PARALLEL STRUCTURE AND

REDUNDANCY
Isma Nurulloh
 Parallel Structure
1. Parallel structure means that when information
in a sentence is given as a list or a series, all
components of that list or series must be
grammatically parallel or equal. There may be
only two components, or there may be more
than two components in a list.
2. For example, if the first item in the list is a noun,
the rest must be nouns. If the first item is a verb
in infinitive form, the rest must also be
infinitives.
 Parallel structure
• Example:
1. Shinta is beautiful, an artist and smart
2. Shinta plays badminton, watching movie and reads
novel on weekends
Explanation :
1. Beautiful and smart are adjectives, but an artist is a
noun, so an artist in that sentence is not parallel with the
other components
2. Plays badminton and reads novel are in a form of
simple present (V1 s/es) meanwhile watching movie is
progressive (Ving), so watching movie is not parallel
 Redundancy
The following combinations are always wordy in English
• Join together
• Advance forward
• Proceed forward
• Progress forward
• Return back
• Revert back
• Sufficient enough
• Compete together
• Reason……because…..
 Redundancy
• Repeat again
• New innovation
• Matinee performance
• Same identical
• Sufficient enough
• Two twins
• The place where
• The time when
Thank you