Advanced Resistivity Imaging

Seminar

Austin, Texas, USA

May 1-2, 2008
 ~A ·G'".1Geo5Ciences,Inc.
Ti!JJooncetl

Outline ~n

~sistivity Imaging 9rletliodS

1(]), 2(]), 3(]) ana 4(])
~sistivity Inversion %eory
Survey (J)esign
(J)ata cpyocessing
VtiCities

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 1

 c.R§sistivity Imaging :M.etfiodS
• For each measurement, a DC electric current is injected into the ground
through two electrodes (A and B)
• The resulting electric potential is measured between another two
electrodes (M and N)
• An apparent resistivity value (p 3 ) is derived from injected current,
measured voltage and geometric factor.
• Measured data are inverted to produce true subsurface resistivity
distribution.
• Resistivity distribution is correlated to subsurface geology by a data
interpreter.

~
A~B i\1 (?) I

Transmitter ·----- Receiver

·-
-- ---- P. ,•'
-.- 3

7
A ·G'1Grosriem:cs.
TMroumt lnc.
c.R§sistivity Imaging :M.etfiodS .71:

• For an electrical resistivit) imaging survey, a large number (30 -

200) of electrodes are in tailed and connected the resistivity meter
simultaneou ly.
• The data acquisition is controlled
by a pre-programmed command
file.
• The electrode switching is
automatic.
• No limit on electrode
configurations. User-defined arrays •"'""'·--~).
or mixed arrays are supported.
• Fast data acqui ition at about one
data point per second.
• Easy to use data processing
software.
4

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 2

 ~sistivity Imaging :Metliotfs

Apparent Resistivity

p - Apparent resistivity (Ohm-m)

~V - Measured potential difference (V)
I - Injected electric current (A)
K - Geometry factor (m)

Geometric Factor- Surface Electrodes

2;r
K=--------
5

~sistivity Imaging :Metliotfs

Geometric Factor
4n-
K=-------------------------------

• It is 4n full space instead of

2n half space
• A' is the mirror image of A
• B' is the mirror image of B
Ground
Surface

Arbitrary Electrode Location on M

the flat surface or in a borehole

N 6

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 3

 c.R§sistivity Imaging :M.etliods ,.

• A pseudosection is a fake section.

• An apparent resistivity measurement is NOT an exclusive
contribution from earth materials at the pseudo data point.
• An apparent resistivity measurement should be regarded as a
weighted sum of resistivity distribution in the entire earth.
• If the earth is homogeneous, the apparent resistivity equals the
true earth resistivity.
Scatter P lot of S u t·face Appat·ent Resistivity Dat a

........................
,~ . ~' tlJ otu~·:
8
·[
1-1 .,- .at . &2 96 110
0.0

•···········.J
8~9
2 .6
•••
••••• •••• •••• •••••••• ••
•• • •• • ••• •••• • •• • • ••
•
1
- ~I
,-
........
a a • • • • • • • • • a •• • • • • a . a
• • • • • • • •

• •• •• • •• • •••••• • •• •
• • • • • • • • • • • •
476

l6 i

102 ~- H6
7

c.R§sistivity Imaging :M.etliods

Wenner, highest signal to noise ratio,
excellent vertical resolution but poor later
resolution, unable to take advantage of multi-
channels (only a single channel is used.

Schlumberger, AB/2 is 5 times more than

MN. It is similar to Wenner array. Unable to
take advantage of multi-channels (only a single
channel is used). Inverse Schlumberger may
use up to four channels.

Dipole-dipole, best resolution but poor

signal to noise ratio. The best way to ensure
an acceptable signal to noise ratio is to
maintain n <= 8. This array is excellent for
multi-channel instruments. 8

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 4

 c.R§sistt'vity I maoino :M.etliods

Pole-dipole, AB > (5* AM) for less than

MN 5°o error. tronger signal than that of
dipole-dipo le, good resolution , but difficult
8 .~ handling of the infinity electrode in the
-oo ~ fie ld. The inverted resistivity image may
be asymmetric.

Pole-pole, AB > (20*AM ) and

MN > (20* AM ) for less than 5% error.
Very strong signal, good resolution, but
difficult hand ling of two infinity
electrodes. A large M may pick up plenty
of cultural, SP and telluric noi e.

c.R§sistivity I maoino :M.etliods

Number Sense
• Injection electric current ranges from I rnA to 2A. A current IO\\er than lOrnA
often produces noisy and unusable data. A marine resisti ity survey in altwater
inject more than I A electric current.
• Mea ured voltage ranges from sub milli-, olt to I 0 vo lts. A measured voltage
less than 0. I mV is oflen noi y due to trong natural electric field in the ground. but
marine data rna) be an exception due to it le s no is) environment. Both po itive and
negative oltage value are acceptable .
• Resistivity of earth material i a function of lithology. water content/ aturation.
porosit). pore fluid chemi try, temperature and so on. llere are resistivit) values in
Ohm-m for material common to near surface geo cientists:

•• Cia):
altwater: 0. 1 -
I -
I
100
• Fresh water: 10 - 100
• andstone:
lluvium: I - 1.000
•• Lime tone: I -
10 -
1.000
10.000 10
• Gravel: 100 - 10,000.

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Semina r 5

 'Rssistivity Imaging :Metliotfs

Resistivity of soil and rock is affected by:

1) Moisture (water) content, a dominant factor

2) Porosity
3) Pore fluid chemistry (fresh water vs. saltwater)
4) Temperature of pore water (resistivity decreases
with increasing temperature)
5) Resistivity of minerals

11

'Rssistivity Imaging :Metliotfs

Typical Applications
• Cavity and sinkhole detection
• Geotechnical site characterization
• Groundwater exploration
• Lithologic mapping
• Mineral exploration
• Archaeological site investigation
• Detection of free products of contaminant plumes.
• Time lapse monitoring of remediation process such as steam
injection, air sparging, injection of various oxidants such as
hydrogen peroxide (H 2 0 2) and potassium permanganate (KMn0 4 )
• Time lapse monitoring of subsurface processes such as
groundwater recharge, infiltration, saltwater intrusion, tunneling,
and dam leakage 12

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 6

 1(}), 2(}), J(j) and4(})
Vertical Electrical Sounding(VE ) in Schlumberger Array

A B

I 0 model assumption: layered earth, p = p(z)

Common Array Types: Schlumberger and Wenner

13
Copyngtrt 0 by Advancoc1 GeoXJOtlee•. Inc. AI rigtll< , _ Thlo puolicaloo or pelt$ ltWHeol fJIIIy- be tef'odu<»d., any ibm>
wrthatl tMJtten pemwSSion of Advittcfld Geo.sa&nces, Inc

1(}), 2(}), 3(}) and 4(})

AGI Earthlmager 10 - 10 Resistivity Data Inversion

:Measured and Iodeled Duta Lll~·e •·ed Resistivity l\Iodel

1000 0

.10 llQ
::
6
~ 8000

"'
;; I i

~
;;
a ~t-+t
l.l I

~ I I
100
I I I "10 10
10 100 Ohm-m
D<vlli (lll)
Sdtlunlbo2er .·\nil) .\8 ~ { Ill)
ltt~;tii Qn =3 Rl..IS -09~o
14

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 7

 1(]), 2(]), 3(]) and 4(])

• 2D model assumption: p = p(x, z). Any object on a 2D

section would have an infinite length along the strike (y)
direction normal to the section, and any cross section normal
to the trike direction would look exactly the same. A round
object on a 20 section would be an infinitely long cylinder.
• A 20 dataset is collected with electrodes installed ( 1) along a
traight line on the ground surface or (2) within a vertical
plane for a mixed surface-borehole dataset.
• Processing of a 20 data set produces a cross section of
sub urface resistivity distribution.
• The point source (an electrode) used in resistivity surveys
produces a 30 electric field, o a 2D modeling problem is
sometimes referred as 2D30 or 2.5D problem.
15

. _r:t
=-AG'1Ttldi'OII('('fl
1(]), 2(]), 3(]) and 4(]) Gt"f).•;dr,C'C.'S.Inc.

AGI Earthlmager 20
Resistivity and IP inversion software

--. -...-...--
~·
16

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 8

 1(]), 2(]), 3(]) and 4(])
20 lnn rttd K.tsbth·hy S«tlon - Cl \ ~ OttK tkln

A 2 0 survey ca n be do ne:

• on the ground surface

• cro boreholes
!• .. • \~ith mixed surface and borehole
e lectrodes
• with underwater electrodes
• with an electrode streamer for continuous
resisti ity profiling on the water
• on the ground urface with topography

17

1(]), 2(]), 3(]) and 4(])

20 Continuous Resistivity Profiling (CRP)

GPS

''

Uoiline ~prine rnm...o,«f J

Data counesy of Ocean Eanh TechnolO!!Jes, Palm Harbor, Florida 18

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 9

 1(]), 2(]), J(j) ana4(])

2D Underwater Resistivity Imaging: an offshore zone of fres hwater discharge

Underwater Resistivity Section beach.stg

12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108
00

73 67
g
£a. 146 22
"
0
219 075

29 1 0.26

Data counesy of Jason Green"'ood and Peter warzensk1 at the US Geolog1cal urvey m t Petersburg. Florida
19

1(]), 2(]), 3(]) ana 4(])

2D Resistivity Imaging with Topography

0 II <6 6' -6 g- 10 1 11 6 Ill O hllHll

, -, '000

~ :liS 889
~

§
i ~-~-~
\;
iii
:! lO ~8 1

~1 6 '0

Transformed finite element mesh fits the topography.

20

Advanced Res istivity Imaging Seminar 10

 1(]), 2(]), 3(]) antf4(])

• 3D model assumption: p = p(x, y, z). 30 inversion has no

restriction on electrical resistivity distribution in the earth. It
can handle a medium with an arbitrary 3D resistivity
distribution. However there is one hidden assumption in 30
inversion: the earth material is isotropic.
• A 3D dataset is collected with electrodes installed ( 1) on the
ground surface in a rectangular grid or (2) in three or more
boreholes which are not within the same plane. Mixed surface
and borehole electrodes which are not within the same vertical
plane are also a 3D layout.
• Processing of a 3D data set produces a volume image showing
30 subsurface resistivity distribution.

21

?A.G'TMmnml
n
1(]), 2(]), 3(]) antf4(]) 1 i:ieosrientY'S, Inc

AGI Earthlmager 30
Resistivity Data Inversion Software

..~1.1- 1.-l :! ~
·-; .-: an ~

Appa rent Resistivity Cross plot Inverted Resistivity Image

!9 , ..
Mt--."' l.oJlO•AppbU
:~e~aon ,_ o.S. R.MS • s.J"'- L2 • 1. 1

22

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 11

 1(]), 2(]), 3(]) and 4(])

Inverted Resistivity Image

-o.oo·
·LlSI

z ·2 701
1066 y
-40j~
5.33 -- --
X 2.67 ~~- 99

~.samvny (ohm-m)

~111116'c:JII'u
ilJ:~~:'·JIIIi
~

Electrodes are laid out in a rectangular grid on the ground surface

23

1(]), 2(]), 3(]) and 4(])

Electrodes in Five Boreholes Z Slices of Inverted Resistivity

ln\'t' n~ ~i.!itivuy (ohm-m)

RH tSh \-1ty (ohm·m,

~ llllli~llllli.~III==~
==JIII•i'·
2. 4. 9.

24

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 12

 ~AG·'TAclmuml
1(j), 2(j), J(j) and 4(j) -
~ -~ 1 G1'osc·ien('('S./nc.

• A 4D application is multiple 3D surveys in a sequential order

with the same electrode layout and the same command file.
• The earth resistivity is a function of spatial coordinates and
time: p = p(x, y, z, t).
• Typical applications:
- Monitoring of environmental remediation such as steam injection or
air-sparging.
- Monitoring of salt water intrusion in an coastal area
- Monitoring of underground tunneling activities along a border or a
building.
- Monitoring leakage of underground storage tank.
- Monitoring effect of ocean tides on the coastal area.
- Monitoring earth dam leakage

25

40 Time Lapse Inversion in AGI Earth Imager 30 Software

o.,_,....,_ ,..,...,.,,,_l•..,, ... .._o........... l • The base data is inverted

r.~~~-=-~,~.::~:-~-~~~·::.;g'~!!,"""lfl"'"""'=".....
=..,...,-..=,.,...,....._-.--"'"_,......,,...,...-.----..sfJ in a standard approach.
()om.O,,.._ •....,.da......... p--;J • One or more monitor data
sets are inverted in a
sequential order.
• If three or more monitor
data sets exist, an AVI movie
file showing temporal
resistivity changes is created
and played at the end of time
v-"'1.--------------- ~ lapse inversion.

lood9okMio I s... a- ... I ......... o... n.._I.....!J rn ~ ___;

~ofi!IOI'WiarliH;l 26

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 13

 · ""AQ'_1i:it'fJ."t"WI~Iuc.
1(]), 2(]), 3(]) and4(]) _,_-.1"1
T/tllmuml

40 Time Lapse Monitoring

Water Infiltration Experiment at Socorro, New Mexico

Day 1 Day2 Day 5 Day12 Day28 Day 51

.... - X
. -~

·I Jl
I
I
! j
z
! I
z
I. I
z
.I

I l I
I
I
·~·
' '
l..,
y \.
!
~ y
:, t
'
I

;
i
Condual..1tY Ch:m~t ICMI)
-600 -30.0 00 30 0 60.0

Data courtesy of Department of Energy s Off1ce of Energy Research. Envtronmental

Sc1ence Management Program under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000 27

~sistivity Inversion fJJieory

-+ Why inversion?
-+ Forward Modeling
-+ Inverse Modeling
-+ Modeling Mesh
-+ Infinity Electrode
-+ Starting Model
-+ Stop Criteria
-+ Thresholds for noisy data removal
-+ Advanced features

Copyrigtlt Cby /4dvinl;«J ~- Inc AI rigJis " ' -

-.out IWften penrUsion of Advilrt<»d Geosciences Inc
This,._., cr f&1S- may not be reprod<J<;ed., ony Ibm
28

Advanced Res istivity Imaging Seminar 14

 Why Inversion?

Observation or Measured Data:

Injected electric current (I)
Induced voltage (V)
Electrode location (K, geometry factor)
Derived apparent resistivity= K V/1

Desired Info: Earth Resistivity Model

Subsurface true resistivity distribution 20

p(x, y) , or 30 p(x, y, z).
29

Why Inversion?

Meas ured
Data

Earth
Model

Measured
Data

Earth
Model

• A measured data image (apparent resistivity pseudosection ) is completely different

from the corresponding earth model.
• An apparent res istivity pseudosection depends on the array type. 30

Advanced Res istivity Imaging Seminar 15

 Forward Problem
Forward Problem -from Model to Data

Finile D1fference Method

Subsurface Restsltvtty DtstnbuliOn Electnc Potenttal Fteld V(x, y. z)

,___E_I_ectr_tc_C_u_r_re_n_tS_o_u_rce
_ __)] ! Fmrte Element Method
Data

Model Parameters

~··
'
JI.O ~0
,..
Oilrll4l

l .. ..
9J

61

Model Data
31

Inverse Problem
Inverse Problem -from Data to Model
~- -------------------------- _,
Electrode Location } li---o_a_m_pe<I_L_••_st_Sq_ua_res_---'
Reststtvtty DtstnbuliOn p(x. y z)

Model Parameters

Dipole Oipol~ S) nthelic Data

!
l ..
JO
...
"., j ,.
..
.. 100

••
Data
f ....
1 "
Model 32

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 16

 Inversion Flow Chart
lterat1on Number n = 1

+
c
c

33

Modeling Mesh
Number of mesh divisions bt:twcen two electrodes = 2

0 15 30 60 90
00
2.5
S.3
SJ
11 .6
.s
~ 15.3
g dl
193
d2
'"
.o.

!S 6
I
Thickne of the lower layer (d2)
Thickne s incremental factor =
Thick ness of the upper layer (d I)
34

Advanced Res istivity Imaging Seminar 17

 Depth of Mesh
0 The depth of mesh for a surface data set i detennined by th e product of
,. the median depth (Edward , L . .. 1977, A modified p cudo ection for
re i ti ity and induced po larization: Geophysics, 42. I 020-1 036), and
,. the depth factor on the Forward Modeling Settings window in Earth Imager.
0 The depth of me h for a borehole data et is determined by the depth of the deepest
electrode.
0 A mixed surface and borehole data et would reach the larger depth determined by
both surface and borehole data.

Median Depth
• Wenner array : 52% of a- pacing
• chlumberger: 19. 1% of AB spacing
• Gradient 19.1°oofAB spacing
• on-conventi onal: 19. 1% of the largest electrode pan
• Pole-pole: 60°o of AM eparation
• Dipole-Dipole: 14% - 25° o of the largest electrode span
• Pole-Dipole : 50°o - 60°o of M separation depending on AM/M
35

·'
~AG rAttmnmt
Modeling Mesh - Irregular -
~~_£:1'_ 1Grosricm-es. lnr.

• It is preferred but
NOT required to have
an equally-spaced
electrode layo ut.
• An irregular
electrode layout leads
to a distorted model
and a large numerical
modeling error.

• Unaligned electrodes cause irregular and non-uniform modeling mesh

• Electrodes may be shifted to snap to grid nodes (Initial Settings).
36

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 18

 ~AG·'TMooumt
~..!1.!
Infinity (Remote) Electrode 1.Gmsrir tJ('{'S, /tiC.

• Pole-dipole: AB > (S*AM) for < 5% error.

s·.r ---------
. 20•- -ltJ''7C ---- __
B~~----------------~~~[~-~ --~-~
--··~·~040~0~0~0~0~0~0~0~0~0HO~O~O~O~O~O~ae~aa
\ ------------------------ -- A 1
B"• ------

A
• For a "true" infinity electrode (AB > 5 * . N), the infinity
electrode can be placed anywhere, either perpendicular or
parallel to the survey line.
• If the infinity electrode location does NOT satisfy AB > 5 *
AM , make sure the infinity electrode is installed in the shared
triangular area. Earth Imager will model the response of the
infinity electrode. 37

Infinity (Remote) Electrode

• Pole-pole: AB > (20*AM) and MN > (20*AM) for < 5% error.

• For a pole-pole array, two infinity electrodes must be installed at the
opposite side of the survey line (2D) or the survey area (3D).
• In a 3D survey, the infinity electrode can be placed anywhere as far as the
correct electrode coordinates are inputted into SuperSting. rt is not required to
honor the infinite distance.
• For a pseudo infinity electrode which does not honor the infinite distance,
the depth of penetration is reduced proportionally.

B.- ------------------------------ 30 Survey ----------------- - ------------ -. N

Grid

38

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 19

 Noisy Data Thresholds

lr"'baa Seunos I
Forword Moderlo AesiStiV'It)llnvefSIOn )IP lnvets.on I Teua.n 1 CAP

Crteoe for Data Removal InversiOn Method

Mnnun Volage., mV r Foo-d Modelrog o~

lnfomwtton ~
Joz ~ r D~ Least S"-""es
,..,._.ofct.t.lt~WSM.IX~ •19
Mromm abs(V~I (ohmI • Smooth M~ hwewon ~ofddt.l::leo¥r,..,AA:JRes -a
Jotw5 ~ r Aob.ut hwemon ~ofdlt.~MnYolt.Qe
~ofdat.lbebft,..,Y/l •98
•10

~ofdoet.fNf!1MoRepe,t&ror•6
~ofdat.f1Yf!IMoRfa).Error •0
VA.~
PUIOer of ..n.ct ct.ta bdcM Min ~ • 0
DelnoooiYA<o ~of~trveAppRa:dltAII• 144
of-v.Mr tOtes of ~es -o
~
~
Mr>Appat,.. Res (ohm-ml Jv·DOilth ,.,.,... of reQnQII ddtl rernoYed • 0
~
~ofcl.cJk;Jtetreti'IO¥ed•O
Jl o.....otJonoiVe~ucal-
Me. Appal ... A (ohm-ml 1Pooirve Upward :iJ
Jmm :::J ~ofdBU~fi.goedfotranovM•lli
(25.3"'of92Ddlltlltx:ll'tsll0be~
"'" Eloettode Spaang (ml
Me. Rec,xocai Em~~ !"I
X [001':::J Z [001':::J
Js iJ
O"'ance Scoie Fac<ot
r R"""veNogotrveAI>OAes
Jl 0
r KeepAI r A~Spokea

I
Deld u ... Settrogs OK Cancel
39

Reciprocals

Original
I\ I

Reciprocal I

Reciprocal2
\I

~au ~r f'lot of RK iprnnl Data t~ rro "

000 oo.. jo
.... ..... •:o••••....•
&o to no .:oo
t&o 110

II ! ··::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::··
! ,.,
,,. ........
··=·~·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:··
Demo data: reciprocals.stg
"' 40
Rectprocal mea urement errors are a rigorous mea ure or data qu ali ty and hardware integrity.

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 20

 Noisy Data Thresholds

Wily is removal of some data an acceptable practice?

• Each measurement is an integrated response from the

entire half space and it carries information about the entire
half space.
• Data redundancy due to over-sampling ensures removal of
some data is not fatal on the model resolution.
• Massive removal, instead of random removal, of a large
number of data points will cause poor resolution in a certain
area without data coverage.

41

Starting Model
• The default starting model is a homogeneous half space with a resistivity value
equal to the average of all apparent resistivity data .
• User options:
~ Start from raw data pseudosection in 20
~ Start from a homogenous half space of any resistivity value.
~ Input an a-priori model manually from the menu Settings I Input Resistivity
A-Priori Model.
~ Read a water conductivity file for CRP data inversion to constrain the water
layer.

,...

St.amgModel
_
.... ...
D~Factcr
,.... - •• ::J
Ito ::J R~Ohfrl.ln

I ::J
42

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 21

 Starting Model
Inverted Resistivity ection - to11 from the Pseudosection

Inverted Resistivity ection - Start from Homogeneous Half- pace

I ~J1
'l 216 186 J~l "0 >Ol !1'2 ... Obm-m
2000

1'03 9>6

I liB
"'
'"'9 lll

lUI 100

Artifacts in a pseudo ection may be carried over

((( ECHOTECH GEOPHYSICAL ))
to the in verted section th ru the start ing model 43

::=AG'TMmnmt
:1"1;1.Gcosdenres,/nc
Stop Criteria of Inversion

• Maximum Number of Iteration. This is the number of times to solve

the linearized inverse system iteratively. A clean data set often converges
to a few percent of RMS error, say 3% , in 3 - 5 iterations.

• Minimum Error Reduction . RMS error is often reduced by more than 50%
for the first few iterations. Then error reduction slows down at the later
iterations. If there is no apparent RMS error reduction , say the error reduction
is less than 5% , the inversion should stop. Settings

Stop Crlena

. (%) = abs( RMS 11 - RMS 11 1 ) x I 00%

Error Reductwn Nl.mbel ot llerabonl
p~
RMS 11 _ 1
h4aH RMS En01(t)
r.;~ Data'Ww;/Vt
Est.na~edN011ef

po ~

r L2Norm
r UseR~Er

r ~=r:!~
44

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 22

 Noisy Data Thresholds

Why is removal of some data an acceptable practice?

• Each measurement is an integrated response from the

entire half space and it carries information about the entire
half space.
• Data redundancy due to over-sampling ensures removal of
some data is not fatal on the model resolution.
• Massive removal, instead of random removal, of a large
number of data points will cause poor resolution in a certain
area without data coverage.

41

Starting Model
• The default starting model is a homogeneous half space with a resistivity value
equal to the average of all apparent resistivity data.
• U er options:
~ Start from raw data pseudosection in 20
~ Start from a homogenous half space of any resistivity value.
~ Input an a-priori model manually from the menu Settings I Input Re istivity
A-Priori Model.
~ Read a water conductivity file for CRP data inversion to constrain the water
layer.

;..
'"'
...£j(l
''" »--~Ted~ H111D

....._ ... ....

~
(roU)I!ltn91
'-"
J R~lrwer--.liPt,......aonl T..ar~j CRP

$I~ Modal ~
~fo'odfl~~

~~Set. .
....
• .......,:.e~

1.......... ::::J
R~OivrH!t
fpr-t;t~

a.s.· . .
,.
I OJ
42

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 21

 Stop Criteria of Inversion

• RMS Error(%). RMS would depend on the noise level in the data. For a
clean data set, 3% RMS error would be an acceptable objective.

\ ( d;·a/c- d~"""·' J2
L dmem
RMS = ~ I I I X I 00%

• L2-Norm is a weighted data misfit which is a key part of the objective

function to be minimized. For ease of convergence comparison , our L2-norm is
normalized by the number of measurements. The convergence is achieved
when the normalized L2-norm is equal to or less than 1.0. Data weights play a
key role in the L2-norm estimate. The weight of a data point is, by default,
defined as a certain percentage (e.g. , 3%) of the data value.

~ ( dlmk - d:lletl\ J2 \i ( dlmk - d;lell.l J2

L.
I I
'V
y 1
LI I
JO7/0 . d 1mem
L2 - Norm = => - -'-- - - - - ' - -
N N 45

Advanced Features

Optional Features (Modules) in Earthlmager 2D and 3D

-+ Use metal borehole casing as electrodes (Long

Electrode module, 3D)
-+ Resistivity imaging in a confined domain (Sand
Box module, 3D) such as in a water tank or a sand
box.
-+ IP Survey Planner (2D)
-+ Time Lapse inversion (2D and 3D)
-+ Continuous Resistivity Profiling (CRP in 2D)

46

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 23

 Earth Imager 3D CL

-+ A new command line 3D inversion program without

graphical u er interface (GUI)
-+ Ideal for fast processing of huge data sets
-+ Support of both Window 32-bit and 64-bit platforms
-+ upport of more than 2 GB memory
-+ Parallel processing on multi-processor or multi-core
machines. The more processors, the faster processing.
-+ Almost four times faster than Earthlmager 3D on a PC
with a single dual-core CPU.
-+ AGI houses a computer with 8 cores and up to 48GB
RAM to help customers process large 3D data sets.

47

Survey (J)esign
0 Electrode spacing
0 Depth of investigation
0 !ide-along vs roll-along
0 3D electrode layout
0 Electrode geometry file (geo)
0 Command file (cmd)
0 Array types
0 ignal strength vs. noi e level
0 Smooth model effect

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 24

 Survey Design- Electrode Spacing

0 Electrode pacing should 2 - 4 times of the dimension of the

target. By default, the model block width is half of the
electrode spacing, i.e. , two divisions between two electrodes.
0 A smaller electrode spacing leads to a higher model resolution.
The resolution is about half of the electrode spacing, but it can
be better in the region near an electrode.
0 For the same number of electrodes, a larger electrode spacing
would lead to a larger depth of penetration.

"
00
1
,.
1,1 I '
10
~
13
~
16 19

I
I I
22 25

li
28 Otwnm

1000

"83
I 200
I[ 116
I I
I
~ 1:)3
I 100
I
193 I 20

231
!
I.,......,..._ ~omd AellsaMty • 100 ()tm.m
10
49

Survey Design -Depth of Investigation

0 The depth of investigation depends on the largest array span during

the survey but not the length of a survey line. Roll-along won 't
increase the depth of investigation .
0 With the same number of electrode and the same electrode spacing,
the pole-pole array has the largest penetrating depth.
0 A a rule of thumb, the penetrating depth is about 15% - 20% of the
largest array length for any four-electrode array. An actual field
survey design hould be more conservative and the object of concern
should be at I 0- 15% of the largest array length .
0 The max depth on the inverted resistivity section is determined by the
median depth defined by L.S. Edward (19 77) and a depth factor.
0 The actual depth of penetration also depend on subsurface resistivity
distribution. A conductive overburden often decreases the penetrating
depth dramatically.
0 The depth of investigation also depends
on the ratio of the object depth h to its h
dimens ion (diameter d). The maximum
ratio is around 5.0.
50

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 25

 Slide-along vs Roll-along

Slide-along : The entire cable slides forward. Subsections Band Care sampled with the same
command file as that of Subsection A.

Disadvantage Zones 1 & 2 are sampled twice unnecessanly Zones 3 and 4 are missing a large number
of data points. A slide-along survey 1s slow with compromised model resolution at the bottom.

Roll-along: Part of the cable(<= 25% ) is rolled over. Subsections Band Care sampled
with an automatically reduced command file of Subsection A.

Advantages. No duplicate measurements, fewer missmg data po1nts. A roll-along survey is faster than a
slide-along survey and has a better model resolution at the bottom of the section.
51
In the roll-along mode, AGI Super ting automatically kips the data points al ready samp led.

Slide-along vs Roll-along

20 Roll-along: Move one-quarter ( 1/4) of a cable at a time

1 78 1415 2122 281 78 1415 2122 28

•·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.· ·.·.·.··············· •
H H H H
................................................................................................
H H
. . .. . .
H
...........................
••• M . s urvey :·:·:··
. . . .. •.·•..... . *A * • • • ...... .........
.................
. .. ........
........
.·.·.·.·.·.·.·
....... .
·A
·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·
:::=··
··:·: a1n :·:·:·:··"~:·:·· ·J
••*•*•*•*•*
• • • • ••*•*
• ••*•*•*•*•*•*•*• ~•••*•*•
• • • • • • • •. .. u •.tr..\~• •*•* A~
........................... ......·..... ..·..·.···········
...·.•.·.·.·•·•·.·.·.·.·. .......
.....·.·.·.............
' ..
• • *•
·.•.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.•.·.•.·.·. - ~u.. •
.·.·.·.·. A.V

.·.·.·.·.·
........ .·.·.·. .
"'

. . .....
.... . .·.·.· ....·.
·.•.·
... ..... ...... ..·.··.· ·...· ·.·.·.·.· .

Address Table in uper ting

I-7
8- 14
15- 21
22- 28 52

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 26

 Slide-along vs Roll-along

30 Roll-along: move even number (2, 4, 6, ... ) of lines at a time.

•• •• •• Address Table in SuperSting

14 15 ·42 43 ·1 4 ·1 5
I- 28
29-56

)Ill- X
• Roll-along in this direction

.. 1
. .
28 ·29 66 ·1 .. -28 Layout out even number of
.... lines of cables

JD roll along urvey can also be done along Y dtrection

53

Survey Design - 3D Line Spacing

• --<: • e -<:- e

• • • •
An ideal 3D layout • • • •
is a square grid of
electrodes.
• • • •
• • • •
--r-•
a
•
_L . •- <
j.-2a--j

Line spacing<= 2 * Electrode spacing

54

Advanced Res istivity Imaging Seminar 27

 :::-AG'Tt\Lh'!l llm l
2D versus 3D ' L".t 1.Grost-ielkY'S, Inc:

-+ The images from 20 and 3D surveys at the same

location look different. A slice image from 2D
inversion is more complicated than an extracted
slice image from 3D inversion because of the side-
looking capability of a 2D survey.
-+ It is an acceptable practice to combine parallel
2D lines to form a 30 data set for 30 inversion as
far as the line spacing is equal to or less than twice
of the electrode spacing.

Xiunjin J ~mg mul Alt1b l..t~guumwm , ( 'ompc~rnon of]/) und Jj) n!\1\11\'tty mwgmj! methotA pn!.\t!nled at the SAC iii/~
-tpnl J t.i, 2006, Sttullh!, JU 55

Do 3D Surveys in a Right Way

-+ True 3D: Lay out many electrodes in a rectangular grid at the

same time and create a command file with cross-line measurements.
This is an ideal way to conduct a 3D survey, but it requires a large
number of electrodes to be laid out at the same time.
-+ 3D Roll Along: Lay out at least four lines (4, 6, 8, . .. ) of
electrodes and roll over an even number (2, 4, 6, .. . ) of lines at a
time.
-+ Quasi 3D: Collect multiple 2D data sets along parallel survey
lines. Lines_ Spacing <= 2 *Electrode_ pacing. Combine multiple
2D data sets into a single 3D data et for 3D inversion. Earthlmager
3D has a utility for "Combine Paralle12D Lines" . A quasi 3D
survey produces an acceptable 3D model resolution, and it offers an
alternative for people with a limited number of electrodes to do a
3D survey.
Xianji11 JQng ami Aluts l..llg manson. ( 'ompart.\011 of 21) will J/) l'f!\t'iln'l~l' llllli):IIIJ! mclhod.!J, pn!.\1!11/ed mthe SiHi/~1~1~
Apnl 2 6. 2006.•Wallie, 11~ 56

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 28

 Geometry (geo) File ~... 1GLM•m""'
~'fR'ir!!!!.....!.!!:.

20 Surface 20 Borehole 30 Surface

Address, x. z ; Address, x. z unit-meters
1, 0, 0 1, 0, 0
2, 2,
; Address, X, Y, z. StringiD
2, 2, 1, 0, 0. 0, 1
3, 4. 3, 4.
4, 6, 2. 0, 1, 0,
4. 6,
s. 8, 3, 0. 2, o.
s. 8,
6, 10, 6. 0, 4, o. 3. o.
7. 12, 7. o. 5, 0, 4. 0.
8, 14. 8, 6, 0, 5, 0.
9, 16, 9, o. 7. o. 6, 0,
10. 18, 10. 0, 8, o. 7. 0,
11, 20, 11, o. 9, 0, 8. 0.
12, 22, 12, 0, 10, 0, 9, 0,
13. 24 . 13, 0,
11, 0, 10, o.

..
14 . 26. 14. o. 12. 11, o.
o.
15, 28, 15, o. 10

.....
16, 2 13, 0, 12, 0,
16, 30,
17. 4. 14. 0, 13, 0,
17. 32.
18, 34. 18 . . 15. 2, 13. 0,
19. 36. 19, 16, 2, 12. 0,
20, 38, 20, 10 17. 2. 11, o.
21, 40, 21, 8, 18. 2. 10, 0,
22, 42. 22, 8, 19, 2. 9, o.
23, 44. 23, 8, 20, 2. 8. 0,
24, 46, 24. 8,
25, 48, 25, 8,
26, so. 26. 8,
27. 52. 27. 8, • Z is negative below the ground surface
28. 54. 28. 8.
29, 8,
• A string can be either a borehole or a surface line
29, 56,
30, 58, 30, 8, 10 57

Command (cmd) File "f'f!!;::AGL'!•·~·""'

_P__ ( rf1ltrlf"tKY'$, /11r

; Sting R1 2D CMD file ; SuperStlng R1 2D CMD file ; SuperSting RB 20 conunand file

:Hudtr :htadtr :header
prog l D•dpSR1 proglD·dp SSR1 progiD=dp SSR8
unit= Meters unit•meter unit=meter
type= resist type=R type•R
:Geometry arraytype""3 arraytype-3
1, o. 0 Binf•O Binf·O
2. 2, 0 Ninf=O Ninf·O
3, 4. 0 MliX•1 MliX•1
4. 6, 0 :geometry :geometry
5, 8. 0 1, 0, 0. 0 1, 0, 0, 0
6, 0, 1 2, 2 0. 0 2, 2, 0, 0
7. 0, 2 3. 4. o. 0 3. 4, 0. 0
8. o. 3 4. 6, 0, 0 4, 6, 0. 0
. . .. 5, 8, 0, 0 5, 8, 0. 0
6, 0, o. 1 6, o. 0. 1
:Command.s 7. 0, 0, 2 7. 0, 0, 2
28,111, 3M, 4N, R 8. o. o. 3 8, 0, o. 3
28,111, 4M, 5N, R
2 8 ,111 ,6M,7 N,R
-:commands
· ·-
:commands
28,111, 7M, BN, R ;A,B,Pl-P9,channels ;11, 8 , P1,P2,P3,P4,P5, P6,P7,PB,P9,chnls
28,111 ,8 M,9N,R 1, 2, 3,4, 0, o. o. 0, 0, 0,0,1 1, 2,3, 4 ,5, 6, 7, 8 , 9, 1 0, 0,124567
2 8, 1 11 ,9M,10N,R 1, 2,4, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,1 1 ,0,134567
2 8 , 111 ,17 M,18 N, R 1,2, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, o. 0, 0, 1 2, 3, 0,20,16, 1 7,1 8 ,2 1 , 22,23, 2 4 ,34678
3 8 ,211 , 4 M, SN, R 1, 2, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 1, 4 , 7. 8 , 9,10,11,12,1 5 ,16,17,1234568
3 8 ,211 ,6 M,7 N,R 1.2. a. 9, o. o, o. o, o, o, o. 1 1, 4,17 , 1 8, 2 1 , 22, 23, 2 4 , 25, 26,27,1345678
... - -
58

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 29

 Array Types
Dam Leakage

.t:,
I :... Dlpo!Mipolo 3000

..
_... 2000

0
400 ... ... • .. 1500

~~--~ ~---.~
.t: ... 1000

600
Dipole-Dipole array
gives the best
~ ...,___
: khlurnbqer "" 2!50 resolution

... ... ...

.-··
I"
...
CltijociNo: Canpwo _ _ .. _ . . . . _ _ ., -Dom-Fobnoory , . .
Tho...,.... _ _ _ 5115ond11211hoooow-

. . .-. .
clolodloobgolh""''!hlho_ l _botlomalh- drltedandgroullld. TMinCif'IWy~565 il •t.::ll.nmMwdh
--~10,1W8 ~COYOondh-•11201ooOOYty. Tho1wo_..

- ...... .,..u __ '*'-~---703"""'-"'·-

- - On . . botlomallho-- ... - ......
.......,_ ~511- .. 5 - l l * i n g . - d 50% ...... 14% cwnent.nd 38'% lll'ld. n. --In h dim II
_ .. bo-.
Unitl: Met• wd otnwnMw 59

Mixed or Nonstandard Array

• Merge command files. A command file with one or

two infinity electrodes can NOT be combined with
any four-electrode array such us Wenner or dipole-
dipole array.
• Merge data files collected with different command
files. There is no restriction on the array type when
merging data files.
• Create a command file manually.

60

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 30

 Array Types

Recommended 2D Array Types

• Extended dipole-dipole array in AGI SuperSting Administrator offers
excellent resolution . Set max n spacing <= 8 to ensure acceptable signal
strength.
• Gradient array in Earth Imager 20 offers good resolution at two ends of
a section. It is recommended that one combines this gradient array with a
dipole-dipole array for n <= 8.
• Mixed arrays may have advantages from all arrays combined. The
common combinations are dipole-dipo le + Schlumberger, dipole-dipole +
gradient, dipole-dipole + Wenner + chlumberger.
• The pole-dipole array offers better resolution than the pole-pole array
and larger depth of penetration than the dipole-dipole array.

61

Array Types
Reference
• tum mer. P.. Maurer. II., and Green. A. G., 2004. Experimental design: Electrical resistivitydata
set that provide optimum sub urface information, Geophysics. vol. 69, 120-139. Th1s paper
concluded that mixed non-standard dipole-dipole array and grad1ent array has the best resollllion.
• Gharibi M. and Bentley L.R.. 2005, Resolution of3-D electrical resistivity imaging from
inversions of2-D orthogonal lines, Joumal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysic , Vol. I0
No. 4, 339-349. This paper concluded that "3D electrical resistivity 1maging usmg sets of orthogonal of
2-D survey lines provides an efficient and cost effective tool for site characterization ... •
• Zhou, B., and Greenhalph, .A.. Cro -hole resistivity tomography using different electrode
configurations, Geophysical Pro pectin g. 2000, 48, 887-912. This paper concluded that the bipole-
bipole array 1s an ideal array for cross borehole resistivity tomography.
• Wilkinson et al. . 2006. Optimization of array configuration and panel combinations for the
detection and imaging of abandoned mine haft using 3D cross-hole electrical resistivity
tomography, Journal of Environ. and Eng. Geophysics (JEEG). V II , No 3, 213- 221.
• Yang, X. and Lagmanson, M., 2006, Comparison of2D and 3D electrical resi tivity imaging
method , the proceedings of the SAGEEP2006, Seattle, WA. Tins paper concluded that 3D
mversion ofcombmed 2D data sets collected along closely-spaced paral/e//mes prowdes
acceptable 3D resolution .
• )qui t, J. and Roth. M.. 2005, Improved 3D pole-dipole resistivity surveys using radial
measuremem pair , Geophysical Research Letter , Vol 32, L21416.

62

Advanced Res istivity Imaging Seminar 31

 Survey Planner- Signal Strength and Contrast

Resistivity urvey Planner Resulls - Dipole-Dipole-56

JO 60 90 110
"0 180 210 2"0 liO
• 10%AppRes anomaly
from 1000/ 100 resistivity
'[
IJ
"''
.,••
26 contrast
1 J9 • 13% AppRes anomaly
from I00/ I0 contrast
" 37

.10 60 90 IZO "0 180 llO 140 l~O

• A I000 Ohm-m object
I 'I
became < 200 Ohm-m
anomaly
• A I 0 Ohm-m obj ect
-I
became > 60 Ohm-m
100
anomaly

1000
• A model of I00 Ohm-m
200
background .
100 • A I 000 Ohm-m
20 resistive object
10 • I OOhm-m
cond uctive object.

63

(Data CIJrocessing

• Earthimager File Management

• Surface Data Inversion
• Terrain Correction
• Borehole Data Inversion
• Underwater Resistivity Survey
• Continuous Resistivity Profiling
• Time Lapse Inversion
• 3D Data Inversion

Copynght C by Advanced Geosciences Inc All rights res9Mid. Thts publication, or parts thereof. may not be refXDduced ir1 any fofm
WTfhout 'Wriffen permissiOn of Advanced GeosCiences. Inc_ 64

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 32

 Flow Chart of Data Processing

Two Required Steps:

• Read Data
• Start Inversion

Other steps are optional.

65

Typical Data Processing Steps

• Read Data(* .stg, *.dat, *.urf)

• Choose default settings (surface, borehole, ... )
• Edit I Data Editing Statistics (optional)
• Start Inversion
• View I Data Misfit Histogram to remove some data (optional)
• Start Inversion again after removal of some noisy data
• Change Settings
• View Inverted Resistivity Section
• Change Min/Max contour levels
• Change Vertical Exaggeration factor
• Save Image
• Save Data in XYZ Format
• Print Image
66

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 33

 File Management- 2D vs 3D Format

-+ A 20 STG data format uses two (2) coordinates (x, y)

or (x, z) to define an electrode location . This format was
developed for early AGI Sting instruments for 20
resistivity surveys. The Y coordinate may be either the
electrode depth or the survey line offset.
-+ A 30 STG data format uses three (3) coordinates (x, y,
z) to define an electrode location. So the 30 data format
may be used to define any 20 and 30 datasets. There
is a flag "Type: 30" in the first line of an Sting (STG}
data file.

67

Column 2D(X,Y) 3D(X, Y, Z)

Column by column 1 Data-ID Data-ID
2 USER USER
explanation of 20 3 Date Date
4 Time Time
and 30 STG data 5 VII VII
6 Error 1/10% Error 1/10%
formats 7 Current-rnA Current-rnA
8 AppRes AppRes
9 Cmd-ID Cmd~D
10 Ax Ax
11 Ay Ay
• An STG data file in the 20 12 Bx Az.
13 By Bx
format has at least 17 14 Mx Bv
columns . 15 My Bz
• An STG data file in the 3D 16 Nx Mx
17 Nv My
format has at least 21 18 IP. (flag) Mz
columns. 19 IPSlot Nx
20 IPTime Ny
• "Type 30" appears in the 21 m1 Nz
first line of an STG data file in 22 m2 IP. (HaQ)
23 m3 IPSiot
the 30 format. 24 m4 IPTime
• Earth Imager reads and 25 m5 m1
inverts OAT data files. 26 m6 m2
27 sum(m1 m6) m3
• Earth Imager reads and 28 m4
inverts URF data files . 29 m5
30 m6
31 sum(m1 m6) 68

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 34

 ~AQ
. r T AtlmnNV.I
-=.:=n~:.:::l.~iGrosr::.:=_:irnN'S. Inc.
Universal Resistivity Format (URF)

This is a 3D sample Universal Resistivity Data File for testing purpose only.
Top two lines are comments and the third line defines the length unit.
Unit: meters
:Geometry
;ID, X, Y, Z
Open Un•vrl"kkl RemliYIIY Dele f •I• [? ] ~
1' 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
..:J (i;] 0' .
2, 0.00, 1.00, 0.00
3, 0.00, 2.00, 0.00
4, 0.00, 3.00, 0.00
5, 0.00, 4.00, 0.00
6, 0.00, 5.00, 0.00
7, 1.00, 5.00, 0.00
8, 1.00, 4.00, 0.00

:Measurements
;A , B, M, N, V/l(ohm), l(mA), Error(%), Chargeability(mVN)
1, 2, 3, 4, -1.0e-01
1, 2, 4, 5, -9.0e-02
1, 2, 5, 6, -7.5e-02
1, 2, 7, 8, 8.0e-02 Earthlmager also processes data in a OAT format
69

Earthl mager File Management

• When a raw data file , e.g., StingCave1 .stg , is read into Earthlmager, a
folder StingCave1 is created if it does not exist and a new trial subfolder is
also created . The current trial number would be always the largest.
• A clean dataset (STG), inversion settings file (IN I) and inversion output file
(OUT) are saved in the current trial folder.
• The automatic file saving feature is on by default, but it can be disabled for
the purpose of learning and program testing .
• The current trial folder may be accessed from a tool button on Earth Imager.
Troal
LJ ~arthiJna9er20\demo\cave\trial~ Go
"
~ C:\MyPro]ects\Cave Detectoo X Name Size
X Name cave_trial4.inl 1 KB
StJngCavel ~cave_tnal4.out 210 KB
5tJnQ(ave2 cave_trl.ol4.stQ 2SKB
l:!!)stnq<:avel.sto [!)cave_trlal4 _InvRes~ .dat 16KB
l:!!) stnqCave2.sto it) cave_trial4_lnvRes6.dat 16KB
tria/2 lnvertedRes4.bmp 1,102 KB
troal3 ) )
stnqCave2
1.33 MB My Computer
trial!
tria/2
70

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 35

 Surface Data Inversion

Processing Steps: Optional Steps:

• Read Data • Default Settings

• Choose default settings • Thresholds for Noisy Data Removal
• Start Inversion • Data Editing Statistics
• Histogram
• Suppress Noisy Data
Primary Challenge:

• High contact resistance

(> 10,000 Ohm).

71

Surface Data Inversion- High Contact Res.

Data Editing Statistics

;:
•luur,.hon

.v =~==-~=
~~~~.-. ... ,.. . .,....st
....... 111.._.,_.,_,,./1 •I

,. ........,.. ...,
~fti<Mt._._..._.I!Jrw .. .
..................
~o~.-.-"-.._.DI"'' -o

.....
........ _...............
,____......,..._.
~fll.-o,W .... fll~-·
~,

.................
~

.. ., .......... .
............................
, ... ,. . . ... . .
.. egative apparent risis_t.iyjt;
'"
'w.altt r t'ktt oCI11tHttd ( IIITMII (MA. )

..· ~~i~
.. 0

.. ......
"::~" .....................................
................................ ... ............................
. . ...... ...............•
10- 15 ··:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:-::: · 1 k-Oh
k-Ohm ··::::::::::::::::··

Low current injection: 2mA Low measured voltage < tmV

72

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 36

 Surface Data Inversion- Negative App. Res. Wt-AG!i~~::~=~'&'"'

• High contact resistance.

• Leakage in the cable, especially in the cable
connector due to moisture and dirt.
• Leakage from other electric equipment (grounding)
near the survey area.
• The measured voltage is too low ( < O.lmV) and
the noise flips the voltage polarity.
• Injected electric current is too small ( < 1OmA).
• Mismatch of electrode addresses in the command
file and the address table.

73

Noisy Data Processing Tips

0 Thresholds for noisy data removal

0 Data editing statistics
0 Manual data editing - Raw data (AppRes, V, I, K, error)
0 Manual data editing - Data misfit
0 Electrode editor
0 Effect of the starting model
0 Effect of 3D objects on 2D inversion
0 Histogram
0 Suppress noisy data and L2-norm

74

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 37

 Suppress Noisy Data

0 Suppress Noisy Data option always down-weights some

data from iteration to iteration no matter how noisy the
data set is.
0 otto use "Suppress Noisy Data" if you have a clean data
set, otherwise, the good data will be down-weighted or
numerically ignored.
0 To check the data quality, go to the menu Edit I Data
Editing Statistics. As a rule of thumb, one may use
"Suppress Noisy Data" option if more than 10% of the
data are marked for removal.
0 Use "Suppress Noisy Data" option ifthe histogram does
not show a monotonic decay.

75

Surface Data Inversion with Topography

Processing Steps:

• Read Data
• Choose default surface settings
• Read Terrain File
• Start Inversion

Survey Tips:

• Create a command file for flat surface

• Lay out cables as if the ground is flat
• Collect data as usual
• Measure the terrain elevation
• Create a two-column (x, elevation) terrain file

76

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 38

 Terrain File Format

0 Two ways to describe the terrain elevation

0 Terrain and CMD (or STG) tile fonnat agreement
0 Elevation measurements should be able to define the actual topography
but one does not have to survey all electrodes

; Terrain File
unit=Meters
2
0 5 15 20 25 ; Case 2: Tape measure
;X, Elevation
Case 1 Horizontal distance
0, 240.95
3, 241 .18
5 10 35 6, 241 .42

~
9, 241.65
20 25 45 50 12, 242.44
15, 243.24

Case 2: Tape measure or slope distance 77

Terrain Correction

Q: What is wrong with my terrain file?

A:Here are the common errors in a terrain file :
;TRN File
unit=Meters
2 II tape measure
0, 143.3
5, 142.3
10,141.7 f-
15, 152.1 f- Error: t.h (152- 141) » t.x (15 -10)
20, 140.4
25, 139.6 f-
25, 140.3 f- Error: Two different elevations at the same location
30, 140.7

76

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 39

 Surface Data with Topography
0 Change sellmgs (opt1ona/)
0 Read Data ( TG, OAT, URF)
0 Read Terrain File (TRN)
0 Change settmgs (optiOnal)
0 tart Inversion Surf•ce D•t• wilh
.
To(lognph~ (P)rnmitblg)
,... ,,. '" , . .........
m
II~

19

",.

____
n.....-c.~

w-..l'!fle-·-~
, ........
-.eM.._ .......,...,......,.....
~-.:. "'
II!
19
II

.........
--·
....._,..,_ f . . . . . . . . ~~
-..-..~-
"
_._

Da1a counes) of Dr John Liu of Golder and ASM>Cta1es

79

Borehole Data Inversion

Proce sing Steps: Primary Challenges:

• Read Data • Current channeling effect in

• Choose default borehole ettings the borehole due to conductive
• tart Inversion grout
• A pect ratio of borehole depth
to borehole eparation
• Weak signal and noisy data
• Negative apparent resi tivity
values
• No apparent resistivity
pseudosection for data
vi ualization

80

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 40

 Model Sensitivity

Surface Resistivity Imaging Cross-borehole ERT

Rf'laf'h f' 1\todt l S f'n drhi~ Snrion Rthrivt 1\todtl Stnsithi ry Sf'<'fion
10

. ,. ,,
llEoOI

.! )J
,,....,
111!.01

t !OJ ,....., "

81
<G1E.Ol
:! 106

! no
'"
171

Jll
• The model blocks near electrodes
have the highest resolution . '"
• Cross borehole resistivity imaging has ltet~•O
'" 00
RMJ•JISO~
OJ 130
MormU::uJU•7411S9jj
a better resolution at the depth.
j4U)4 6J.E..03 74Ull 16£..01 IJE.oOI
R•IUtvt Snuda"f'll.J

81

2D ERT Setup

Surface electrodes
/ • • •
Borehole 1 Borehole 2 -
. ----------------------- _ . -+ Aspect Ratio, 0 / . should be
greater than 1.5.
Borehole -+ For efficient mode ling and
good re olu tion. electrode in
Electrodes- -
.. -------- --- --- -- ----- ---
------------------------
different boreholes shou ld be
aligned at the same depth as close
as po ible .
-+ urface electrodes are not
•
·---- --- ---- ------- --- ---
req ui red but may be used to
improve near- urface resolu ti on.

82

Advanced Res istivity Imaging Seminar 41

 2D ERT Setup with Topography

Electrodes are aligned at the

same depth level, not the
same elevation .

----·
-----·
----- ..
83

Borehole Arrays

n n n n
Same Stnng
A- M
Pole-Pole

Cross Stnng
N
Same String
AB - MN
Dipole-
Dipole

Cross Stnng

nn n n
Same String
A - MN
Pole-Dipole
A

Cross Stnng
~

Same String
AM - BN
Bipole-
Bipole

Cross Stnng

Reference:
• Z hou. B , and GreenhaJ ph. SA Cross-hole re ismi ty tomography usmg d1fterent electrode confi guration •
Geophysical Prospecung. 2000. 48 887-912
• Wii ~Jnson et al . :!.006, Opumization of array configurations and panel combinataon for the detecti on and amag1ng of
abandoned mme hafts using 30 cross-hole electrical resisuvaty tomography. Journal of Environ and Eng Geophy ic
(JEEG). VII. oJ 213 221 84

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 42

 Borehole Data Scatter Plot

..
ltfllWl..~t · l !.n~

.. .........
... ..
1..-nriM ..ct I Rl lbw lbt• ' n lttr .....

.... ..
oforn~liOO

........
............······
u

.. .. ..... • NegativeAppRes

.. i. . ... ....
. .....
.....
..
• mall ignal from

- ............................
...•....•.
the dipole-dipole array
• Bad electrode

lnfonnntlon f7(1

J,.J ::::=-~= ::
i
..
IOO :
,...,.cldictllbeow,_,~.
,.,._cldolc.below*"Yft •29
~r:tfd.ttecm:r"'-x~tError-6
JO

~of datil ovw MM Reap. &n. • 0

PUrOet of uf«<! dati beow ~ ~ • a

..
I'Vrlberoff'lt'glllve:~d&ta•l)7
l .,. : ,..._of~.._of~·O
-, : ~of~~-o

"" 85

Borehole Data Processing Tips

• Match grout and formation resistivity as close as possible to

reduce electric current channeling effect in the borehole
• Ensure that the aspect ratio of borehole depth to borehole
separation is not smaller than 1.5
• Add surface electrodes to improve near surface resolution
• Use bipole-bipole array or pole-pole array for large signal
strength
• Choose suppress noisy data setting
• Remove negative apparent resistivity values
• Use the histogram to remove noisy data.

86

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 43

 Underwater Data Inversion

Processing Steps:
Case 3- Mixed land and underwater
• Read Data Water Segment #1
• Choose default surface settings
for freshwater or conductive earth
settings for saltwater.
• Read an underwater terrain file.
• Start In version

Case I - Flat bottom

Case 4 - Mixed land and underwater
with one water body at the end of a
profile. This is a pecial case of Case 3

Case 2 -U neven bottom

87

Florida Oceanographic Society's Marine Park Water Intake

.....
21liSS8
.017SH

Coquona rack Is a salt porous linestane

composed or brol<en shells. corals and
other orgoolc debris.
010 Ul
"
A res>stMly lrTIOglnQ ~ wos performed by N.S. Nettles & AssaciOies.
to be used for de"QQl of fwa honzontot wo1er well ntakes for the Flooda
Oceanagr:opl1ic Sacety·s mome par1<. 1he wei screen ~ to be placed
1n the zane or the grecrtest s11e1 content. ~ depicted by the Increased
resistMty compared fo the surr<lllldong sands.

Data for a lard to sea resistMty lmagong profile was oquued USK1!l the
was processed usi1g
fJt:;l SUperStrng R8/1P rElSIStiVity II11CQing system. Data
rhe Eanhlmoger software 1he eleCtrodes crt sea were s~rrp~y placed crt the
baHom. no other connecflon was needed 1he Eorfhlmoger soltwore provided
the terraon correcflon bath under and above wo1er

SUvey dote February 22. 2005

Eiee~ode arw Dooole-dioote
units Feet and Ohrlvneter
Instrument: SUperSHng R8/1P
.s.
Data courtesy or
N S Nettles & AssaciOtes. Inc.
Processing: Eorthlmoger 20 soltwale
--;« J [;;~!:::~
Tef +1 (512) 335-3336
''1(".
Pam Hatbaut. Florida. USA Fax; +1 (512)258·9958
Enla'l. aales@agk.Jsa.com
b to ~w •\) uaa COfn

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 44

 Underwater Data

Beaver-hole and void detection in an earth dam

Case 5: a water body i at the beginning of a profile

BeaverHoles.stg

00
10 .. .. .. ., "'' 116 ot.o-·
600

Ill

"'
16 <

Data counesy of Da\e Welch. Net I 0 Anderson & \ssociates. acramemo, California 89

Continuous Resistivity Profiling (CRP)

Rapid, easy and continuous

resistivity imaging on the
hallow water

GPS

90

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 45

 A GI SuperSting R8 Marine System

• uper ting R8 Marine resistivity meter

• Lorance GPS for positioning and water depth measurement
• A towing cable with 11 or more electrodes
• Marine Log Manager (MLM) software for data preprocessing
before the inversion. MLM synchronizes the resistivity
measurements and GP positioning data and plots the boat
track. It also offers the data editing capability.
• Earthlmager 20 CRP module for inversion of
continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) data

Antenna !\Iarine Log \lanager

I l

:.·

~
.,

~ Depth and
.
- .
'

t
t
rem perature
. I

Earth Imager 20 CRP

~fl 4G£~'m"'"
Earthlmager 2D CRP Module (.iiYJ#rll't"'f'&.blt"
-~-

• Earthlmager 20 CRP module may be used for inversion of

resistivity data collected with a boat-towed array, a roll-along
array or a pulled-array.
• The CRP module uses a divide-and-conquer strategy to
process a very long CRP profile.

~ ~~~ I

• It divides a long profile into

2 3
· ~. -
' 11- 0
~ .·- -
1-l
z .•
..
7
li '}"" - · , . ·u
small sections and inverts each • • " ..
f'RP"-t
t." , .. ... '"' ...••
section individually. At the end !:::_____ r~
.."..
of inversion, it combines all
smaller sections together into a
single long section. 92
-· --

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 46

 A CRP Case from a Caribbean Island

The CRP mapping of the coastal areas of Anguilla British West Indies (BWI), were used
to evaluate and thicknes over the lime tone to determine the fea ibility of:
I) constructing horizontal beach wells for salt water su pply intake
2) map the depth to limestone and the physical characteristics of the limestone to aid in
the design of storm water drainage wells
3) to provide the bathymetry and ea bottom sedi ment distribution as part of our
analysis of beach erosion.

00

140 16
§;
5 211 073

d 411 034

561 016

Inversion result with Eanhlmager 2D CRP module. The horizontal coordi nates can be
ei ther linear di tance or Lat/Long or UTM.

93
Data courtesy of Ocean Earth Technolog1es. Palm Harbor. Florida http 1/'h\\W snettles com,

Time Lapse Data Inversion

• Time Lapse inversion

features can be found in both
Earth Imager 20 and
Earth Imager 30
• The Time Lapse Inversion
feature can be found from the
menu Inversion I Time Lapse
Inversion .

SuperSting Remote Monitoring System (SSRMS) is

designed for unattended monitoring applications. The electrodes can be
installed at the surface and/or in boreholes. The SSRMS system is a
network-aware system and can send data, notification and error warning
automatically via email from the remote server to any email address. 94

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 47

 Time Lapse Data Inversion
Difference Inversion of Before and After Data Sets

One base data set and one

monitor data set.
The base data set is inverted
first. Then the difference
between the monitor data and
base data is inverted with the

A difference image showing

resistivity changes is produced.

95

Time Lapse Data Inversion

Time Lapse Inversion
The base data is inverted in a
standard approach .
• One or more monitor data
sets are inverted in the same
way as the difference inversion .
The base model is used as the
a-priori model for all monitor
data inversion and as the
reference model for calculation
of difference image.
• If three or more monitor data
sets exist, an AVI movie file
showing temporal resistivity
changes is created and played
at the end of time lapse
inversion .
Demo Data Timelapse bch
96

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 48

 Time Lapse Data Inversion -Synthetic Model

Synthctk D•st l\Jodt-1 S) nlbrdc \lo•h·l - TiDX' Slier- 1

100
! "'
! I~J

"'
,...

s, orbtlk Modrl - Timt' Slk~ 2

. ,. JO .. .. ...
Synlh•lk Mod<l - TOO. lkt'J

...
~

97

Percent change in Resistivity

i
1
98

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 49

 Water Infiltration Monitoring

ocorro-New Mexico Tech Vadose Zone Facility, New Mexico. USA

Data courtesy of US Department of Energy's Office of Energy Research.

Enwonmental Sc1ence Management Program under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000

Xianjin Yang, 1999, Stochastic Inversion of JD ERT Data, PlrD tlresis, tire University ofA rizona 99

Water Infiltration Monitoring

Tracking wetting fronts which how increasing electrical conductivity values

-80 -40 0 40 80

Percent Difference
of Conductivity.

Infiltration tarted on
Day68 Day 133 3/1 1/ 1999 (Day 0)

Xia njin Yang, 1999, Stocltastic Inversion of JD ERT Data, PltD tlresis, tire University ofA rizona 100

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 50

 Monitoring of Steam Injection
Ri ing temperature cau ed oil electrical conductivity to increase.

Minford
UpperGalia

Sunbury
Berea
Sandstone

Cross-borehole
Electrical Resisttvity
-100 -50 0 50 100 Tomography (ERT)
Perce nt C ha nge(%) in Co nductivity

team enhanced remed18llon at Ponsmouth Gaseous DifTu!ion Plant "'as funded by US DOE and conducted by
Steam Tech Environmental Sel"\-tc~ under subcontract to Bechtel Jacobs Co LLC

f_,n/Jrecq••e. D.J.. and )~mg. X. ZOO/, /Jifferenu lm·~nion of£RT /)(lftl: 11 Fa+;t/m·enion ~Heth otlfor J-n in Situ
,\lonitoring. Journal of Em·ironmenwl and Engineering (,~,!IJph;•sic'i (J££G), J0/6, luue 1, pp. SJ-89. 101

Monitoring of Steam Injection

Stea m Blowout Location

0~~
~~~~
30 . .
60
""'
90
120
ft Plane K

J a nu a ry 29, 1999 J a nu a ry 31 , 1999 Fe bru ary 4, 1999

In the vadose zone, the hot

Visalia, Californi a -80 -40 and dry steam becomes
0 40 80
very resistive
Perce nt C hange of Resistivity

hltp:h wwwsce.com fPowerandEnv~ronmenc!EnvtronmelllaiCommttmeni/Restoration VtsaliaPoleYard.htm

http:• wwwllnl gov/strfNe\\mark html

Steam enhanced remedtatton at Visaha Pole Yard was funded by Southem Califomia Edison and conducted
102
parttally by Steam Tech En\lrOtunental ervtce

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 51

 Monitoring of In-situ Air Sparging iJ'iiii=AG'
"'t'f4:.h rAt'"'"'""'
1 (~iron___l!!!;_,

G
,",.,

'-
Ja. l- 1- F
~~~
-I- E El4
~ - I I
I' I I
EIJ 1-
014 ;
I ...._ El5 I
I I 1- Dl3 FIJ r
-I- h 815- .:::,. ~D?
1"-1
FI.J k- 1-
-I-
I D """
-h ~14
y ! I
Dl\ r-- F15 -I-
Dl2
A and tank at Oregon Graduate -1 BIJ-,V Cl5 'lo
Dll
Institute:, Beaverton. Oregon. The /1 I I
VI Cl4 1- ~ r-t c 1-1-
funding was provided by American v
Petroleum Institute:. 8 12 17 22 27
,' e ERT \\ell
A • ERT surface electrode

}tmg X. eta/. .!00 I ..A..!mutormj!, ofanln-SIItr Atr .\f'lttl'glll}! J:.xpertmem ( \mg 1~"/ec: tm:a/ Re...niiH~\ frmmgraph•~ the
Pnx;ttedmg\ C?{SA(i/:JJ~ fktl\'er, ("o/oraJo. 103

Monitoring of In-situ Air Sparging

20 cfm - Continuous Air Injection 20 cfm - Pulse-Mode Air Injection

E

- 100 -50 0 50 100

Percent cha nge or resisti vity

Ytmg X. et ul, 20(J/, .\lomtormg ojun /n-Suu Atr ~\iXtf"!(lll$l F.xJNrtmem u,mg Ue,·tru:al Re.\1\IH't~r /(nnOFlraphy, the 104
Pnx:eedmg\ ofSA<iFI:.P. lkm·er. Colorado.

Advanced Res istivity Imag ing Seminar 52

 Monitoring of In-situ Air Sparging

oisy
Data
Air displaces the water
in the saturated sand
tank. Air does not
conduct electricity at
all. Resistivity changes
depend on the air
saturation.

-100 -50 0 50 100

Percent change of resistivity

105
0 2 3 4 Sm

Monitoring of In-situ Air Sparging

• The percent change in resistivity provided a quantitative

view of air saturation in the sand tank
• The lAS at a flow rate of20 cfm resulted in a larger radius
of influence than the lAS at 5 cfm
• Unlike the continuous lAS operation, the pulse operation
produced a more complex air distribution
• Skewed airflow at both 5 cfm and 20 cfm flow rates
indicates that there are preferential air pathways in the tank

}img Y. t!l lll, 2001, Almuwrm!( of au hlw5ilfll A1r .\jx1rgmf,: J..xpermu!lll ( '""K /~le<:tnt¥.11 RI!J>/\11\'fl}' /()mograplu: the
Pmt't'(.>Jmg\ (~fSACii~LI~ !Jem·er. ('o/orackJ 106

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 53

 Induced Polarization (IP)

• In a resistivity imaging survey, the ground is treated as a

electric resistor. However, the ground is regarded as an
equivalent circuit of resistors and capacitors in an IP survey.

Apparent chargeability:

m =-
vs
a Vp

GI SuperSting
pparent chargeability in
seconds by SuperSting:
TX off

m,
f Vsdt
I

= --'--'---
pparent chargeability
in sLx windows
VP 107

Induced Polarization (IP)

Material Chargeabiliry(ms)

P) rite ( 196) 13.4

Graphi te (196) 11.2
Galena (196) 3.7
~lagnetite (196) 2.2
Ilematite (196) 0.0
Precamb. Vocanics 8-20
Alluvium 1-4
Gravels 3-9
Sandstone 3- 12
Umes tone <1
Dolomite <1
Grani te <1
Groundwater 0

dapted from pplied Geophysics by Tellord et a!. The chargeability was

measured with a charging time of 3s and an integration time of ls.

Typical high chargeability targets: clay, sulfides and hydrocarbon

contaminated sediments.
108

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 54

 3D Data Inversion wl Earthlmager 3D

Inversion of3D data set with Earth Imager 30 follows

the same three teps as 20 data inversion, i.e.,

• Read Data
• Change ettings
• tart Inversion

Earth Imager 30 Highlights:

• Function of mouse buttons

• Transparency control
• tatic and dynamic slices
• Volume e timation
• 30 inversion w/ topography
• 3D Survey Planner
• 40 time lapse inversion
109

3D- Function of Mouse Buttons

• Click and hold the left mouse button to rotate the image
• Click and hold the right mouse button to zoom in and out
• Click and hold the middle mou e button (wheel) to move
(translate) the image around.

Inverted R~.sbtJvhy lmaae

Left mouse button Right mou e button Middle mou e button

to rotate to zoom out (wheel) to translate

110

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 55

 3D- Transparency Control

......
..
..
''"
..,..
- ..,..
-
0.00
2.67
5 33
X

111

3D- Static and Dynamic Slices

X Slices of Inverted Resistivity

Dynamic Slices of Inverted Resistivity

112

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 56

 3D Inversion with Topography

3 0 Resistivity Image with Terrain Correction Terrain File Format

. TRN File emocolon ··:· stans a comment lone

unit meters Do stance (length) tuut
z .X. Y, Elevation 7
-I, -I. I02 2 Horizontal distance X, Y and elevation Z
0.5, 4.5, 103 .5
-0 2, 10, 97 7
0,15.8,994
7, 13, 101 I
55, 6, 100
12, -1.- . 102 4
.-. 4, 101
~,._.,....,.."''
14, 11 7.986
31-6 1000 316:! 10000
I 3, 16.2, 99 8

Electrodes mu t be laid out in a rectangular grid based on the horizontal distance.

Earth Imager 3D does not support slope di lance or tape measure at this time.
113

3D Survey Planner

Synthetic Resistivity Model Inverted Resistivity Model

-.

·~ ft1tt1 X
.
... '

Both surface and borehole resistivity modeling 114

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 57

 VtiCities
2D Command Creator
3D Command Creator
Shift, scale, and reverse
Extract 2D dataset (EJ3D)
Merge command files
Merge data files
Combine parallel 2D lines for 3D inversion
ModifY electrode coordinates
Multilingual support
Upgrade
Earthlmager User Group
Release Notes
Instruction Manual

115

~A·G'TMIXIIIreri
~n :J.Gro.,-;pt}N!S, fllc.
Combine Parallel 2D Lines for 3D Inversion

-+ Use the utility under Earthlmager 30 I Tools I Combine Parallel 20 Lines.

-+ Switch X and Y coordinates if applicab le.
-+ Make su re the line spacing is equal or less than twice the electrode
spacing.
-+ Make sure the X-axes of all parallel lines are oriented to the same
direction.
-+ Invert the merged data fi le in Earthlmager 30.
lr.---t~o;;;:.._;:;:-=~
= "'•::;:
............,
=::;;;,.;:;:,,--------ivOJ
H ll"'oo:;a...-4l~s\Pet~ou.\l..VZIIo 100
1~--t"""~~~~=.
~~~~~n~,,--------i~
lr.---tHo;;;~~~~=~::;:-;:;:~~~;:;:,,--------jD

~ ....., .. 1 ~ 116

Advan ced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 58

 Earthlmager User Group

f•rlhlmaeer User Group ~~

Download the latest version of

Earth Imager I D. 2D, and 3D

E«thlmaQef 20 Release Notes

Abo.t Earthlmaoet ZD

• Your user name and password can be found from the Earth Imager
menu Help I Earth Imager User Group.
• Earth Imager User Group web link:
http://www.agi usa.com/fi les/eicust/earth imageruser.shtm I

117

More Helpful Links

~ ~ o-1 I I
~lc:Jioi:%1Eif:

AGI L1ccnsc Rce,1strallon ~

Enter license code lrlcode 16

• Access the latest version of the in tructi n manual in a PDF file.

• Access the AGI home page
• Find your dongle (hardware key) serial number from the About
Earth Imager menu
• Activate your dongle with new features by inputting an upgrade code
obtained from AGI. An upgrade can be a Time Lapse module, a CRP
module, or a Sand Box module. 116

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 59

 jf qI (])irectory
http://www.agi usa.com/d irectory.shtm I
,1\GI j\ustl o rate Headquarters:

For Sales, Rentals and Tech support

Brild ( Mr, PhD +1 ) 12 l.l'i-lll8 rxl 102 ! ( ~Iobue: +1 ) 12 !()().<H()()), hrJd••·IJ!.IUSa.wm
""" LJgm.m~on, CEO +I >12 l l i ll l8 ext 1011 (Mobuc: + I >1 2 363 8108), m.Hsa,,g_,uso.wm
For Sales and Tech Support in Chinese
Xl.m)m Yallj(, PhD + I ) 12 IH· l .llll L'XL 101 ) (Mobuc +I )12 )77-b2'))), )•In&. •<g!US.I.LUill
For Hardware Support
),tson (lfilnllil +I i 12 .II >·.III II r"r 101 h ( ~Iobue: + 1 "i 12 "ih 1--l'llll), J•' .nn a !!JllliS.<.n>m
For Shipping and Delivery
Kc'm Johnston +I 3 12 .1.1> !Ill! ext 102> (Mobuc: + I > l2 ih l-78 1)<)), kL'\ln•• .ogn~S.uum
For Purchasing
Rill rroud +I > 12 l.l> -.1118 c:~.t lOll, punhJSil1Jl•' ·'&'"'"·"'m
For Accounting
Rena P)l.mr +I ; 12 l.li-!.1 18 ext 1000, n·n·•" illll""·"'m
jetll1ller \lartm + I ; 12 ll "i -!1 18 c·xt 101~ ( ~lobtk + I ; 12 )) ~ - ))I I ), JCnmlt•ra dJliUs,unm

. GI Madrid European Sub~

European Sales, Rentals and Support

\larkus LJgrnanson (~Iobue: + l ~ h l i" "i'l l hh I. ·k}pc ID: markus.lagman.son), m.1rkm a .<grus.<.wm
Hasan Akrarakcs~ PhD ( ~Iobue: +I ~ I> 17 )<)() llh~l. IJ.IS,m" agms.tmm
drninistration, Accounting
-\lcxandra Ldgmanson (Mobue: + l ~ h li" ) <J l i" Ill), al<'"" .ogrusd.LUffi

Customer service and tech support In these languages:

Fngltsh, Sp.uu.sh, Chmcse, wcdtsh, Turkish .md Fn·nch 119

120

Advanced Resistivity Imaging Seminar 60