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SHS Applied Subject: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion (3I’s)
Quarter 1 Module 4 - Lesson 3: Understanding Data and Ways to Collect Data
(Data Collection procedure)
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Writer:
Juliet C. Saldo – Tapayas High School
Editors:
Fe F. Peralta – San Vicente High School
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Module Understanding Data and Ways to Collect
Data
4 Lesson 3 – Data Collection Procedure
In the previous weeks, you learned about the research designs and
sampling population, that demand data collection.
In this module, you are welcome to explore Lesson on Data Collection
Procedure.
Learning Target
Vocabulary List
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Warming Up
.If you want to know how many active friends can respond to your message
in three minutes, try to contact your friends as many as you can in two minutes by
sending them message of greetings. When you find someone who answers
positively, count them. Each person can only be counted once. When you
complete all the counting, classify and find out how many friends replied positively
to your greetings, how many did not, or how many replied you with bitterness. In
this way, you already collect data, which has something to do with lesson for today.
1. In your own words, what is data collection?
2. Mention at least 3 tools in data collection that you have in mind? Define
each.
Learning About It
Surveys
Surveys are an excellent data collection tool. These are useful in
businesses, mental health studies, school projects or any other data
collection that requires information from a large number of people. Surveys
ask specific questions that are filled out by individuals. The answers
provided in the survey provide data about a variety of subject, such as
customer satisfaction about specific products or services.
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Interviews
Interviews are a data collection method that is used to gain information
about a specific subject. Interviews are commonly given to experts in a
specific field, such as interviewing a psychologist that specializes in
children’s mental health when collecting data about a childhood mental
health problem. Interviews are commonly used by news reporters to gain
first-hand information about a specific story.
Observation
Data collection is not always about asking questions or researching online,
but also about paying attention and observing as well. This is first-hand data
rather than second-hand data from another source. Observation data
collection includes specific items that are measured, seen or that others can
reproduce.
Books
Books are a primary tool for data collection. While old books might have
outdated information, even old books are used for historical studies or data
collection. There are books available about any subject that ranges from
mythology to history to science and math. The wide range of subj ects
available in books allows for finding data about any specific subject. One of
the main weaknesses with collecting data from a book is locating the
necessary data and time constraints. Books are available for free reading
and researching from libraries around the country.
Source:
Penn State: Observation: An Underused Method to Collect Data
Education Resources Information Center: Strategies and Tools Used to Collect Data
Florida State University: Criminology: Using the Internet to Collect Data
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Group interviews can be classified into two types:
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Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to
answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The
data collection component of research is common to all fields of study including
physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by
discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the
same.
While the degree of impact from faulty data collection may vary by discipline and
the nature of investigation, there is the potential to cause disproportionate harm
when these research results are used to support public policy recommendations.
1. Quality assurance - activities that take place before data collection begins
2. Quality control - activities that take place during and after data collection
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Quality Assurance
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Quality Control
Detection or monitoring can take the form of direct staff observation during
site visits, conference calls, or regular and frequent reviews of data reports to
identify inconsistencies, extreme values or invalid codes. While site visits may not
be appropriate for all disciplines, failure to regularly audit records, whether
quantitative or quantitative, will make it difficult for investigators to verify that data
collection is proceeding according to procedures established in the manual. In
addition, if the structure of communication is not clearly delineated in the
procedures manual, transmission of any change in procedures to staff members
can be compromised
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To verify data quality, respondents might be queried about the same
information but asked at different points of the survey and in a number of different
ways. Measures of ‘Social Desirability’ might also be used to get a measure of
the honesty of responses. There are two points that need to be raised here, 1)
cross-checks within the data collection process and 2) data quality being as much
an observation-level issue as it is a complete data set issue. Thus, data quality
should be addressed for each individual measurement, for each individual
observation, and for the entire data set.
Each field of study has its preferred set of data collection instruments. The
hallmark of laboratory sciences is the meticulous documentation of the lab
notebook while social sciences such as sociology and cultural anthropology may
prefer the use of detailed field notes. Regardless of the discipline, comprehensive
documentation of the collection process before, during and after the activity is
essential to preserving data integrity.
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Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=data+collection+methods&oq=data+collection&aqs=c
hrome.3.69i59l2j69i57j0l2j69i60l3.13913j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Practice Task 1.
Practice Task 2.
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Practice Task 3.
Additional Tasks
Task 1: Re-evaluate the data collection procedure.
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Cooling Down
I. Identification
Instruction: Answer the following questions and write your answers on
your notebook or a separate answer sheet.
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___________9. This is first-hand data rather than second-hand data from
another source. This includes specific items that are
measured, seen or that others can reproduce.
___________10. These are a primary tool for data collection. While old
books might have outdated information, even old books
are used for historical studies or data collection. There are
books available about any subject that ranges from
mythology to history to science and math.
____________11. These group’s participants belong to a group that exists
independently of the study.
____________12. It is quantitative in nature, and make use of ratings or
numerical rankings.
____________13. This is more qualitative, and allow more general descriptive
documents.
____________14. It precedes data collection, its main focus is 'prevention' (i.e.,
forestalling problems with data collection). Prevention is the
most cost-effective activity to ensure the integrity of data
collection. These includes activities that take place before data
collection begins
____________15. It occurs during and after data collection, the details should be
carefully documented in the procedures manual. A clearly
defined communication structure is a necessary pre-condition
for establishing monitoring systems. These include activities
that take place during and after data collection
II. Enumeration
Instruction: Provide answers to the following items below.
32-37 Examples of data collection problems that require prompt action include:
III. Essay
Instruction: Answer the questions below briefly and concisely.
38-40. What are the identified data gathering tools to be used in a study?
41-45. In your own words, describe each data gathering tool considering its
importance in the study.
46-50. As a researcher, how will you use interview and observation as data gathering
tools in your study?
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Learning Challenge
Points to Ponder
Answer Key
WARMING UP
Pretest: Answers vary.
Practice Tasks 1: Answer may vary.
Practice Tasks 2: Answer may vary.
Practice Tasks 3: Answer may vary.
Additional Tasks
Task 1: Answer may vary depending on their research problem.
Task 2. Answer may vary.
COOLING DOWN
I. Identification
1. Data Collection Procedure
2. Interview
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3. Questionnaire/Survey
4. Observation
5. Collecting data
6. Computer and Internet
7. Surveys
8. Interviews
9. Observation data collection
10. Books
11. Focus groups
12. Observation Checklist
13. Observation Guide
14. Quality assurance
15. Quality control
II. Enumeration
32-36. Examples of data collection problems that require prompt action include:
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systematic errors
violation of protocol
problems with individual staff or site performance
fraud or scientific misconduct
LEANING CHALLENGES
Task 1: Answer may vary.
Task 2: Answer may vary.
References
Knatterud.,G.L., Rockhold, F.W., George, S.L., Barton, F.B., Davis, C.E., Fairweather,
W.R., Honohan, T., Mowery, R, O’Neill, R. (1998). Guidelines for quality assurance in
multicenter trials: a position paper. Controlled Clinical Trials, 19:477-493.
Most, .M.M., Craddick, S., Crawford, S., Redican, S., Rhodes, D., Rukenbrod, F.,
Laws, R. (2003). Dietary quality assurance processes of the DASH-Sodium controlled
diet study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(10): 1339-1346.
Whitney, C.W., Lind, B.K., Wahl, P.W. (1998). Quality assurance and quality control
in longitudinal studies. Epidemiologic Reviews, 20(1): 71-80.
https://www.google.com/search?q=data+collection+procedure&oq=data+collection&
aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j0l3j69i60l3.3465j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/n_illinois_u/datamanagement/dctopic.html#:~:t
ext=Data%20collection%20is%20the%20process,test%20hypotheses%2C%20and%
20evaluate%20outcomes.
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