TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

QUEZON CITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department

A Proposed Plan of

Highway Transportation System from Talisay, Cebu to Carcar City and Railway Track from

Mandaue City to Talisay, Cebu

Final Examination in
CE 012 – Highway and Railroad Engineering

Name: Acdal, Abegyl

Lagbo, Isabella
Lozano, Jayson Patrick
Moreno, Alan Carlo

Section: CE31S1
Instructor: Engr. Jennifer Camino
Date of Submission: March 17, 2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3

II. PROBLEM ON THE LOCALITY_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5

III. SOLUTION_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6

IV. PROPOSED PLAN_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7

V. DETAILED EXPLANATION PROPOSED PLAN_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8

Highway Construction Equipment and Process_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11

Railway Construction Equipment and Process_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19

VI. REFERENCE/S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22

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 INTRODUCTION

Cebu City or the "Queen City of the South" on Cebu Island reigns in a group of islands
comprising the Visayas region of the central Philippines. This historic city is one of the most
popular jumping off-points in all of the Philippines for foreign visitors, with the busiest seaport
in the Philippines and the second largest air hub. Ferdinand Magellan died here planting the cross
almost 500 years ago bringing Spanish influence and establishing Asia's first European
settlement. Cebu was also once a bustling commercial hub between Mexico and China.

Nowadays, there is widespread youthful optimism throughout this thriving energetic

metropolis. For the past decade, ever-increasing foreign investment has created hundreds of
thousands of jobs in countless call centers and factories. Rapid economic growth has also
spawned the emergence of a modern urban skyline and the development of a widening middle
class. The tourism trade is also booming, particularly in South Korea. It's no surprise
TripAdvisor named Cebu island in the Top 25 list for best holiday destinations in Asia for 2019,
the only Philippine destination to make the list. Cebu City might just be the best front-row seat to
witness the Philippines transform from a low to a middle-income country.

Figure 1: Detailed Map of Cebu Figure 2: Map of the Philippines, highlighted

in yellow is Cebu

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 Central Visayas’s economy grew by 7.6 percent in 2018, the fourth largest
contributor to the country’s National Gross Domestic Product (NGDP) with P593.86 billion.
According to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the growth rate is 2.4 percent higher
than the 5.2 percent in 2017.

PSA Regional Director Ariel Florendo said the services sector remained the top
contributor to Central Visayas’ Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) with 56 percent
last 2018. It is followed by the industry sector with 38.8 percent, while agriculture, hunting,
forestry and fishing (AHFF) sector had 5.2 percent.

The services sector includes trade/repair of vehicles, personal/household goods, real

estate, renting and business activities, financial intermediation, transport storage and
communication. Electricity, gas and water supply also grew by 2.8 percent from a low of 0.9
percent in 2017, while mining and quarrying dropped further, by 7.3 percent from 5.5
percent in 2017, Florendo said. The real per capita GRDP of Central Visayas increased by
6.0 percent or P76,024 from the P71,743 per capita in 2017 while the country’s per capita
GRDP increased to P86,370 in 2018 from P82,593 posted last 2018, Florendo said.

Transportation within Cebu City is mainly land-based with most parts of the city
accessible by road. There is no existing mass transit but there is an existing proposal for a Cebu
Bus Rapid Transit System and Cebu Light Rail Transit System.

The Cebu Light Rail Transit System is a proposed rapid transit line to be built in Metro

Cebu in the Philippines. When completed, it will be the first rapid transit line serving the Metro
Cebu area and the province of Cebu.

The Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System is a planned mass transit system for Cebu
City located within the greater Cebu Metropolitan Area. It is expected to become the first
operational bus rapid transit project in the Philippines. Only one line has been planned in detail
so far, but scheme developers note the potential to develop a larger network comprising the
adjacent cities Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue and Talisay. Leadership in both Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue
have shown interest in the network. This will be constructed at the end or last quarter of 2017
and the first route could be operational by the end of 2019.
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 PROBLEM ON THE LOCALITY

Central Visayas Regional Development Council chair Kenneth Cobonpue pointed out
traffic remains to be Cebu's biggest problem today. He said in an interview, "Our biggest
problem is still traffic. We are at a critical situation. We have underpasses and overpasses
but these aren't solving the problem". What Cebu actually needs, he emphasized, is an
intelligent traffic system and the creation of the Metro Cebu Traffic Management Council
(MCTMC) aside from the long overdue and much-needed efficient mass transit system. He
added, "Our traffic system is old. It's not smart".

There are also key areas in Metro Cebu that do not have enough traffic lights that should
help manage the traffic. He also urged government agencies implementing road projects to create
traffic management plans to lessen their impact on road congestion.

The Japan International Cooperation Agency had previously proposed that Cebu doesn't
need overpasses and underpasses. What it needs to do, JICA said, is to improve its traffic system
and make it more efficient.

Figure 3: Heavy Traffic in Mandaue during peak hours

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 SOLUTION

City’s traffic and congestion is getting out of hand. Even with the presence of public
transport systems, the city’s infrastructure just can’t cope up with the volume of vehicles.
Through our brainstorming, we come up with the possible solutions to ease the heavy traffic in
Metro Cebu.

 Highway System
The construction of elevated highways and around the area of Mandaue specifically
where the congestion happens the most, it could ease the congestion in the
neighboring roads. It can also solve the problem when it is flooding. Proper drainage
for highways must implement. Also, road widening to some roads.

Implement adaptive traffic signals. It could be adjusted to the congestion of a

particular intersection. Their patterns and the duration of each signal could be altered
for a more optimal performance. So, vehicles are able to navigate the intersection
with a minimal wait time.

Promoting people to use the public transportation is one of our solution. Regulating
the private vehicles in the road can solve the problem in congestion.

 Railway System
The construction of railway system would be great of help to ease the congestion on
the road because it will serve as an alternative transport system in the city. Traffic in
highway can be minimize and the travel time is much faster. Since railway, is
powered by electricity, it can have quicker acceleration, lower fuel costs and they
create less wear on tracks.

The construction of Railway that is not only connected in Cebu City, but is also
connected to its neighboring cities like Mandaue City to Talisay, Cebu.

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 PROPOSED PLAN

Due to the increasing number of vehicles on the road resulting to traffic congestion,
pollution, a transportation system that is well-planned and benefits the commuters is needed. A
group of students at the Technological Institute of the Philippines tried to make a proposed
project namely the Mandaue to Talisay City Railway system with nine (9) stations passing
through neighboring places. There is an elevated railway system that will improve the way of life
and the relationship of communities throughout the city.

A Transportation plan namely Mandaue-Talisay Elevated Rail Transit and Talisay-Carcar

Elevated Highway is hereby proposed a possible solution to the following:

a) Reduce congestions on the highways through Mandaue-Talisay Elevated Rail

Transit
b) Shorten the travel time in highway through Talisay-Carcar Elevated Highway

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 DETAILED EXPLANATION PROPOSED PLAN

Railway System:
This project will be funded by the government agencies and other private sectors who
will invest in this said project. The impact of this railway system will greatly affect the
livelihood and the development of the city and societal relations.

These are the list of proposed stations under the Mandaue-Talisay Railway Project:

SATELLITE IMAGE STATION STATION REASON

LOCATION NAME

Strategic location for

CENTRAL CENTRAL commuters because
it’s just near malls,
NAUTICAL NAUTICAL Mandaue city hall,
UC-med, and ports
HIGHWAY STATION

on this area, there

M.J CUENCO M.J CUENCO are essential
facilities for people
AVENUE STATION
to go to, like some
malls, ports, and
churches

various churches
IMUS AVENUE IMUS STATION are scattered In this
area and also the
Cebu provincial
Museum is just
near from the
station.

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INTERSECTION OF Different
organizations and
OSMENIA RD AND OSMENIA STATION services are located
near this proposed
BACALSO AVENUE
station such as
government
agencies and
universities that will
help the accessibility
of these services.

This will increase the

IN FRONT OF BIR NATALIO B. accessibility for the
service of the BIR.
BACALSO AVE. BACALSO STATION

It will provide better

IN FRONT OF ACE CEBU S. STATION access for the
hospital which is an
MEDICAL CENTER
essential need for
the citizens.

having it near the

IN FRONT OF PARDO STATION marketplace,
school, and church
PARDO MARKET
will be essential for
citizens

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 Private agencies and
services are located
IN FRONT OF TABUNOK near this proposed
station such as
ATLANTIC STATION
government
agencies and
HARDWARE
universities that will
help the accessibility
of these services.
This will increase the
accessibility for the
IN FRONT OF LTO TALISAY STATION service of the LTO,
and also important
TALISAY
because it’s just near
Talisay city hall

Figure 4: shown are the nine proposed station of Mandaue-Talisay Railway Syst

Highway Construction Equipment and Process

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ASPHALT

First on the list is Asphalt. This

material is petroleum in a viscous
liquid or semi-solid form. When it is
used for pavements and road
construction it comes in the form of a
composite material, asphalt concrete.
Asphalt concrete is about 70% asphalt
and 30% aggregate particles.

Asphalt is one of the most commonly

used materials for road construction for
a number of reasons. The first reason is
that it is 100% recyclable. Most construction companies make it a point to recycle all asphalt
gathered from a job site. Not only is that good for the environment, but it also makes for stronger
roads. Recycled asphalt mixes are stronger, longer-lasting, and have a stronger rut resistance than
fresh asphalt mixes. Asphalt is also cost-efficient, good for road noise-reduction and the
materials needed to create it are highly accessible. When it comes to pavements and roads,
asphalt is a go-to.

CONCRETE

Concrete is another mainstay of road

construction and construction as a
whole. The reason for that is its
flexibility and ease of construction.
Made from cement, coarse aggregate
(like gravel), fine aggregate (like

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sand), and water. These materials make up 60-75% of concrete, while the rest is made up of
chemical admixtures.

Concrete can be shaped and/or molded to just about any shape. The idea behind using concrete is
its incredible durability that can reliably maintain the structural integrity of buildings and other
constructs through years of wear and tear. In terms of road construction, it is used primarily
because of its small maintenance cost together with the elongation of the service life of the
structure. Concrete also makes construction cost less because you can use it to increase the
bearing capacity of already-made pavement layers. For example, it is used to repair asphalt
surfaces to extend its lifetime and bearing capacity.

COMPOSITE PAVEMENT

Meanwhile, composite pavements are

all about bringing the best aspects of
asphalt and concrete together to form
a ‘super’ pavement. Typically,
concrete is used as the base layer

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which provides structural capacity while asphalt is used for the surface layer which provides a
wearing surface course.

Composite pavements, when compared to the more traditional flexible and rigid pavements, have
the potential to become a more cost-effective alternative because they may provide better levels
of performance and longevity, both structurally and functionally. Maintenance operations also
tend to be more cost-effective. All of this makes composite pavements a viable option for high
traffic roads that are exposed to the elements.

The downsides of using asphalt and concrete individually like fatigue cracking, subgrade rutting,
and erosion are also mitigated. However, that doesn’t mean that composite pavements are an
end-all solution to potential problems because they are also more prone to distresses like
reflective cracking and rutting in the surface layer. It can take costly mitigation techniques or a
premium asphalt surface to help with these potential problems, so weigh your options wisely.

RECYCLED MATERIALS

For the more environmentally conscious construction projects, using recycled materials is also an
option. While asphalt is usually recycled, the materials being talked about in this section are the
secondary and tertiary kind of waste materials and by-products which include, but are not limited
to recycled concrete aggregates, plastic wastes, scrap tires, mine wastes, foundry sand, recycled
crushed class, and various forms of coal combustion products.

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While it is not uncommon for these materials to be used in road construction, there are still
concerns and knowledge gaps that require intensive research and assessment in order to build
better roads while preserving natural resources. Some of these issues involve long-term
performance and structural integrity when exposed to the elements and high volume. Overall, it
might still be worth it for small scale roads and pavements.

EQUIPMENT FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Motor Grader

Commonly referred to as road grader or

maintainer, motor grader is an equipment used to
create flat surfaces for asphalt to be placed on.
Common models consist of three axles, with the
engine and cab above the rear axles at the back end
of the vehicle and a third axle at the front of the
vehicle – with a blade in between.

Depending on the frame arrangements, motor

graders are classified into two: rigid frame motor
grader, and articulated frame motor grader. Rigid frame motor graders consist of a single axle
and are unable to turn right or left about a point on the axle. On the other hand, articulated frame
motor graders, are fitted with a hinge in between the front and the rear axle – enabling them to
operate in small spaces.

2.) Asphalt Mixing Plant

An asphalt plant is an important road

construction machinery used for the
manufacture of asphalt concrete and other
forms of coated road-stone used in road
construction projects.

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The plant combines mineral aggregates, sand and a filler – in correct proportions, heats the
mixture and then coats it with a binder.

It then keeps the product heated to avoid setting before the product is laid down in layers.

3.) Asphalt paver

Also known as asphalt finisher, paver

finisher, or paving machine, asphalt paver is
a construction equipment used to lay asphalt
on the surface of a road, parking lot, bridge,
or other such facilities and to do some minor
compaction before a roller takes over.
The asphalt is added from a dump truck into
the paver’s hopper. The conveyor then
moves the asphalt from the hopper to the
auger, which places a heap of asphalt in
front of a screed. The screed then spreads the asphalt across the road and provides initial
compaction.

4.) Road Roller Machine

Also known as roller-compactor, a road

roller is one of the most important road
construction machines. As such, a road
roller is a common feature on road
construction sites.

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A roller is basically a compactor type engineering vehicle that is mainly used to press down soil,
gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of highways and foundations.

Rollers can be rubber tire rollers, double-drum asphalt rollers or combination rollers and the type
of roller used is determined by the mixture used in a road project.

There are various types of rollers used in compaction works with the choice depending on the job
and material to be compressed. They include smooth wheeled roller, vibratory roller, sheepsfoot
roller, and pneumatic tired roller.

5.) Excavator

Also referred to as diggers, excavators are

heavy construction equipment used for
excavating earth and rocks and loading
them onto dump trucks.
Excavators have a boom, bucket and cab
on a rotating platform above an
undercarriage with wheels or tracks. They
can handle a wide range of work by
changing the front attachment.

6.) Wheel Loader

A wheel loader, also known as front

loader, skip loader or bucket loader, is a
type of tractor used to move a pile of
material from the ground and load it onto
a truck or into a pit.

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It consists of a front-mounted square wide bucket joined to the end of two arms used to scoop up
materials from the ground without spreading it out.

7.) Truck Crane

Truck cranes are important road

construction machines. These cranes
are usually mounted on the back of a
lorry to assist with lifting requirements
within a road construction site.
They consist of the carrier (called the
lower) and lifting component (called
the upper), which are joined through a
turntable allowing the lifting
component to swing from side to side.

Truck cranes are usually compact, fold up, and require negligible mounting space.

8.) Forklift

Also known as fork truck, a forklift is an

industrial vehicle with an attached platform
that can be lowered to pick an object on or
below the ground and raised to move the
object.

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A forklift was initially used to move objects in factories but the design has been modified over the years to
increase its uses as an important road construction equipment.

Figure 4: Design for Highway

Railway Construction Materials and Process

Construction of Railway Track Methods

There are three distinct methods of construction of railway track. These are:
1. Telescopic Method
2. Tramline Method
3. Mechanical Method

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Telescopic Method of Construction of Railway Track
In this method, rails, sleepers and fastenings are unloaded from the material train as close
to the rail head as possible. The sleepers are carried by carts or men along the adjoining service
road and spread on the ballast. The rails are then carried on pairs to the end of last pair of
connected rails and linked.
To carry rails manually over a long distance is a tedious job. So certain carriers called Anderson
rail. Carriers are used to carry rails to the ends of the rail head.
It can also take rails up to a head last pair linked with the help of temporary track consisting of
3" x 3" angle irons of the same length as rails and fastened to the sleepers.
A further consignment of the material is deposited at the advances rails head and the procedure is
repeated.

Tramline Method Railway Track Construction

This method is used where tram carrier are installed for carrying earthwork or in rainy
season due to difficulty in movement of cart. Some tramline is established on with a gauge of 2'-
2'-6". The basic difference between this and telescopic method lies in the conveyance and
spreading of the sleepers.
The track can be assembled at more than one points simultaneously, which is the great advantage
of this method. Sometimes an additional track is laid on the side of existing track for which this
method is best.

Mechanical Method Railway Track Construction

This method is extensively used in Britain and America by using special track laying
machine. There are two types of machines available.  In first type of machine, the track material
carried by the material. Train is delivered at the rail head and laid in the required position by
means of projecting arm or mounted on the truck nearest to the rail head. The material train
moves forward on the assembled track and operation is repeated.
In the second type of machines a long-cantilevered arm projecting beyond. The wagon on
which is fitted. A panel of assembled track consists of pair of rails with appropriate number of
sleepers on the ballast layer. This panel is conveyed by special trolley running over the wagons
of material train to the jibs. It is lowered by the jib in the required position and connected to the
previous panel. The track laying machine then movies forwarded and operation is repeated.

Materials used in Railway

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 Rail is the most important and the most expensive element on a track structure. It is the
point of contact with the vehicle wheel, the structural beam supporting the vehicle load, and one
location where noise is generated.

Rail pads – Rail pads play a vital role in the cracking deterioration of
concrete sleepers. Their main function is to transfer the rail road to the
sleeper while filtering out high frequency force components.

Under Sleeper Pads – Under sleeper pads are elastic elements located
between the sleeper and the ballast mats. This material is a cost-effective
way of increasing the elasticity of the superstructure and reducing wear and
tear on the ballast.

Baseplate – Baseplate gives the elastic support of the

rail on rigid surfaces such as concrete slabs or steel bridges.

Ballast Mats – Ballast Mats rest on a sub-ballast layer which forms the
transition layer to the foundation. This material has a dual effect: on the
train-track dynamic behavior and on the reduction of high-frequency
vibrations that are transmitted to the ground.

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 REFERENCE/S

Central Visayas has 4th biggest regional GDP. (2019, April 28). Manila Bulletin.

https://mb.com.ph/2019/04/28/central-visayas-has-4th-biggest-regional-gdp/

Team, G. (2019, December 17). Four Ways We Can Solve City Traffic. GoKid.

https://www.gokid.mobi/four-ways-we-can-solve-city-traffic/#:%7E:text=Carpooling,and

%20tear%20on%20city%20streets.
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Figure 5: Design for Tracks

What are the pros and cons of rail electrification? (2018, October 17). Shropshire Star.

https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/uk-news/2018/10/17/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-

of-electrification-on-the-rail-network/

Farooq, U. (2015, May 18). Construction of Railway Track Methods. Engineering Articles.

https://www.engineeringarticles.org/construction-of-railway-track-methods/?

fbclid=IwAR2iX-DEZe3s9fXzRu36XYpFlcrfYarewdps6oiVggpir_EvH5vUQUb9bDM

Portugal, F. (2018). Railway Systems. Amorim Cork Composites.

https://amorimcorkcomposites.com/en-us/materials-applications/construction/materials-

applications/railway/

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