Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 2

Contents
Goal: Meet new people............................................................................................................. 3
Grammar. Gerunds and infinitives................................................................................. 5
Goal: Motivate someone........................................................................................................10
Grammar. Gerunds as objects of prepositions....................................................11
Goal: Understand how personality is formed...........................................................14
Goal: Discuss birth order........................................................................................................18
 COURSE 9
Chapter 7, Section A

Goal: Meet new people.

Preview.

The psychology of color

Red Orange Green

Yellow Blue

Stimulating Energetic Friendly Natural Trustworthy

Vibrant Enthusiastic Cheerful Healthy Secure
Passionate Fun Warm Peaceful Responsible

Pink Purple Brown Black

White

Calm Successful Earthy Exclusive Pure

Loving Wise Simple Prestigious Innocent
Feminine Royal Dependable Luxe Practical
 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 4

Questionnaire.

What are your color preferences? Explain.

Which color do you find the most appealing?

Which color do you most associate with happiness?

Which color do you most associate with being sad?

Which color do you find boring?

Complete the chart. Recommend a color to paint each room.

ROOM COLOR REASON

A bedroom for a teenaged girl

a kitchen

a family living room

a ten-year old boy

 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 5

Useful expressions.

I'm just
pulling your I'm just joking. Good point. This is true.
leg.

Maybe, we're Maybe we're not

on the wrong thinking about
track. this correctly.

Grammar. Gerunds and infinitives.

Gerunds and infinitives come from verb forms but function as nouns in a
sentence, often as direct objects.

Gerund = base form of a verb+ing Infinitive = to + a base form of a verb

He enjoys playing the guitar. She wants to paint her bedroom pink.

I suggest painting the room green. We plan to travel next month.

 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 6

Use a gerund after the following verbs Use an infinitive after the following
and expressions: verbs and expressions:

agree
avoid
be sure
discuss choose
dislike decide
don’t mind expect
hope
enjoy
learn
feel like need
practice plan
quit seem
want
suggest
wish
would like

Examples: Examples:
My mother avoids eating fast food. We agree to go to the party tonight.
They dislike listening to loud music. I plan to read that book today.

Remember:

There are two other –ing forms:

She is playing the piano. (present participle)

The trip was relaxing. (participial adjective)

 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 7

Use either a gerund or an infinitive

after these expressions:

begin
can’t stand
continue
hate
like
love
prefer
start

Examples:
I hate talking about bad news. or I hate to talk about bad news.
They can’t stand eating seafood. or They can’t stand to eat seafood.

Practice. Complete the sentences using will and the correct form of the verb.
1. My sister _________________ (want/make) new friends.

2. I ______________________(suggest/go) to the cafe after class.

3. My brother is an extrovert. He never ________________ (feel like/meet) new people.

4. We _________________ (decide/paint) our living room a happier color.

5. My mother __________________ (would like /choose) a more cheerful color.

6. I __________________(enjoy/look) at the color of my new house.

7. Mike __________________ (not mind / repaint) the kitchen a different color.

8. They ___________________(learn/be) happier.

10. The girls__________________ (practice/do) yoga every day.

 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 8

11. ___________________ (avoid/talk) too much about yourself.

12. ___________________(plan/do) something relaxing on weekends.

13. She ___________________ (can’t stand/ eat) sushi.

14. My brother __________________ (love / be) alone.

15. We both __________________ (like / listen) to each other.

Conversation.
Conversation.
A: So tell me something about
yourself.
B: What would you like to know?
A: Well, for example, what do you
like doing in your free time?
B: Let’s see. Most of all, I enjoy
doing yoga. I think it’s relaxing.
What about you?
A: Well, I find yoga a little boring.
But I do love going dancing.
B: So do I. We should go dancing
together sometime, then.
 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 9

What about you? List your likes and dislikes in gerund form.

LIKES DISLIKES
Reading is fantastic. Playing soccer is boring.

eating is awesome

Remember:

Positive adjectives Negative adjectives

awesome boring
fantastic awful
wonderful horrible
great terrible
terrific disgusting
relaxing frightening
interesting scary
exciting silly
thrilling weird
fascinating
 COURSE 9
Chapter 7, Section B

Goal: Motivate someone.

Conversation.
A: You look down. What’s up?
B: Oh, nothing serious. I’m just
tired of the same old grind. But
thanks for asking.
A: I know what you mean. I’m tired
of working, too. How about
going to a party? That always
helps me.
B: Great idea, Let’s go dancing
tonight.

More adjectives.

down sad/blue unhappy upset depressed

 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 11

Grammar. Gerunds as objects of prepositions.

A gerund can function as an object of a preposition.

preposition object
I’m afraid of riding a motorcycle.

He’s bored with driving in traffic.

She objects to discussing her feelings.

Be careful! Do not use an infinitive as the object of a preposition.

Don’t say: Let’s go to a movie instead of to watch TV.

Expressions followed by gerunds.

Adjective + prepositions Verb + preposition With How about or What

angry about complain about about
afraid of apologize for How about (going to a
excited about talk about movie)?
sick/tire of believe in
depressed about worry about What about (leaving
bored with object to work early)?
happy/sad about think about
crazy about
 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 12

Practice. Complete the conversation. Use the correct preposition with the verb or
adjective, and a gerund.

A: You look down. What’s up?

tireding
B: Oh, nothing really. I’m just 1. ___________________(tired/work) on weekends.

A: Is that all? You really look blue.

B: I’m 2. ___________________ (bored/do) the same thing every weekend. And I also feel

3. ___________________(sad/spend) my weekends at work.

A: Have you 4. ___________________ (complained/work) overtime?

B: No. I’m 5. __________________ (afraid/make) my boss upset. I sometimes have to

6. __________________ (apologize/finish) my reports late. And today my boss

7. __________________(talked/give) me more work.

A: Wow! I see why you are feeling down. Why don’t you start looking for a new job?
 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 13

Practice. Answer the question using gerunds.

Right now, what are you………

happy about?___________________________________________________________________

excited about?__________________________________________________________________

bored with? ____________________________________________________________________

sick and tired of?________________________________________________________________

Practice. Give advice to cheer someone up. Use the correct preposition and gerunds.

7 Ways to cheer someone up

1. Don’t complain ________________________________________________________________.

2. Always talk ___________________________________________________________________.

3. Don’t worry___________________________________________________________________.

4. Try to think ___________________________________________________________________.

5. Don’t apologize _______________________________________________________________.

6. Believe in ____________________________________________________________________.

7. You can object to ______________________________________________________________.

 COURSE 9
Chapter 7, Section C

Goal: Understand how personality is formed.

Preview. In what way does a parent’s behavior affect a child’s development?

Read the article.

Personality: from Nature or Nurture?

The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest
philosophical issues within psychology. So what
exactly is it all about?

•Nature refers to all of the genes and traits we inherit

from our parents that influence who we are—from our
physical appearance to our personality characteristics.

•Nurture refers to all the environmental factors that

impact who we are, including our early childhood
experiences, how we were raised, our social
relationships, and our surrounding culture.

Even today, different branches of psychology often

take a one versus the other approach. For example,
biological psychology tends to stress the importance
of genetics and biological

influences. Behaviorism, on the other hand, focuses on

the impact that the environment has on behavior. The
way you act, think, and feel (your emotions).
 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 15

In the past, debates over the relative contributions of nature versus nurture often took a very
one-sided approach, with one side arguing that nature played the most important role and the
other side suggesting that it was nurture that was the most significant. Today, most experts
recognize that both factors play a critical role. Not only that, they also realize that nature and
nurture interact in important ways all throughout life.

Do genetic or environmental factors have a greater influence on your behavior? Do inherited

traits or life experiences play a greater role in shaping your personality? The nature versus
nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative
contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development.

Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that
they occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Nativists take the position that all or
most behaviors and characteristics are the results of inheritance.

Advocates of this point of view believe that all of our characteristics and behaviors are the result
of evolution. Genetic traits handed down from parents influence the individual differences that
make each person unique.

For example, when a person achieves tremendous academic success, did they do so because
they are genetically predisposed to be successful or is it a result of an enriched environment?

A few examples of biologically determined characteristics (nature) include certain genetic

diseases, eye color, hair color, and skin color. Other things like life expectancy and height have a
strong biological component, but they are also influenced by environmental factors and lifestyle.

An example of a nativist theory within psychology is Chomsky's concept of a language

acquisition device (or LAD). According to this theory, all children are born with an instinctive
mental capacity that allows them to both learn and produce language.

Some characteristics are tied to environmental influences. How a person behaves can be linked
to influences such as parenting styles and learned experiences. For example, a child might learn
through observation and reinforcement to say “please” and “thank you.” Another child might learn
to behave aggressively by observing older children engage in violent behavior on the
playground.

Today, the majority of experts believe that both nature and nurture influence behavior and
development. It seems that everyone has an opinion.

Taken from: https://goo.gl/CSABCP

 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 16

Practice. Match each word with its definition.

1. genes __________ a. a person’s usual pattern of behavior

2. environment __________ b. what we feel, such as anger, love, and happiness
3. emotions __________ c. the source of traits we inherit from our parents
4. the “nature school” _________ d. the world around us
5. the “nurture school” _________ e. the belief that learning determines personality
6. personality _________ f. the belief that genetics determines personality

Practice. Answer the questions.

1. Where do you think personality comes from?

________________________________________________________________________________

2. Where did you get your personality from?

________________________________________________________________________________

3. Give some examples of Nature traits.

________________________________________________________________________________

4. Give some examples of Nurture traits.

________________________________________________________________________________
 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 17

Are you an extrovert or an introvert?

Instructions: From each pair of personality traits, check one that

sounds like your personality. At the end, add up your selections
for each column. Then decide for yourself: Are you an introvert or
an extrovert?

Extroverts tend to: Introverts tend to:

1. love to talk.
2. express their ideas openly.
3. solve problems through discussion.
4. be energized by socializing.
5. have a lot of friends.
6. act first before thinking.
7. enjoy being the center of attention.
8. seek excitement.
9. be easy to get to know them.
10. learn by doing.
Total selections:
love to listen.
keep their ideas to themselves.
solve problems by themselves.
avoid interacting with others.
have a few but good friends.
think first before acting.
be quiet.
seek peace.
be difficult to get to know them.
learn by watching.

Check your personality:

I’m an extrovert.
I’m an introvert.
I’m a mixture of both.

Tell your classmates about your personality traits.

 COURSE 9
Chapter 7, Section D

Goal: Discuss birth order.

Preview. Check your answers.

Birth order
Are you………
the first child (the oldest, or the first born)?
the middle child?
the youngest child or the last born?
an only child?

Do you think birth order affects personality?

Yes. Definitely.
No. I don't think so.
I’m not sure.

The first child in a family has different personality traits from those of siblings
who are born later.
I agree.
I disagree.
I’m not sure.
 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 19

Are the youngest children or the last born also called “the babies”?
Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
I don’t know.

Do you think the oldest child is more perfectionist than the younger siblings?
I don’t think so.
I totally agree.

Practice. Watch the following video about “How birth order affects your personality”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7GqZ5XCEa8

1. Do you agree or disagree with the information on the video? Explain.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
 Student booklet course 9 - Chapter 7 - Sections A,B,C and D Page 20

Read the following chart about birth order and personality traits.

How does your birth order shape your personality?

First child…. Middle child…

is perfectionist. is social.
is a leader. feels less important than siblings.
is bossy. can be rebellious.
is responsible. breaks the rules.
is motivated. is a peacemaker.
is conscientious. is adaptable.
is cautious. is independent.
is reliable. has a lot of friends.
grows up fast.
is self-critical.

The youngest child…. The only child…

is social. is the center of attention.
is charming. is mature.
is outgoing. seeks approval
is manipulative. is confident.
is self-centered. is a leader.
grows up slowly. is perfectionist.
shows off is responsible.

What about you?

What’s your birth position?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Do you share the same or some personality traits described in the chart? Explain.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________