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CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATIONS

POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Chemical reactions- The transformation of one chemical substance into another
chemical substance with new properties is called a chemical reaction. eg. Burning of Mg
ribbon.

 Characteristics of chemical reactions- (i) evolution of any gas (ii) change in colour
(iii) change in state of substances (iv) change in temp. etc.

 Chemical Equation- Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction is called a chemical

equation. eg.
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
2H2 + O2 2H2O
 Balanced chemical equation- A balanced chemical equation is that equation which
has same type of atoms in equal number on reactant side and product side both.

 Need to balance a chemical equation- Because, only a balanced chemical equation

obeys the law of conservation of mass.

VISUAL EXPLANATION
 Types of chemical reactions-
There are four main types of chemical reaction-

(a) Combination reaction- When two or more reactants combine to form only one product it
is called combination reaction.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
(b) Decomposition reaction- When a single reactant breaks down to form two or more
products, it is called decomposition reaction.
Note-all decomposition reactions are endothermic because energy is supplied in the form
of heat, sunlight or electricity

1. Thermolysis- when energy is supplied in the form of heat, it is called thermal

decomposition or thermolysis.
heat
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

2. Electrolysis- when energy is supplied in the form of electricity, it is called

electrolysis.

2H2O 2H2 + O2
 3. Photolysis-when energy is supplied in the form of sunlight, it is called photolysis.
2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2

(c) Displacement reaction- When a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from
its salt solution, it is called displacement reaction.
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu

(d) Double displacement reaction- when in a reaction, ions exchange takes place, it is called
double displacement reaction.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl

For detailed video on types of reactions, please

VISUAL EXPLANATION
 Oxidation-Addition of oxygen or loss of hydrogen or Increase in oxidation number.
2Cu + O2 2CuO (Oxidation of Cu)

 Reduction- Removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen or Decrease in oxidation

number.
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O (Reduction of CuO)

The reaction in which oxidation and reduction both take place simultaneously is called
Redox reaction.

When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and hydrogen are formed.
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
To watch a video on oxidation and reduction, please

VISUAL EXPLANATION

 Rancidity-when oil and fat are oxidized, their smell and taste become foul and the food
is said to be rancid. This process is called rancidity. To slow down the process of rancidity,
antioxidants are added to food.For eg N2 , Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)
 Corrosion- when a metal is attacked by substances around it like acid base or moisture,
it is said to be corroded and this process is called corrosion.eg. Rusting of iron.

watch a video on corrosion and rancidity, please

VISUAL EXPLANATION
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ACIDS BASES AND SALTS

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Properties of Acids
• Properties of Bases
• Types of Indicators and its properties
• Reaction of Acids and Bases with Metals
• Reaction of Acids with Metal Carbonates
• Reaction of Acids and Bases with each other
• Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids
• Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base
• Similarities between all Acids and all Bases
• Acid or Base in Water Solution
• Strength of Acids and Base solutions
 POINTS TO REMEMBER

 Acid-base indicators are dyes or mixtures of dyes which are used to indicate the presence
of acids and bases.
● Acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of H+ (aq) ions in solution.
● Formation of OH– (aq) ions in solution are responsible for the basic nature of a substance.
● When an acid reacts with a metal, hydrogen gas is evolved and a corresponding salt is formed.
● When a base reacts with a metal, along with the evolution of hydrogen gas a salt is formed
which has a negative ion composed of the metal and oxygen.
● When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate, it gives the
corresponding salt, carbon dioxide gas and water.
● Acidic and basic solutions in water conduct electricity because the produce hydrogen and
hydroxide ions respectively.
● The strength of an acid or an alkali can be tested by using a scale called the pH scale (0-14)
which gives the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
● A neutral solution has a pH of exactly 7, while an acidic solution has a pH less than 7 and a
basic solution a pH more than 7.
● Living beings carry out their metabolic activities within an optimal pH range.
● Mixing concentrated acids or bases with water is a highly exothermic process.
● Acids and bases neutralise each other to form corresponding salts and water.
● Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit
of a salt.
● Salts have various uses in everyday life and in industries.

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for eg 1. CuSO4.5H2O 2. FeSO4.7H2O

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