Batch 3 Set A

Name: Marco Recaforte Date: October 21, 2020

Grade & Section: 12 – Emerald Adviser: Baguio, S.
Subject: Practical Research 2 Subject Teacher: Ganade, L.

LESSON 3: LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURES

WHAT’S NEW. Activity 1.3.1. Tell Me

Explain the term the way you understood them in relation to research.

1. A related literature is any piece of writing or text that is related to the topic of the research or
study that you are working on.
2. A review of related literature means reviewing many pieces of writing or text that is related to
the topic of a thesis or dissertation.
3. Primary sources provide a first-hand account of an event or time period and are considered to
be authoritative. They represent original thinking, reports on discoveries or events, or they can
share new information.
4. Secondary sources offer an analysis, interpretation or a restatement of primary sources and are
considered to be persuasive. They often involve generalization, synthesis, interpretation,
commentary or evaluation in an attempt to convince the reader of the creator's argument. They
often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.
5. A general reference is a source that is first accessed by researchers to give them information
about other sources.

What’s More. Activity 1.3.2. A Source or Not a Source

This is a test of your knowledge and understanding about possible sources of information for your
review of related literature. Please check all words in the list below which you think can be a possible
source of literature review.

✓ Books Songs Buildings

Dreams ✓ Journals Communities
Thoughts Mental pictures ✓ Circulars
✓ Newspapers Ghost ✓ Diaries
Dreams (nibalik ni siya mao Guardian angel Intelligence
juy nakabutang sa module) ✓ Artworks ✓ Textbooks
✓ Census reports

What Have I Learned. Activity 1.3.3 Reflect On Me

Based on the lesson, I have learned that it is important to review related literatures in making a
research paper to broaden our understanding of the topic and cite our sources because the paper will
lose its credibility without citing the right sources. I have also learned that different sources of literature
like general references, primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. I also gained understanding on the
purpose of citation as well as the different styles of citation. I have also learned what synthesis is about
and its importance in a research, and also the categories of sources like documents, numerical records,
oral statement, and relics.
What I Can Do. Activity 1.3.4 Try Me
After Learning how to review the literature relevant to your research topic, please answer the following
questions using the references you are using as your guide.

1. Yes, it is. I have reasons to believe that parental involvement and its relationship to the
academic performance of senior high school students at Sto. Tomas National High School can
help enlighten the parents of the students and hopefully encourage them to take more part and
effort in their child’s education not only to invigorate their child’s love for learning but also to
assess their child’s performance.
2. Yes, there have been many actually. However, the studies that I have read that were similar to
my study were conducted in different schools with students having different lives.
3. They concluded that parental involvement was indeed a factor to a child’s education and that
students who were more supported by their parents showed better behavior and performance
at school.
4. I believe this research will encourage parents to be more involved and supportive of their child’s
studies and hopefully realize that their intervention can indeed help their child who may find it
difficult to continue studying because of family situations.
5. Yes, it was very helpful. The references helped me to not only validate the information in the
other research papers but also read more from those literatures by using the references to
search and find more related literatures that could be relevant to my own study.

What’s In. Activity 1.3.5 Squeeze the Gist

I can help Liza synthesize information from related literature by telling her these steps: Gather
literature that addresses the research question; Review literature and take notes: describe, summarize,
analyze, and identify key concepts; Synthesize literature: compare & contrast, critically evaluate,
interpret, so that she can draw a conclusion.

What’s New. Activity 1.3.6 Here’s Your Order

Encircle the words which relate to the ethical standards in writing review of related literature.
D E C A M N T R S T L O I N F T K
Q P L A G I A R I S M D G G G B Y
A M F G J D G Y W R V C Y H F B I
S A U J H G F D S L O P B D C D N
R E D F A L S I F I C A T I O N Y
T R O F G F J K L N F C R T B M N
U A N G F F F S E H C A E T Y H D
I M E V D F R H Y J U I R D S F Y
O A S D C F R E W E T H F S X O
M A T V F D E R G H J E X D F G U
G A Y X F F A B R I C A T I O N R
R Q G V C G H J R R S R Y F H J U
F A H C C D G T H N F D E S F G A
C O N M I S A T T R I B U T I O N
V K X F G G D S E H X Z E G H V A
B B N D U P L I C A T I O N E X E

What’s More. Activity 1.3.7. Paint Me

1.
a. Cut and paste plagiarism
b. Mosaic plagiarism
 c. Misattribution Plagiarism
d. Self-plagiarism

2.
a. Falsification
b. Fabrication

3. I can avoid plagiarism by understanding the context of the related literature and not copy the
words of the author but instead paraphrase it. I should also summarize and cite my sources and
the authors properly.

What I Have Learned. Activity 1.3.8. What I Realize

This is what I realized based on the lesson above:

Coherent writing is the logical bridge between words, sentences, and paragraphs that is well-
organized and unified piece of writing where thoughts and ideas are connected consistently. It follows
the steps: decide on the controlling idea and give a topic sentence; explain the controlling idea; give an
example/s; explain the example/s; complete the paragraphs idea or transition into the next paragraph
by using transitional word. I also realized that there are ethics that needs to be followed in writing a
research paper. It is therefore wrong to plagiarize another person’s idea by copying their words, not
citing their names, falsifying my paper’s data, and fabricate information.

What’s New. Activity 1.3.10 Fill Me In

Give at least five (5) examples of plagiarism and provide an example in each of the form. Write your
answers on the box provided.
Forms of Plagiarism Example
copying the text word-per-word without recognizing
Cut and paste the source

Mosaic plagiarism Copying the text from another source and changing several
words, while maintaining the original structure of the sentence.

Misattribution Attributing an excerpt, quote, or an idea to the wrong author,

Plagiarism or the incorrect source – or worse, a nonexistent source.
Fabrication
Involves “making up data” and claiming this as a fact.
Falsification
A dishonesty when the researcher produces and manipulates
the data of other researchers.
Activity 1.3.11 Conceptualize
Create a conceptual framework using variables below and write the appropriate words in the boxes
below.

Academic Variable

School age

Background
Variable School Drop-out

Environmental variable
Age
Province Teacher factor
Place of residence Family Relationship
Peer pressure
Family income
Grandparent presence

What I Have Learned. Activity 1.3.12. Now I Realize

Based on the lesson, I have realized that there are different ways to present conceptual
frameworks and that is through diagrams, narrative discussion, sets of propositions, mathematical
equations or models. Diagrams help show the interconnections and relationships among the variables
and the different elements of a study. Narrative discussions reiterate the general assumption of a study
and then proceed to the discussing the specific relationships assumed to be observed in the study. Sets
of propositions involves a series of hypotheses that makes use of various measurements and assumes
varying directions of relationships among variables. Mathematical equations or models is common in
researches that require computations or are highly mathematical in nature.

(This is a continuation of the part of the research that I passed last week)

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored to the attachment theory of Bowlby (1973) which states that there should
be affection between a child and the mother or father, for it builds a great foundation and security
within the child’s life.

There is also the proposed model of Eipstein and Dauber (1991) that has six different types of
parent-school connections. Firstly, the “basic obligations of the families”, wherein it pertains to the role
of the parents in providing a suitable home environment to foster their child’s growth. Secondly, the
“basic obligations of the school”, which talks about the communication between the parents and the
school about the progress of their kids. Thirdly, the “involvement at school”, which refers to the
spouses’ visits and volunteer work at the school which shows support in the academic and
extracurricular activities of their children. Fourthly, the “involvement in learning activities at home”
wherein there is involvement between the parents and their children in other various learning activities
with the guidance of the teacher. Fifthly, the “involvement in decision-making”, which refers to the
active participation of the parents in the PTA. Lastly, the “collaboration and exchange with community
organizations”, which pertains to the overall collaboration among the parents, schools, and such.

Review of related literature

According to Lau and Li (2011), parental involvement is associated with a wide range of positive
effects in primary and high schools such as good academic and social skills, as well as positive attitudes.
In addition, Nyarko (2011) posited that parental involvement is a degree wherein a parent is committed
to his/her role as a parent and in nourishing the optimal child development. However, other researchers
have also indicated that parental involvement can also result in lower levels of achievement or has no
effect on the achievement of their child (Domipa, 2005). Futber and Shinn (2002) stated that parents are
usually more concerned in the early education of their children, but as time goes by, it tends to decrease
when children enter high school.

In addition, Clinton and Hattie (2013) claimed that parental involvement does not just refer to
the inquiry of parents about the academic performance of their children but also in communicating with
them which leads to having a healthy relationship among the family. It helps in the process of
encouraging, mentoring, leading, and inspiring their child to become more socially aware individuals.

Moreover, Pinantoan (2013) pointed out that the influence of parental involvement among the
children regarding their academic performance should not be underestimated. According to the Centre
of Child Well-Being (2010), the involvement of the parent is essential in their kids' learning for it helps
improve their child's’ attitude, moral, and academic achievement.

According to Hill and Chao (2009), there are three aspects to parental involvement which are
home-based involvement, school-based involvement, and academic socialization.

Home-Based Involvement

Home-based involvement refers to the parents’ involvement in activities at home and school
and talking about life and such, (Hill & Tyson, 2009).

A study by Wang, Hill, & Hofkens (2014) investigated the trajectories of parental involvement in
education across the middle school and high school, and the results showed that providing structure at
home and parental warmth have positive effects on GPA.

School-Based Involvement

School-based involvement talks about the various activities being implemented at school, such
as attending the class meetings, communicating with teachers, and participating in the school activities,
(Hill & Tyson, 2009).

Parents can be involved in the learning of their children by means of follow-ups with their
children’s subject teachers in order to identify areas where the kids are facing challenges. Enough
parental involvement motivates learners to not give up easily when they do not understand a particular
topic or such and will not fail classes because they really know that their parents are always monitoring
their school attendance, (Lemmer, 2007).

Academic Socialization
 Academic socialization includes the expectations of the parents and their faith towards the
education of their kids, (Hill & Tyson, 2009).

The accurate predictors of the achievement of a student in the school are not the
socioeconomic status or family income, but the extent to which the family creates a great home
environment that communicates high yet reasonable expectations for the achievement of their kids
encourages learning and becomes involved in their children’s education at school, (National PTA, 2000).

Definition of Terms

The following terms were used in this study were defined operationally and conceptually for
clear and easy understanding.

Parental Involvement. Conceptually, this talks about the effort and participation of a parent
when it comes to the schooling and the measurement of involvement in the life of his/her child (Althoff,
2010). Operationally, this refers to the situation wherein the parents are involved in the education and
life of their kids.

Academic Performance. Conceptually, this refers to the person’s grade point average (GPA)
( Williams, 2018). Operationally, this pertains to the capability of a student, and also on how they were
able to meet the standards of the school.