How a Planet with Earth’s size can have a Gravitational Field

Much Stronger than the Neptune

Fran De Aquino
Professor Emeritus of Physics, Maranhao State University, UEMA.
Titular Researcher (R) of National Institute for Space Research, INPE
Copyright © 2015 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved.

In this paper we show how the gravitational field can be amplified under certain
circumstances, and how a planet with Earth's size can have a gravitational field
much stronger than the Neptune. A new interpretation for quasars is here
formulated.

Key words: Amplified Gravitational Fields, Gravitation, Gravity, TNOs, Quasars.

1. Introduction 2. Theory
Recent numerical calculations have The quantization of gravity shows that the
revealed that there could be at least two unknown gravitational mass mg and inertial mass mi are not
planets hidden well beyond Pluto, whose equivalents, but correlated by means of a factor χ ,
gravitational influence determines the orbits and i.e.,
strange distribution of objects observed beyond m g = χ mi0 (1)
Neptune [1, 2]. The authors believe that some
invisible forces are altering the distribution of the
orbital elements of the extreme trans-Neptunian where mi 0 is the rest inertial mass of the
objects (ETNO) and consider that the most particle. The expression of χ can be put in
probable explanation is that other unknown the following forms [4]:
planets exist beyond Neptune and Pluto. The
calculation shows that these planets need to have
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
more mass than Neptune. Planets of this kind, ⎪ ⎛ U ⎞ ⎥⎪
= ⎨1 − 2⎢⎢ 1 + ⎜
mg
even with the size of Neptune, at the predicted χ= n ⎟
⎜ m c2 r ⎟
− 1⎥⎬ (2)
mi0 ⎪
distance, would be very difficult to be detected in ⎩ ⎢
⎣
⎝ i0 ⎠ ⎥⎦⎪⎭
visible light - but not impossible. They could still
be detected by the infrared that they emit. ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
However, a study published last year, using data mg ⎪ ⎢ ⎛ W ⎞ ⎪
χ= ⎜
= ⎨1 − 2 1 + ⎜ n ⎟
2 r⎟
− 1⎥ ⎬ (3)
⎢ ⎥
obtained by the NASA infrared satellite WISE [3], mi 0 ⎪
⎢⎣ ⎝ρ c ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
showed that there are no planets with size of ⎩
Saturn up to the limit of 10 000 AU, or with size
of Jupiter up to the limit of 26 000 AU. Then, the where U is the electromagnetic energy absorbed
only possibility is that the planets must be much by the particle and n r is its index of refraction; W
smaller than Jupiter or Saturn, or even smaller is the density of electromagnetic energy on the
than Neptune. But as a planet smaller than
Neptune can have a gravitational field much
( )
particle J / m 3 ; ρ is the matter density of the
stronger than the Neptune? particle; c is the speed of light.
The correlation between gravitational mass If the particle is also rotating, with an
and inertial mass, recently discovered, associated angular speed ω around its central axis, then it
to the gravitational shielding effect, which results acquires an additional energy equal to its
of the mentioned correlation [4], show that the rotational energy E k = 1 2 Iω 2 ( I is the moment of
gravitational field can be amplified under certain inertia of the particle). Since this is an increase in
circumstances. the internal energy of the body, and this energy is
In this paper we show how a planet with basically electromagnetic, we can assume that E k ,
Earth's size can have a gravitational field much such as U , corresponds to an amount of
stronger than the Neptune. In addition, a new electromagnetic energy absorbed by the body.
interpretation for quasars is here formulated.
 2

Thus, we can consider E k as an increase lamina). Only when χ = 1 , the weight is equal in
ΔU = E k in the electromagnetic energy U both sides of the lamina. The lamina works as a
Gravitational Shielding. This is the Gravitational
( )
absorbed by the body. Consequently, in this case,
we must replace U in Eq. (2) for (U + ΔU ) . If Shielding effect. Since P′ = χP = χmg g = mg (χg) ,
U << ΔU , the Eq. (2) reduces to we can consider that m ′g = χm g or that g ′ = χg .
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ If we take two parallel gravitational
⎪ ⎛ Iω 2nr ⎞
⎢
mg ≅ ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ ⎪⎬mi 0 (4)
2⎟ ⎥ shieldings, with χ 1 and χ 2 respectively, then the
⎪ ⎢ ⎝ i0 ⎠
2 m c
⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
⎩ ⎣ gravitational masses become: m g1 = χ 1 m g ,
Note that the contribution of the
electromagnetic radiation applied upon the
m g 2 = χ 2 m g1 = χ 1 χ 2 m g , and the gravity will
particle is highly relevant, because in the absence be given by g1 = χ 1 g , g 2 = χ 2 g 1 = χ 1 χ 2 g . In
of this radiation the index of refraction in Eq.(4), the case of multiples gravitational shieldings, with
becomes equal to 1.
On the other hand, Electrodynamics tell us
χ 1, χ 2, ..., χ n , we can write that, after the nth
that gravitational shielding the gravitational
dz ω mass, m gn , and the gravity, g n , will be given by
v= = =
c
(5)
dt κ r ε r μr ⎛
⎜ 1 + (σ ωε )
2
+ 1⎞⎟
2 ⎝ ⎠ mgn = χ1χ 2 χ3 ...χ n mg , g n = χ1χ 2 χ3 ...χ n g (8)
where kr is the real part of the propagation
r
vector k (also called phase constant); This means that, n superposed gravitational
r shieldings with different χ 1 , χ 2 , χ 3 ,…, χ n are
k = k = k r + iki ; ε , μ and σ, are the
equivalent to a single gravitational shielding with
electromagnetic characteristics of the medium χ = χ1χ 2 χ 3 ...χ n .
(permittivity, magnetic permeability and electrical
conductivity) in which the incident radiation is Now consider a planet or any cosmic object
propagating ( ε = εrε0 ; ε0 = 8.854×10−12 F / m ; made of pure iron ( μr = 4,000; ρ iron = 7,800kg.m −3 ;
σ = 1.03 × 10 7 S .m −1 ), with size equal to the Earth
μ = μ r μ 0 , where μ0 = 4π ×10−7 H / m ).
( r⊕ = 6.371×10 6 m ). If it is rotating with angular
Equation (5), shows that the index of
velocity ω , then the gravity g produced by its
refraction nr = c v , for σ >>ωε, is given by
gravitational mass, according to Eq. (7), is given
μrσ
nr = (6) by
4πfε 0 ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
Gmi 0 ⎪ ⎛ Iω 2 μrσ ⎞
= − 2 ⎨1 − 2⎢⎢ 1 + ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ ⎪⎬ =
Gmg
Substitution of Eq. (6) into Eq. (4) gives g=− ⎥
r2 r ⎪ ⎜ 2m c 2 4πfε 0 ⎟
⎩ ⎢
⎣
⎝ i0 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎛ Iω 2 μ rσ ⎞
⎢
m g ≅ ⎨1 − 2 ⎢ 1 + ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ ⎪⎬mi 0 (7 ) ⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎢⎣
⎜ 2m c 2
⎝ i0 4πfε 0 ⎟
⎠
⎥
⎥⎦ ⎪
Gmi 0 ⎪ ⎢
= − 2 ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + ⎜ 2
()
⎛ 1 mi 0r⊕2ω 2 μrσ ⎞
2
⎟ − 1⎥ ⎪⎬ =
⎩ ⎭ ⎜ 2mi 0c 2 4πfε 0 ⎟ ⎥
r ⎪ ⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
It was shown that there is an additional effect
- Gravitational Shielding effect - produced by ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
Gmi 0 ⎪ ⎛ r 2ω 2 μrσ ⎞
= − 2 ⎨1 − 2⎢⎢ 1 + ⎜ ⊕ 2 ⎟ − 1⎥ ⎪⎬ =
a substance whose gravitational mass was r ⎪ ⎜ 4c 4πfε 0 ⎟ ⎥
reduced or made negative [4]. It was shown ⎩ ⎢
⎣
⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
that, if the weight of a particle in a side of a
r ⎧
ω 4 ⎤ ⎫⎪
r r ⎡
lamina is P = m g g ( g perpendicular to the =−
Gmi 0 ⎪
− ⎢ 1 + 4.71×1012 − 1⎥ ⎬ (9)
⎨1 2
r2 ⎪ ⎢ f ⎥⎪
lamina) then the weight of the same particle, in ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
r r
the other side of the lamina is P ′ = χm g g , where
Data from radioastronomy point to the
χ = m g mi 0 ( m g and mi 0 are respectively, the existence of an extragalactic radio background
gravitational mass and the inertial mass of the spectrum between 0.5 MHz and 400MHz [5].
 3

Thus, if the considered object is in the Therefore, if the iron object has an own
interplanetary medium of the solar system, then magnetic field B , then, according to Eq.(3), the
this radiation incides on it. However, according to density of magnetic energy at the mentioned
Eq. (9), the more significant contribution is due to region will change the local value of χ , which
the lower frequency radiation, i.e. f = 0.5MHz . In will be given by
this case, Eq. (9) reduces to
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
mg ⎪ ⎢ ⎛ W ⎞ ⎥⎪
Gm ⎧ ⎫ ⎜ ⎟
g = − 2i 0 ⎨1 − 2⎡ 1 + 9.42 ×106ω 4 − 1⎤ ⎬ (10) χ= = ⎨1 − 2 ⎢ 1 + n
⎜ ρ c2 r ⎟
− 1⎥ ⎬ =
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎭ mi0 ⎪
r ⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎝ ism ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
Note that the gravity becomes repulsive and ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎛ ⎞
greater than + Gmi 0 r 2 for ω > 0.0238rad .s −1 . ⎢
= ⎨1 − 2 ⎢ 1 + ⎜
B2 ⎟ − 1⎥ ⎪⎬ =
⎜ μ ρ c2 ⎟ ⎥
(Compare with the average angular velocity of ⎪ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 0 ism ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
Earth: ω ⊕ = 7.29 ×10 −5 rad .s −1 ).
⎧ ⎫
This repulsive gravity repels the atoms = ⎨1 − 2 ⎡ 1 + 2.81 × 10 19 B 4 − 1⎤ ⎬ (11)
⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎭
around the iron object, causing a significant
decreasing in the number of atoms close to the
object, and reducing consequently, the density at Thus, the region close to the object will become a
this region, which is initially equal to the density Gravitational Shielding, and the gravity
(
of the interplanetary density ρ ipm ≈ 10 −20 kg .m −3 . ) acceleration out of it (See Fig.1), according to Eq.
(8),(10) and (11), will expressed by
Thus, the density, ρ , at the mentioned region can
becomes of the order of 10 −21 kg.m −3 , i.e., very χGmi0 ⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫
g′ = χg = − ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 9.42 ×10 ω − 1⎥⎬ =
6 4
close to the density of the interstellar r2 ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
medium, ρ ism , (one hydrogen atom per cubic
⎧ ⎫
= ⎨1 − 2⎡ 1 + 2.81×1019 B4 − 1⎤⎬ ×
centimeter ≅ 1.67 ×10 −21 kg.m −3 [6]). ⎩ ⎢
⎣ ⎥
⎦⎭

⎧ ⎫⎛ Gm ⎞
× ⎨1 − 2⎡ 1 + 9.42 ×106ω 4 − 1⎤⎬⎜ − 2i0 ⎟ (12)
Amplified ⎩ ⎢
⎣ ⎥
⎦ ⎭⎝ r ⎠
ω Gravitational
B Field
g ′ = χg Therefore, if ω > 0.02rad .s −1 and B > 10 −4 T , then
g the gravity acceleration out of the gravitational
Gravitational shielding is
Shielding

⎛ Gm ⎞
ρ ≅ ρism ρ ipm g′ > (−103.0)(−1)⎜ − 2i0 ⎟ > −103 2i0 = − 2 i0 (13)
Gm GM
χ Iron object
⎝ r ⎠ r r

where M i 0 = 103m i 0 is the mass equivalent to the

Fig. 1 – Inversion and Amplification of the
Gravitational Field. The gravitational field
produced by the rotating iron object, g (repulsive), is
inverted and amplified by the gravitational shielding
(region with density ρ ≅ ρ ism , between the iron
object and the dotted circle). Thus, out of the
gravitational shielding the gravity acceleration
becomes attractive, with intensity: g ′ = χg .
mass of an object, which would produce similar
gravity acceleration.
( )
Since m i 0 = ρ iron 43 πr⊕3 = 8.44 × 10 24 kg , then
the gravity acceleration produced by the iron
object would be equivalent to the one produced by
an object with mass, M i 0 , given by
M i 0 = 103mi 0 ≅ 8.6 × 1026 kg ≅ 8.4M Neptune (14)
where N Neptune = 1.0243 × 10 26 kg is the Neptune’s
mass [7]. Thus, according to Eq. (13), the gravity
acceleration produced by the iron object would be
much stronger than the gravity of Neptune.
 4

that the quasars are in dense regions in the

3. Quasars center of massive galaxies [19], and that their
radiation are generated by the gravitational
The results above make possible stress and immense friction on the
formulate a new interpretation for the surrounding masses that are attracted to the
quasars. center of the quasars [20] (See Fig.2).
Consider Eq. (12), which gives the
gravity acceleration out of the gravitational
shielding (See Fig.1). For ω > 0.02rad .s −1 and
B ≅ 10 3 T (neutron stars have ω ≈ 1rad .s −1 and Amplified
Dense region in the center
magnetic fields of the order of 10 8 Teslas ; of massive galaxies Gravitational
photons Field
magnetars have magnetic fields between 10 8 particle
to 1011 Teslas [8]), the result is g ′ = χg
ω B
( 16
)
⎛ Gm ⎞
g′ > −1.06×10 (−1)⎜ − 2i0 ⎟ > −1.06×1016 2i0
Gm
(15) g
⎝ r ⎠ r Gravitational
Shielding

where M i 0 = 1.06 ×1016 mi 0 is the mass χ Iron object ρ ≅ ρism

equivalent to the mass of an object, which
would produce similar gravity acceleration.
If m i 0 = ρ iron (43 πr⊕3 ) = 8.44 × 10 24 kg , then
the gravity acceleration produced by the iron
object would be equivalent to the one
produced by an object with mass, M i 0 , given
by

M i 0 = 1.06 × 1016 mi 0 ≅ 8.94 × 1040 kg ≅ 4.5 × 1010 msun (16)

This means 45 billion solar masses

( m sun = 1.9891×10 30 kg ).
Known quasars contain nuclei with Fig. 2 – Quasar - Surrounding the gravitational
shielding the gravity acceleration becomes
masses of about one billion solar masses strongly attractive, with intensity: g ′ = χg . The
(109 msun ) [9 - 16]. Recently, it was discovered radiation emitted from the quasar is generated
a supermassive quasar with 12 billion solar by the gravitational stress and immense friction
on the surrounding particles that are attracted to
masses [17]. the center of the quasar.
Based on the result given by Eq.(16),
we can then infer that the hypothesis of the
existence of “black-holes” in the centers of
the quasars is not necessary, because the
strong gravity of the quasars can be
produced, for example, by means of iron
objects with the characteristics above
( ω > 0.02rad .s −1 and B ≅ 10 3 T and r = r⊕ ), in the
center of the quasars.
As concerns to the extreme amount of
electromagnetic energy radiated from the
quasars [18], the new interpretation here
formulated, follows the general consensus
 5

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