwnbx Zv‡K evav †`q Ges wZwb cÖv‡Mi Dci Ae‡iva cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wbR
†`‡k †mbvevwnbx wdwi‡q Avb‡Z eva¨ nb| AZci Zvi kÎæ †`k¸‡jv (Aw÷ªqv, d«vÝ,
myB‡Wb I ivwkqv) wewfbœ w`K †_‡K cÖæwkqv AvµgY K‡i| wKšÍz †hŠ_ Avµg‡Yi gy‡LI
†d«WvwiL Avkv Qvo‡jb bv| wZwb mvnwmKZvi m‡½ cwiw¯’wZi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z m‡Pó
nb Ges Ggb mvgwiK cÖwZfvi cwiPq †`b †h, gnvgwZ c`ex cÖvwßi †hvM¨Zv AR©b
K‡ib| 1757 mv‡j wZwb ga¨ Rvg©vwbi imev‡K divwm evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
AZci wZwb mvB‡jwkqvq wd‡i Av‡mb Ges A÷ªªxq evwnbx‡K †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ
K‡ib| wKšÍz Zvi †mbvevwnbx `viæYfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq Ges e„‡Ub †_‡K Avw_©K mvnvh¨
†c‡jI Zuvi c‡ÿ bZzb K‡i ˆmb¨ msMÖn Kiv KwVb n‡q `uvovq| ivwkqvi ˆmb¨evwnbx c~e©
cÖæwkqvq Xz‡K c‡o Ges 1759 mv‡j evwj©b `Lj K‡i|

cvwievwiK Pyw³ (Family Compact)

Gw`‡K imev‡K civwRZ nIqvi ci d«vÝ n¨v‡bvfvi AvµgY K‡i; wKšÍz †d«Wvwi‡Li fv‡Mœ
eªvÝDB‡Ki wWD‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ evwnbx divwm‡`i‡K civwRZ K‡i| GwU Ges
DËi Av‡gwiKv I fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k civRq ivRv cÂ`k jyB‡K `viæYfv‡e weeªZ K‡i|
G Ae¯’vq wZwb Zuvi AvZ¥xq †¯úb, wmwmwj I †bcj‡mi ivRvi Kv‡Q mvnv‡h¨i Av‡e`b
Rvbvb| Gfv‡e 1762 mv‡j cvwievwiK Pyw³ (Family Compact) ¯^vÿwiZ nq Ges
†¯úb mvZ eQie¨vcx hy‡× †hvM`vb K‡i| wKšÍz Ab¨ GKw`K †_‡K cÖæwkqv I Bsj¨v‡Ûi
Ae¯’vb kw³kvjx nq| 1762 mv‡j ivwkqvi mgªvÁx GwjRv‡e‡_i g„Zz¨ nq Ges Z…Zxq
wcUvi ÿgZvq AwawôZ nb| wZwb wQ‡jb gnvgwZ †d«Wvwi‡Li GKwbô f³| ÿgZvq
G‡mB wZwb cÖæwkqvq AwaK…Z AÂj cÖæwkqv‡K †dir †`b Ges Zuvi ˆmb¨evwnbx‡K
cÖæwkqvi cÿ mg_©b Kivi wb‡`©k †`b| Z…Zxq wcUvi †mB eQiB ÿgZvPy¨Z nb, wKšÍz
ivwkqvi bZzb kvmK wØZxq K¨v_vwib Z…Zxq wcUv‡ii bxwZ Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| cÖm½µ‡g
D‡jøL¨, wØZxq K¨v_wib wQ‡jb Rvg©vwbi GK ÿz`ª iv‡R¨i ivRKzgvix Ges †d«Wvwi‡Li
D‡`¨v‡M Z…Zxq wcUv‡ii m‡½ Zuvi we‡q n‡qwQj| G Kvi‡Y wØZxq K¨v_vwib gnvgwZ
†d«Wvwi‡Li Kv‡Q we‡klfv‡e K…ZÁ wQ‡jb|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 249

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cÖæwkqv I Bsj¨v‡Ûi weRq

†¯úb mvZ eQie¨vcx hy‡× Ask †bq A‡bK wej‡¤^| d‡j d«vÝ †hme AÂj nvwi‡qwQj
†¯ú‡bi c‡ÿ Zv D×vi Kiv m¤¢e n‡jv bv| Aciw`‡K Aw÷ªªqv cÖæwkqvi nvZ †_‡K
mvB‡jwkqv cyb`©Lj Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| myB‡W‡bi †mbvevwnbx evi evi hy‡× civwRZ nq|
AZci 1763 mv‡j ¯^vÿwiZ wnDevUz©mey‡M©i Pyw³i gva¨‡g BD‡iv‡c mvZ eQie¨vcx
hy‡×i Aemvb nq| G Pyw³i kZ©vbyhvqx gnvgwZ †d«WvwiL m¨v·wb †Q‡o w`‡Z m¤§Z nb,
wKšÍz mvB‡jwkqv Zuvi `L‡jB _v‡K| wKšÍz AvcvZ`„wó‡Z †Kv‡bv cÿB Rqx bv n‡jI
cÖK…Z wePv‡i gvwiqv †_‡imv G hy‡× civwRZ nb Ges cÖæwkqvi †nv‡nb‡Rvjvb© ivRes‡ki
gh©v`v A‡bK e„w× cvq| cÖK…Z c‡ÿ cÖæwkqv BD‡iv‡ci cÖ_g mvwii GKwU kw³ wn‡m‡e
AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i|

DËi Av‡gwiKvq hy×

mvZ eQie¨vcx hy×Kv‡j BD‡iv‡c cÖavb `y‡Uv cÿ wQj Aw÷ªªqv I cÖæwkqv, wKšÍz fvi‡Z I
DËi Av‡gwiKvq cÖavb `y‡Uv cÿ wQj d«vÝ I Bsj¨vÛ| BD‡iv‡c we‡iv‡ai KviY wQj
Rvg©vwb‡Z cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôvi AvKv•ÿv, DËi Av‡gwiKv I fvi‡Z we‡iva wQj Jcwb‡ewkK
mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Bsj¨vÛ I d«v‡Ýi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv|
DËi Av‡gwiKvq hy‡×i m~Pbv nq 1754 mv‡j| G eQi divwmiv cwðg †cbwmjfvwbqvq
g‡bvbMv‡njv I G‡jvMwb b`xi ms‡hvM¯’‡j wbwg©Z Bsj¨v‡Ûi GKwU `yM© `Lj K‡i †bq|
Bs‡iRMY evi evi †Póv K‡i G `yM© cybivq `Lj Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| Gfv‡e 1756 wLª÷v‡ã
Bsj¨v‡Ûi fvM¨vKv‡k †h `y‡h©vM †`Lv †`q Zv AviI Nbxf‚Z nq| BD‡iv‡c Bsj¨v‡Ûi
wgÎ cÖæwkqv civwRZ nq, f‚ga¨mvM‡i e„wUk †bŠ-evwnbx civwRZ nq, d«vÝ wgbKU© Øxc
Ges DËi Av‡gwiKvq Bsj¨v‡Ûi K‡qKwU `yM© `Lj K‡i †bq| 1757 mv‡j Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b N‡U| †m eQi DBwjqvg (†R¨ô wcU) gš¿xmfvq †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges wZwb bZzb
†cÖiYvq hy× Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| A‡bK †¯^”Qv‡meK wbqwgZ ˆmb¨‡`i m‡½ †hvM †`q Ges Gi
d‡j †gvU ˆm‡b¨i msL¨v `uvovq cÂvk nvRv‡i| G ˆmb¨evwnbx divwm‡`i nvZ †_‡K
A‡bK¸‡jv `yM© `Lj K‡i Ges wKD‡eK I gw›Uª‡qj AvµgY K‡i| 1759 mv‡j †k‡lv³
G `y‡Uv AÂj AwaK…Z nq| Gici 1762 mv‡j Bsj¨vÛ I‡qó BwÛ‡R divwm AwaK…Z
AÂj¸‡jv AwaKvi K‡i †bq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ cvwievwiK Pyw³ †gvZv‡eK †¯úb mvZ
eQie¨vcx hy‡× †hvM`vb K‡iwQj| wKšÍz †¯úbI e„wUk evwnbxi Kv‡Q civwRZ nq Ges
Bsj¨vÛ wKDev I wdwjwcb Øxc `Lj K‡i †bq|

fviZ Dgnv‡`‡k hy×

mvZ eQie¨vcx hy×Kv‡j fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡kI Bsj¨vÛ Ges d«v‡Ýi g‡a¨ msNl© ïiæ
n‡qwQj| AvVvi kZ‡Ki cÖ_gw`K †_‡K gyMj kvmK‡`i `ye©jZv I wewfbœ GjvKvi
kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ we‡iv‡ai my‡hvM wb‡q Bs‡iR I divwm ewYK‡Mvôx G‡`‡k GKwU
Jcwb‡ewkK mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gi d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ we‡iv‡ai
m~Pbv nq Ges kxNªB G we‡iva msN‡l©i iƒc aviY K‡i| cÖ_g msNl© ev‡a 1750 mv‡j|
†m eQi divwm Mfb©i Wz‡cø Kb©v‡U Zv‡`i Zv‡e`vi †gvnv¤§` Avjx‡K wmsnvm‡b emvq|

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 250

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wKšÍz Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb Wz‡cø cwiKíbv e¨_© K‡i †`q| Zviv Kb©v‡Ui ivRavbx
AvK¤^U `Lj K‡i Ges †gvnv¤§` Avjx‡K ÿgZvPy¨Z K‡i| evsjv †_‡KI Lye kxNª divwm
cÖfv‡ei Aemvb nq| 1756 mv‡j evsjvi bZzb bIqve I B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨
we‡iva †`Lv †`q Ges divwmiv bev‡ei cÿ mg_©b K‡i| †kl ch©šÍ cjvkx bvgK ¯’v‡b
Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb I bev‡ei g‡a¨ GK hy× nq Ges †mbvcwZ gxi Rvd‡ii
wek¦vmNvZKZvi Kvi‡Y evsjvi beve civwRZ nq| AZci Bs‡iR‡`i Zv‡e`vi gxi
Rvdi evsjvi gmb‡` e‡mb| B‡Zvg‡a¨ B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi ievU© K¬vBf evsjvq
divwm KzwV P›`bbMi `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb| Gevi cjvkx hy‡×i ci 1761 mv‡j Aci GKwU
divwm KzwV gwÛ‡Pix `Lj K‡i †bq| Gfv‡e Dcgnv‡`‡ki c~e© DcK‚jeZx© A‡j e„wUk
cÖvavb¨ cÖwZwôZ nq|

c¨vwim Pyw³
1763 mv‡j c¨vwi‡m ¯^vÿwiZ GK Pyw³i gva¨‡g Bsj¨vÛ, d«vÝ I †¯ú‡bi g‡a¨ hy‡×i
Aemvb nq| G Pyw³ †gvZv‡eK (1) Bsj¨vÛ d«v‡Ýi KvQ †_‡K †mB›U j‡iÝ DcZ¨Kvi
meUv, wgwmwmwc b`xi c~e©Zx‡ii we¯ÍxY© AÂj I I‡q÷ BwÛ‡Ri †MÖbvWv Øxc Ges
†¯ú‡bi KvQ †_‡K ‡d¬vwiWv jvf K‡i| (2) †¯úb Bsj¨v‡Ûi KvQ †_‡K wKDev ev
wdwjwcb Øxc †diZ cvq| GQvov d«vÝ cwðg jyBwRqvbv †¯ú‡bi nv‡Z †Q‡o †`q|
Gfv‡e wbDdvDÛj¨vÛ DcK‚‡j `y‡Uv Øxc I‡q÷ BwÛ‡R K‡qKwU ÿz`ª Øxc I Mvqvbv
e¨ZxZ Av‡gwiKvi Avi †Kv‡bv AÂj divwm‡`i AwaKv‡i _vK‡jv bv| (3) fviZ
Dcgnv‡`‡k d«v݇K Zvi evwYR¨ KzwV¸‡jv †diZ †`qv nq, wKšÍz Gme KzwV‡Z `yM© wbg©vY
I ˆmb¨ ivLv wbwl× Kiv nq| A_©vr Jcwb‡ewkK mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î divwm
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Aemvb N‡U|

hy‡×i djvdj
mvZ eQie¨vcx hy× BD‡ivc, Z_v mgMÖ we‡k¦i GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| cÖ_gZ, G
hy‡×i d‡j BD‡iv‡ci GKwU eo kw³ wn‡m‡e cÖæwkqvi Avwef©ve N‡U| wØZxqZ, Bsj¨vÛ
†kªô Jcwb‡ewkK iv÷ªª wn‡m‡e AvÍcÖKvk K‡i| Av‡gwiKvq Bsj¨v‡Ûi AR©b¸‡jv †ewk
w`b ¯’vqx nq wb| †Kbbv gvÎ wek eQi c‡iB Av‡gwiKvi †ZiwU Dcwb‡ek ¯^vaxbZv jvf
K‡i| wKšÍz fvi‡Z Bs‡iR‡`i Ae¯’vb µgk kw³kvjx Ges m¤úªmvwiZ nq Ges fviZ
mvgªvR¨ cÖvq `yk eQi wU‡K _v‡K| Z…ZxqZ, c‡ivÿfv‡e G hy× Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv
msMÖv‡gi m~Pbvq mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †Kbbv hy‡× Bsj¨v‡Ûi †h wecyj A_© e¨q nq
Zvi R‡b¨ †ZiwU Dcwb‡e‡k bZzb K‡i Ki avh© Kiv nq Ges G NUbv †_‡KB †kl ch©šÍ
Gme Dcwb‡e‡k ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg ïiæ nq|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 251

Gm Gm GBP Gj

mvims‡ÿc
mvZ eQie¨vcx hy× GK‡hv‡M P‡jwQj BD‡ivc, DËi Av‡gwiKvq Ges fviZ
Dcgnv‡`‡k| G hy‡×i GK c‡ÿ wQj Bsj¨vÛ I cÖæwkqv Ges Acic‡ÿ wQj d«vÝ,
Aw÷ªªqv, myB‡Wb Ges m¨v·wbmn K‡qKwU Rvg©vb ivR¨| 1763 mv‡j c¨vwim Pyw³i
gva¨‡g G hy‡×i Aemvb nq| G hy× c„w_exi BwZnv‡m Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv|
†Kbbv mvZ eQie¨vcx hy‡× Rq jv‡fi d‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi †kªôZg Jcwb‡ewkK iv÷ªª
wn‡m‡e AvZœcÖKvk N‡U Ges Aci w`‡K cÖæwkqv BD‡iv‡ci GKwU eo kw³ wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ cvq|

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 252

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
K. ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k¦ wUK () wPý w`b|
1| Aw÷ªªqvi ivRes‡ki bvg wK wQj?
(K) †nv‡nb†Rvj©vb (L) n¨vcmeyM
(M) n¨v‡bvfvi (N) eyi‡euv
2| †KŠwbU&R †K wQ‡jb?
(K) Bsj¨v‡Ûi cÖavbgš¿x (L) cÖæwkqvi A_©gš¿x
(M) BD‡iv‡ci GKRb weL¨vZ `vk©wbK (N) Aw÷ªªqvi ciivóªgš¿x
3| cvwievwiK Pyw³ KZ mv‡j ¯^vÿwiZ nq?
(K) 1759 mv‡j (L) 1760 mv‡j
(M) 1761 mv‡j (N) 1762 mv‡j
4| †¯úb †Kvb †`‡ki KvQ †_‡K wdwjwcb †dir cvq?
(K) cÖæwkqv (L) Bsj¨vÛ
(M) Aw÷ªªqv (N) d«vÝ

L. mswÿß cÖkœ
1| cvwievwiK Pyw³ ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2| mvZ eQie¨vcx hy×Kv‡j fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR-divwm ؇›`¡i weeiY w`b|

M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| BD‡iv‡c mvZ eQie¨vcx hy‡×i g~j KviY¸wj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| K‚U‰bwZK wecøe e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| c¨vwim Pyw³i cÖavb aviv¸wji eY©bv w`b|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

1| L, 2| N, 3| M, 4| L

mnvqK MÖš’
1. Robert Ergang, Europe From Renaissance to Waterloo.
2. C. I.H. Hayes, A Political And Cultural History of Europe.

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm c„ôv - 253

Gm Gm GBP Gj

3. W.L.Langered, The Rise of Modern Europe.

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 254