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DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS – A compound breaks down into two or more elements or compounds. (Heat,
electrolysis, or a catalyst are usually necessary.)
D. Ammonium carbonate – (NH4)2CO3 – breaks down to yield NH3, H2O, and CO2.
EXAMPLES:
Propane ________________________
Heptanol ________________________
Butene ________________________
Hexyne ________________________
AP CHEMISTRY NOTES 3-2B
“COMBUSTION REACTIONS”
ANHYDRIDE REACTIONS – Water is involved as one of the reactants (the other reactant is an anhydride –
“without water”)
D. Highly active metals (Group IA and most of Group IIA) + water yield metallic hydroxides and H 2 gas.
D. Amines (R-NH2) react with water to produce alkylammonium ions and hydroxide ions (these
compounds act as “dirty nasty hydrogen stealers” just like NH3).
Single Replacement Reactions – an element reacts with an ionic compound and replaces one of the elements
in the compound
METATHESIS REACTIONS (DOUBLE REPLACEMENT) – Two compounds react to form two new compounds
with no change in oxidation number
All double replacement reactions have a driving force that removes a pair of ions from solution:
*formation of a precipitate
*formation of a gas
*formation of a molecular substance (ie. water in acid/base neutralization reactions)
1. Formation of a Precipitate
*Watch for the formation of a product that immediately reacts to form a gas
*Watch for equimolar volumes of acids added to “polyvalent” anions (ie. CO 32-, PO43-, etc.)
This adds only one hydrogen to the anion (so the resulting charge is not zero)
Example: Equimolar amounts of hydrochloric acid and solid barium carbonate are mixed.
Example: Excess hydrochloric acid and solid barium carbonate are mixed.
AP CHEMISTRY NOTES 3-6
“ACID/BASE NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS”
Example: Dilute solutions of lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid are mixed.
*Watch for ammonia and the related “ammines” (R-NH2) which act as “dirty nasty hydrogen
stealers” in chemical reactions
Example: Equimolar solutions of potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid are mixed
AP CHEMISTRY NOTES 3-7
“REDOX REACTIONS”
REDOX REACTIONS – Involve the gain and loss of electrons
B. When an AP equation mentions an acidic or basic solution, it is probably redox. (Always add “H +”
and “H2O” to reactions that are “acidified”.)
Complex ions (or “coordination complexes”) contain coordinate covalent bonds – bonds in which both
electrons to be shared come from the same “donor” atom.
The species that contain these “donor” atoms are called ligands. Ligands are usually neutral (ie. NH3)
or negative (ie. NO3-).
An ion that contains a metal cation sharing a coordinate covalent bond with one or more ligands is called a
“complex ion” or “coordination complex”. (Notes: If a neutral species results from this bonding, it is called a
“coordination compound”).
Ligands that have one donor atom are said to be monodentate. Ligands that contain more than one donor
atom are said to polydentate. Complexes that consist of a metal atom (or ion) and polydentate ligands are
said to be “chelate complexes”.
The “coordination number” of a metal atom or ion in a complex is the number of donor atoms to which it is
coordinated.
The “coordination sphere” is the portion of the complex containing the metal and its ligands.
NAMING COMPLEX IONS
Complex Cations:
*The numbers of polydentate ligands are indicated using the following prefixes:
bis – 2 tris – 3 tetrakis – 4 pentakis – 5 hexakis – 6
*Neutral ligands often must be memorized. (See table on previous page for examples.)
*The metal is written at the end of the coordination sphere, using a Roman numeral if the oxidation
number is variable. No space is left between any portion of the coordination sphere.
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl __________________________________________________________________
[Cr(OH2)6](NO3)3 __________________________________________________________________
[Ni(CO)4] __________________________________________________________________
[Co(en)2Br2]Cl __________________________________________________________________
[Cu(NH3)2(edta)2]Br2 __________________________________________________________________
[Co(en)4](NO3)3 __________________________________________________________________
[Co(NH3)4(OH2)Cl]Cl2 __________________________________________________________________
*These are named just as the cations are, but the ending of the central atom (metal) name is changed to -ate:
aluminum aluminate
antimony antimonate
chromium chromate
cobalt cobaltate
copper cuprate
gold aurate
iron ferrate
lead plumbate
manganese manganate
nickel nickelate
palladium palladate
platinum platinate
silver argentate
tin stannate
zinc zincate
EXAMPLES:
K2[Cu(CN)4] __________________________________________________________________
Na[Al(OH)4] __________________________________________________________________
Na2[Sn(OH)6] __________________________________________________________________
K4[Ni(CN)2(ox)2] __________________________________________________________________
Reactants Product