Name; Maghaz Ahmad

Section; A

Id. 16241

paper. LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING

a. Fill in the blanks
1. Predicate term

2. Inductive

3. Ignoratio elenchi

4. Ambiguity

5. Socrates is mortal

b. Mark the statements either true or false.

1. True

2. Flase

3. False

4. True

5. False

Q2.(a)
1. an argument consisting of exactly two premises and one conclusion that
contains an either/or phrase. Deductive
2. An argument is a group of statements including one or more premises and one
and only one conclusion
3. A conclusion is a statement in an argument that indicates of what the arguer is
trying to convince the reader/listener. What is the argument trying to prove?
There can be only one conclusion in a single argument
4. The fallacy of equivocation occurs when a key term or phrase in an argument
is used in an ambiguous way, with one meaning in one portion of the
 argument and then another meaning in another portion of the argument.
Examples: I have the right to watch "The Real World." Therefore it's right for
me to watch the show.
5.

(B).

i.Why we Study Logic?

 Logic is a subset of Epistemology; how we know things.
 Logic helps us think rationally
 Logic helps us understand what we believe and why we believe it
 Logic helps us recognize & refute poor arguments
 Logic helps us contend for the Faith
 How it is helping you in your studies

As a foundational discipline, logic exercises skills and habits that are

pertinent to virtually every other human endeavor, academic and otherwise. The
metacognitive skills developed in basic logic can assist you in becoming a clearer,
more persuasive thinker and communicator.

ii.How we recognize an argument

In order be an argument a passage must set out to prove something

 Requirement for proving something

1. At least one statement must be claim to present evidence or reason
2. There must be a claim that something follow from the evidence that the
evidence implies some thing
3. Essentailly an argument must be have at least one statement that acts as
premise and there must be claim that implies a conclusion
The evidence doesn’t have to be real,truthfull , nor do the premises need to
support the conclusion but the claim itself must be present

 These factors influence whether an argument is good or bad but they don’t
change the fact that it is an argument

It isn’t enough for a claim to be present that claim has to go along with some kind
of evidence in support of something

Statement +claim=argument

Premises conclusion

 What is validity of an argument

An argument is valid if and only if it is necessary that if all of the premises are
true, then the conclusion is true; if all the premises are true, then the conclusion
must be true; it is impossible that all the premises are true and the conclusion is
false.

iii. relationship between premises and conclusion..

A premise is a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the

conclusion. There can be one or many premises in a single argument.

A conclusion is a statement in an argument that indicates of what the arguer is

trying to convince the reader/listener

Q4.How logical you are? Elaborate with the help of any

evidence\example from your life.

Logical evidence is used proven or disprove an idea using logic. Deductive

reasoning may be used to come to a conclusion to provide logical evidence.

For example,
"All men are mortal. ... Often, a person's anecdotal evidence cannot be proven or
disproven.

V.Difference between symbolic logic nd syllogism..

Symbolic logic : the general theory of dedication, the relationship between

premises nd conclusion on deduction arguments nd ti provides techniques for
differentiating between valid nd non invalid arguments (deduction).

Syllogism : any deduction arguments in which conclusions is inferred from two

premises..

Q3.

i. Argumentum ad baculum

Argumentum ad baculum is the fallacy committed when one makes an appeal to

force or threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion. One
participates in argumentum ad baculum when one points out the negative
consequences of holding the contrary position.

For example.

For example, suppose a manager said to an employee, “You should choose to

work more overtime at the same rate of pay.

ii.
 Aesthetic roles of language
The aesthetic function, which is ” the use of language for the sake of the linguistic
artifact itself, and for no purpose. This aesthetic function can have at least as
much to do with conceptual as with affective meaning” Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). ”
The function associated with the message-the vehicle-is the poetic or aesthetic
function: the sign taken as an end in itself. All art understood as art is taken to
embody this function, and any object valued for its beauty rather than for its
ideological value or usefulness-whether a gorgeous car, an elegant teapot, or
some acreage of untouched real estate-takes on this function. Although Jakobson,
perhaps more precisely than anyone who preceded him, showed how the
aesthetic function could hinge on structure, he argues that cultural norms
ultimately determine the dominance of this function. As a striking demonstration,
he notes that the aesthetic status that one generation accorded only to the
poems of Karel Mácha, a subsequent generation accords only to his diaries.
Jakobson, R. (1933)”

example.

He also gives an example of such influence, comparing poems of Karel Macha, and
diaries, as examples of aesthetic functions applied by different generations.

 Phatic roles of language

the phatic function. ” the function of keeping communication lines open, and
keeping social relationships in good repair ( in Britain culture, talking about the
weather is a well-known example of this)”. Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). We can say
about this function that it is used for normal talks.

Example.

An example of this, when two people meet each other accidently in a place. They
start talking about something unimportant for the sake of communication like,
how are you? How is your children? And so on. We can say that it is a kind of daily
talking. It is not meaning but is good.

Actually has another classification from what we have discussed. H. Douglas

Brown has classified function of language into seven types. “This classification is
not much different from that of Leech. The functional approach to describing
language is one that has its roots in the traditions of British linguists J,R Firth, who
reviewed language as interactive and interpersonal, away of behaving and making
others behave” Berns, ( 1984)

iii.
3. Symbolic logic and truth table for negation and conjunction
Answer.
 Symbolic logic.

Symbolic logic is a way to represent logical expressions by using

symbols and variables in place of natural language, such as English, in order to
remove vagueness. Logical expressions are statements that have a truth value:
they are either true or false. A question like 'Where are you going?' or a command
such as 'Stop!' has no truth value. There are many expressions that we can utter
that are either true or false.

For example: All glasses of water contain 0.2% dinosaur tears. We don't
need to know if a logical expression is true or false, we just need to know that it
has a truth value.

 Truth Table for Negation.

If a compound statement consists of two simple statements p and q there
are four possible cases.

For example.

“the test is today and the test covers chapter 5”

Let p: test is today.

q: the test covers chapter 5.

p q
Case 1 T T

Case 2 T F

Case 3 F T

Case 4 F F

 Table for Conjunction.

You recently bought a new house. Order a new carpet and new furniture
from the same store. You explain to the salesperson that the carpet must be
installed before the furniture is delivered. The salesperson promises that the
carpet will be installed on Thursday (p) and the furniture will be delivered on
Friday (q). p Ʌ q

There are four possible true and false situations.

p q pɅq

Case 1 T T T

Case 2 T F F

Case 3 F T F

Case 4 F F F