+D=FJAH  INTRODUCTION

1.1 ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

Engineering drawings serve the purpose of communicating ideas to others. These are used by
all technical people, in addition to engineers. Engineering drawings are prepared by the
draughtsmen, under the supervision of engineers. Various drawings, ranging from design
drawings to pictorial drawings are used for the same purpose. Since all serve the same purpose,
they are rightly called as communication drawings.
1.1.1 Need for Correct Drawings
Drawings should be prepared correctly based on the standards. These are expected to serve
beyond language barriers between people. If drawings are prepared not confining to a particular
standard or incorrectly, they may mean differently for different people, causing lot of ambiguity
in the interpretation and implementation. Thus, there is a need for correct drawings for an
universal meaning.

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF DRAWINGS

Drawings are classified based on the purpose they are expected to serve. A pictorial drawing
may give a good idea for a layman; however, it cannot be used in shop floor for manufacturing.
Similarly, a design drawing though very valuable for incorporating the required changes, if
any, or to check the validity of the design, it will be Greek and Latin for a common man. The
following are the various types of drawings:
1.2.1 Machine Drawing
A drawing pertaining to a machine part or component is known as a machine drawing. To
understand the size and shape of the component, it is presented through orthographic views,
showing only nominal dimensions. The two types of drawings, viz., part or detail drawings and
assembly drawings come under this category. Figure 1.1 shows a machine drawing of a jig bush.
1.2.2 Production Drawing
A component or part drawing is termed as a production drawing, if it facilitates its manufacture.
It is an authorised document to produce the component in the shop floor.
It furnishes all dimensions, limits and special finishing processes such as heat treatment,
grinding, etc., in addition to the material used. It should also mention the number of parts that
are required for making of the assembled unit, of which the part is a member.

1
2 Production Drawing

X
X–X

f 35

f 14
f 28
30
36 X

Fig. 1.1 Machine drawing

Production drawing of a component should also indicate the sub-or main-assembly where
it will be assembled. It is necessary to prepare the production drawing of each component on a
separate sheet, since a craftsman will ordinarily make one component at a time. However, in
some cases, the drawings of related components may also appear on the same sheet. Figure 1.2
shows the production drawing of a jig bush.

1 2 3 4 5 6

X–X X A
A
1.6
f 14 F7
f 28 n6
f 35

0.4
B
0.02
3.2

30
C
3.2

36 X

+ 0.034
f 14 F7 – 14 + 0.016 Tolerance Finish
Matl 25
+ 0.028
f 28 n6 – 28 + 0.015 Title
D D
Drg. No.
Scale
1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 1.2 Production drawing

1.2.3 Assembly Drawing

A drawing that shows the various parts of a machine, in their correct position, is called an
assembly drawing. It is necessary to know how the various parts are assembled together for
the purpose of design and production. There are several types of assembly drawings.
 Introduction 3
A drawing which shows how the various parts, comprising the machine, are to be
assembled together, is known as design assembly drawing. It is drawn when a design layout is
first prepared; to visualise the performance, shape and the relative position of various parts.
A working assembly drawing is normally prepared for simple machines, consisting of
smaller number of parts. Information necessary for the manufacture and assembly of the parts
are given on this drawing, in addition to the dimensions. Enlarged views if required, showing
the fitting of parts are given in separate views, for specific parts.
9

140

R80

Matl.

HCS
15

40

MS

MS

MS

MS
CI
CI

CI

CI
f35

f60

Hex. head screw

X

Hand wheel
Name
X

Feather

Spindle
Centre
8

Barrel

Body
Cap
Nut
130
42

16

Part No. Qty.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
65

Parts list
4

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
8

f160
12

f30
30
6
5

M42

f60
14

45

2×45°
18

f32
80

M16
X–X

210
24
f16
200

M10
f32
96

72
4

6°
32

15
24

f60
3 f35
35

f30

60°
1

7
3

Fig. 1.3 Sub-assembly drawing

4 Production Drawing

1.2.3.1 Sub-assembly drawing

Many assemblies such as an automobile, television set, etc., are assembled with many pre-
assembled components as well as individual parts. These pre-assembled units are known as
sub-assemblies.
A sub-assembly drawing is an assembly drawing of a group of related parts, that form a
part in a more complex machine. Examples of such drawings are: Lathe tail-stock, diesel engine
fuel pump, carburetor of an automobile, etc. A set of sub-assembly or unit drawings are thus
needed, to make a complete machine. Figure 1.3 shows the sub-assembly drawing of a lathe
tail-stock.
1.2.4 Tabular Drawing
When parts are manufactured in a variety of sizes, only one drawing is used to serve the whole
range covered. It is known as a tabular drawing. The dimension values on the drawing are
replaced by reference letters. The corresponding dimensions for the whole series of sizes are
accompanied in a tabular form on the drawing. This suffers from a serious danger of a possibility
of mis-reading of the table. Figure 1.4 illustrates a tabular drawing.

+ 0.075 Basic size A B C D E

B – 0.000
16 10 6 5.5 8.5

16 12 7 7 10
A
D
E

20 12 7 7 10

22 28 9 8.5 11.5
C
32 20 10 10 15
Jig Feet Button

Fig. 1.4 Tabular drawing

1.2.5 Standard Drawing

A drawing without dimensions, as shown in Fig. 1.5a, is known as a standard drawing. The
drawing is reproduced and each reproduction is dimensioned separately for each size of the
part, forming the working drawing, as shown in Fig. 1.5b. This overcomes the difficulties
experienced with the tabular drawing.
f 50

f 26.5 4.5
1.6
1.6

(a) (b)

Fig. 1.5 Standard and working drawings

 Introduction 5
1.2.6 Standard Part Drawing
This indicates the features of standard components such as bolts, nuts, studs, rivets, pins, etc.,
according to standard specifications. Figure 1.6 shows the standard drawing of a bolt.

25 12.5 1.6
,

Relief groove (I S : 3428)

°
1.6

60

IT
14
d1

d
e

x
12.5

s x
k l

Fig. 1.6 Standard part drawing

1.2.7 Tool Drawing

The production drawings, when released to the production shop, separate tool routing sheets
and work sheets are prepared. A routing sheet lists the required manufacturing operations in
the correct sequence, specifying the tools and machines to be used. It may also specify the type
of inspection instruments and production accuracy for the purpose of checking.
A drawing for making the holding devices and special tools needed for the various
operations is called a tool drawing. It is normally prepared by the tool engineering division.
Figure 1.7 shows a tool drawing.

f 22
6

11
10

10

8 12
4

10

150

Fig. 1.7 Tool drawing

1.2.8 Machine Shop Drawing

A machine shop drawing consists only the information necessary for machining. This drawing
is supplied to the machine shop, along with rough castings and forgings, for the finishing
operations (ref. Figs. 10.22 and 10.24).
6 Production Drawing

1.2.9 Forge Shop Drawing

A forge shop drawing provides all the normal dimensions required for producing a rough forging.
This is required for the forge shop. However, if a forging is to be machined to produce the
finished part, a separate machine shop drawing is prepared for the same (ref. Fig. 10.24).
1.2.10 Pattern Shop Drawing
The information required for making a pattern to produce a casting, is provided on a pattern
shop drawing. The pattern shop drawing includes the allowances for shrinkage, machining,
draft, etc. (ref. Fig. 10.22a).
1.2.11 Sheet Metal Drawing
Parts made of sheet metal are produced by stamping or bending. The patterns for these parts
are developed by graphical methods. Figure 1.8 shows a sheet metal drawing.

45 80
26 9 16 30
R5
4 R6
R6 R6 15°
25

R5
15

12

10
R5 15 24

6
R5
2

R6
38
19

5 HOLES, DIA 5
12
5

R5

Fig. 1.8 Sheet metal drawing

1.3 NEED FOR A PRODUCTION DRAWING

The graphic representation of a product, starts at the transformation stage of ideas into a
drawing by a design engineer. A production drawing is a complete working drawing,
representing all the details of the product, regarding size, shape, material, process, tools and
equipment.
The craftsman is completely guided by the production drawing, during the manufacture
of the product. Hence, any mistake in a production drawing will result in loss of time, money
and decreased productivity. Further, it is a legal document while going for sub-contracting of
works. Hence, a production drawing should be prepared without any scope for more than one
interpretation.
The design engineer uses orthographic or pictorial views to record his ideas, free hand.
These are called working sketches. These sketches are used for both the component and assembly
drawings.
The working drawings are sent to the shop, in the form of blue prints, ammonia prints
or other similar forms of reproduction. Therefore, the drawings must be made as tracings.
 Introduction 7
1.3.1 Elements of a Production Drawing
Following are the basic elements of a production drawing:
1. Format of drawing sheet,
2. Size and shape of the component,
3. Projection method,
4. Material specification and shape such as castings, forgings, plates, rounds, etc.,
5. Indication of surface roughness and other heat treatments, if any,
6. Limits, fits and tolerances of size, form and position,
7. Production method,
8. Process sheet,
9. Specification of standard components,
10. Conventions used to represent certain machine components, and
11. Inspection and testing methods.

1.4 DRAWING SHEET SIZES

Drawing paper and cloth are available in rolls of various widths and in standard trimmed
sizes. Most of the draughting rooms use standard sheets, printed with border and title block.
There are five standard sizes for drawing sheets (First choice), specified by Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS), SP:46-1988, as given below. The standard sizes help save paper and are also
convenient for storing.

Designation Dimension (mm)

Drawing sheets may be used with their
A0 841 × 1189
longer sides positioned horizontally or
A1 594 × 841 vertically. The original drawing should be
A2 420 × 594 made on the smallest sheet, permitting the
A3 297 × 420 necessary clarity and resolution.
A4 210 × 297

1.4.1 Drawing Sheet Layout

The layout of a drawing sheet should, by the clarity and neatness of its appearance, facilitate
the reading of the drawing. It should also facilitate essential references to be located easily.
Borders, enclosed by the edges of the trimmed sheet and the frame ; limiting the drawing
space shall be provided with all the sheet sizes. It is recommended that these borders have a
minimum width of 20 mm for the sizes A0 and A1 and a minimum width of 10 mm for other
sizes. A file margin for taking perforations may be provided on the edges, far left of the title
block. It should have a minimum width of 20 mm.
Four centering marks shall be provided in order to facilitate positioning of the drawing,
when reproduced or microfilmed. Two orientation marks may be provided to indicate the
orientation of the drawing sheet on the drawing board.
It is recommended to provide on all drawings, a figureless metric reference graduation,
with minimum length of 100 mm and divided into 10 equal parts. The metric reference
graduation shall preferably be disposed symmetrically about the centring mark, near the frame
in the border, with a minimum width of 5 mm.
8 Production Drawing

The provision of the grid reference system (zoning) is recommended for all sizes, in
order to permit easy location on the drawing, of details, additions, modifications, etc. The
number of divisions should be even and be chosen in relation to the complexity of the drawing.
However, the length of any side of the rectangle shall be from 25 to 75 mm. The rectangles of
the grid should be referenced by means of capital letters along one edge and numerals along
the other. The numbering direction may start at the sheet corner, opposite to the title block
and be repeated on the opposite sides.
The trimming marks may be provided in the borders, at the four corners of the sheet in
order to facilitate trimming. These marks may be in the form of right angled isosceles triangles.
The pre-printed drawing sheets when used, should include the following features:
1. Title block,
2. Frame for limiting the drawing space,
3. Centring marks, and
4. Optional features:
(i) metric reference graduation, (ii) grid reference system and (iii) trimming marks.
Figure 1.9 represents a typical layout of a drawing sheet.

Minimum width
(20 mm for A0 and A1
10 mm for A2, A3 and A4)
1 2 3 4 5 6

A Trimming mark A

Metric reference graduation

Centring mark
Edge B

Drawing space

Orientation mark
C

Frame

Title block D
D

1 2 3 4 5 6

Grid reference Border

Fig. 1.9 Layout of a drawing sheet

1.4.2 Title Block

The drawing sheet layout must also provide a title block, which should be located at the bottom
right hand corner of the sheet; both for sheets positioned horizontally or vertically, with a
maximum length of 170 mm. This should provide the following basic information:
1. Title of the drawing,
2. Sheet number,
3. Scale(s),
4. Symbol, denoting the method of projection,
5. Name of the firm, and
6. Initials of the staff designed, drawn, checked and approved.
 Introduction 9
The direction of viewing the title block should correspond in general, with that of the
drawing. A typical layout of the title block is shown in Fig. 1.10. However, the headings inside
the title block may be arranged as per the convenience, within the overall size specified.

170

Name Date Material Tolerance Finish

DRN
CHD
APPD
Projection Legal Title
65

owner

Scale Identification number

Fig. 1.10 Layout of title block

A production drawing may include the following additional information, located either
in the drawing sheet or in the title block:
1. Job order number,
2. Surface treatment, roughness, etc.,
3. Key to machining and other symbols,
4. A general note on tolerance on dimensions, not individually toleranced,
5. Reference to tools, gauges, jigs and fixtures,
6. Parts list, and
7. Alterations and revisions.
1.4.3 Bill of Material
The parts list which is part of an assembly drawing of either a complete machine or a sub-
assembly; gives the following information in a tabular form:
1. Part numbers,
2. Names of the parts,
3. Materials of the parts, and
4. Numbers of each part required to make-up the machine or sub-assembly.
Bill of material is also in a tabular form, giving information about the raw material
requirement (including material size) for each part. Table given below provides the information
of bill of material for a drill jig shown in Fig. 11.12.
Bill of material

Part No. Name Raw material Qty.

1. Nut M.S-Std. component 1

2. Bush M.C.S-Φ32Bar stock 6

3. Jig plate C.I- Casting 1

10 Production Drawing

4. Screw M.S -Φ25 Bar stock 1

5. Stud M.S-Std. component 1

6. Stem M.S- Φ63 Bar stock 1

7. Screw M.S-Std. component 3

8. Base C.I- Casting 1

9. Latch washer M.S- Stamping 1

1.4.4 Information on a Drawing

Every drawing should be numbered. Some companies use serial numbers such as 70524 or a
number with prefix or suffix, K2-70524 or 70524-K2. Many different numbering systems are in
use, in which various digits of the drawing numbers indicate different things, such as model
number of the machine and the general nature or use of the part.
If all the drawings are made to the same scale, the scale should be indicated in or near
the title block. Otherwise, the individual scales should be indicated below the respective
drawings.
General notes can be given on the working drawings to specify the tolerances of
dimensions.
According to the BIS, SP:46-1988, Engineering drawing practice for schools and colleges;
first angle projection method only, is required to be followed.
Specifications regarding general notes, material, heat treatment, finish, general
tolerances and number required are located on or near the title block.
The component or all the components in a sub-assembly or assembly, is/are named for
easy identity. In case of a single component, the same is written in the block against “TITLE”,
as shown in Figs. 7.2 to 7.18.
The name of the company/firm is written to indicate that the drawing belongs to that
particular firm. This ensures the legal right of the company/firm over the drawing (Fig. 7.3).
In majority of the cases, emblem is also printed for the purpose of quick identification of the
firm. The firm has legal right over its emblem, if it is registered with an appropriate authority.
In case the part is a casting, it will be having a pattern. As pattern is not identical to the
casting; separate drawing, viz., pattern shop drawing will be available with the firm. This
drawing number is indicated on the part drawing for easy retrieval.
Due to continuous alterations and revisions, the parts may undergo drastic changes in
its dimensions; requiring new drawings to be made. In such cases, new drawing numbers will
be allotted to the parts concerned. To be able to refer to the history of evolution of the parts, old
numbers are also indicated on the new drawings.
1.4.4.1 Localized view
If components are very large in size and complex in shape at few areas, the overall drawing is
presented with heavy reducing scale. The areas of complex details are rounded-off and marked
with letters A, B, C, etc. Separate localized views of these rounded portions are drawn to
enlarged scales at any convenient place in the same drawing sheet. Figure 1.11 shows an
example of a localized view.
 Introduction 11
Knurlrge 1.2 IS : 3403
A 2 × 45°
14°30¢ ± 0°10¢
0.8 4 × 45°
X SR 5
f 80 BEFORE
KNURLING

f 50
f 50 f7
f 25

26
M 20 × 2.5
2

M 20 × 2.5 A 35
20
22 MIN. LENGTH
30 60 25 25 ± 0.1
40 125
(165)
5 max.

60
R 1.25

°
max.
f 16.40
16.07

Detail at X

Fig. 1.11

1.5 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

In any manufacturing organization, there will be a production department dealing with different
aspects. The following are the sections that function under the production department:
1. Design section,
2. Process planning section,
3. Purchase section,
4. Manufacturing section, and
5. Inspection and quality control section.
1.5.1 Design Section
When a machine is designed, an assembly drawing or a design layout is first drawn to clearly
visualize the performance, shape and relative positions of the various parts. They show how
the various parts, comprising the machine are to be assembled together.
In the design section, the components of the machine are designed to recommend
(i) cross-sections required, (ii) materials to be used, (iii) tolerances required, etc. The sizes of
the cross-sections required for the components will be arrived at, based on the strength or
rigidity criterion or both. Under strength design, the nature of the design equations to be used
depends upon the possible modes of failure. The various modes of failure are: Tension,
compression, bearing, transverse shear, torsional shear, and so on. Under rigidity design,
transverse or torsional rigidity will be considered to arrive at the cross-sections required. The
designer is also required to recommend the following; apart from the basic sizes of the
cross-sections required:
• Materials,
12 Production Drawing

• Dimensional tolerances,
• Surface finishes, and
• Surface characteristics such as hardness, etc.
1.5.2 Process Planning Section
The process planning section will analyze the above parameters given on the drawing and
arrive at the method that is to be recommended for manufacturing the components concerned.
The tolerances and surface finishes guide the process planner to decide the manufacturing
processes to be selected, the machines to be used for finishing operations. The required surface
characteristics will dictate the process planner to specify the heat treatment or any other
surface treatment required to achieve the same.
1.5.3 Purchase Section
The purchase section will procure the materials for the manufacturing section. The production
drawings prepared by the design section must be complete in all aspects so that the purchase
section can place orders for the required materials.
1.5.4 Manufacturing Section
The shop floor engineers and supervisors of the manufacturing section should critically analyze
the production drawings so that the information given by the process planner can be
implemented. Proper understanding between the manufacturing section, process planning
section, and design section is very much essential to alleviate any problem that may arise in
manufacturing the components.
Finally, the inspection and quality control section should ensure quality of the components
after they are produced.

1.6 CHECKING A DRAWING

All drawings must be checked before they are released for production, since a mistake can
prove expensive. In small offices, drawings are usually prepared by the designer or by one of
the draughtsmen. In large offices, experienced engineers are employed, who devote their entire
time for checking.
Checkers never check the original drawing; instead, they note their corrections with
colored pencil on a blue print. The print is returned to the daughter for revision of the original
drawing, and another print is made for approval.
If his work is to be effective, the checker must proceed in a systematic way; studying the
drawing with particular attention to the following points:
1. Soundness of design with regards to function, strength, materials, economy, manu-
facturing, serviceability, ease of assembly and repairs, etc.
2. Selection of views, sections, line work, lettering, etc.
3. Dimensions, with special reference to repetition, legibility, omissions and finish marks.
Special attention should be given to tolerances.
4. Standard parts. In the interest of economy, as many standard parts as possible should
be used.
5. Notes, with reference to clear wording and legibility, should be incorporated.
6. Clearances of moving parts should be checked for all possible positions to assure
freedom of movement.
7. Title block information.
 Introduction 13

1.7 DRAWING REVISIONS

Once a drawing is printed and the prints are released to the shop, any alteration or revision
should be recorded on the drawing and new prints are issued. Revisions on the drawings are
necessitated by changes in design, changes in tools, desires of customers, or by errors in design
or production. In any case, prints of each issue of micro-films are kept in file to show how the
drawing appeared before the revision.
If changes are extensive, the drawing may be obsolete and a new drawing is made to
supercede the old drawing. Various methods are used to reference the area on a drawing,
where change is made, with the entry in the revision block. The most common method is to
place number or letters in small circles near the places where the changes are made and to use
the same numbers or letters in the revision block (Fig. 1.12). On zone drawing, the zone of the
correction may be shown in the revision block. In addition, a brief description of the changes,
the date and initials of the person making the changes should be given.

2 Revisions
2 × 45°
Symbol Description Date
1 Length was 120 91 9 30
2 Chamfer added 91 10 25

1 140

Fig. 1.12 Drawing revisions and revision block

NOTE. New designs may be changed so often that the alterations cannot be made fast enough to reach
the shop when needed. In such cases, sketches, showing the changes are rapidly made, reproduced and
sent to the shop, where they are fastened to the print of the drawing. These sketches, known as engineering
orders, are later incorporated on the drawing.
1.7.1 Draughter’s Log
Draughter should keep a record, known as a log, showing all the changes made during execution
of the project. As the project progresses, changes with dates, and the people involved should be
recorded for reference and for later review of the project. Calculations are often made during
the preparation of a drawing. If they are lost, it may be necessary to repeat them. Therefore,
they should be made a permanent part of the log.
1.7.2 Qualifications of a Reviewer
The detailer or reviewer should have thorough knowledge of materials, shop processes and
operations, in order to properly dimension the part and call for the correct finish and material.
In addition, he should have a thorough understanding of how the parts function, in order to
provide the correct data and tolerances for each dimension.

1.8 QUALITY CONTROL

In the bygone era, quality control consisted of inspection of goods produced and finally picking
the good ones. Later it was realised that during the manufacture, the products (semi-finished
or unfinished) could be inspected so that the final quality cost may be reduced.
This leads to what is called total quality control and Kaizen approach to quality
maintenance. International Organisation for Standards (ISO), Geneva comprising of represen-
tation by over 100 countries, set-up a technical committee for quality management and quality
14 Production Drawing

assurance. System standards were finalised and released as ISO-9000 series in 1987. These
standards aim to document/implement company wide quality assurance programmes that lead
to certain level of consistency in product service characteristics. These programmes are bottom-
up programmes involving every individual, unlike earlier top-down procedures. They are meant
not just to control product quality, but to maintain its uniformity and predictability.
An organisation, should attempt to fulfil the following while aiming to adopt ISO-9000:
(a) to improve customer satisfaction,
(b) to increase competitiveness,
(c) to reduce the cost of quality.
Any organisation, production/service oriented, has to set-up a short or long-term
implementation programme by constituting a steering committee, chaired by a senior executive.
This committee is responsible for co-ordinating quality improvement process activities through
the plant functions.
1.8.1 Why ISO Certification?
In today’s internationally competitive business environment, effective management systems
are critical to maintaining and improving a company’s operating performance. Companies
recognize the value of focused, organized and systematic processes for managing their
businesses.
Competitive pressures of global market are forcing organizations to give serious
consideration to product quality, cycle time, cost, continuous improvement and organizational
excellence. The requirements for high quality products and services between supply chains
and customers continue to increase.
Companies, regardless of size, that wish to maintain or assume an industry leading
position, need a serious and critical focus on continual improvement and organizational
excellence. Proficient planning, project management, more efficient processes and accredited
management systems certification such as ISO 9000 : 2000 can provide essential competitive
advantage.
Det Norske Veritas (DNV) is an independent foundation, with the objective of
safeguarding life, property and the environment. Their history goes back to 1864, when the
foundation was established in Norway to inspect and evaluate the technical conditions of
Norwegian merchant vessals.
1.8.2 What are ISO 9000 Series?
The ISO 9000 series of documents was created by the International Organization for
Standardization to set international requirements for quality management systems. Now
adopted by over 80 countries, use of the series of standards has become common place in the
business world.
The series itself is generic, and is designed to be applicable to any manufacturing or
service process. The series is revised and controlled by Technical Committee (TC) 176, made-up
of international members from many industries and backgrounds. The series is modified
periodically. The original standards were published in 1987, first revised in 1994 and the
current versions were issued in 2000.
The previous ISO 9000 family of standards contained some 20 standards and documents.
ISO 9000 : 2000 family of standards consists of four primary standards supported by a number
of technical reports. The four primary standards are:
• ISO 9000: Quality Management Systems—Concepts and Vocabulary
• ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems—Requirements
 Introduction 15
• ISO 9004: Quality Management Systems-Guidelines
• ISO 10011: Guidelines for Auditing Quality Systems
Customers are increasingly becoming quality-conscious shoppers. They want to know
upfront that the business will meet their requirement. A Certified Quality Management System
demonstrates the organization’s commitment to quality and customer satisfaction.
Implementing a Quality Management System will help to enhance customer satisfaction, achieve
consistency and improve internal processes. It can minimize the risk that customer expectations
are not met.
Each business has operational processes that are critical to its strategic objectives.
Business improvement relies on the organization’s ability to discover strengths, weaknesses
and improvement opportunities. With the Risk Based Certification approach, DNV auditors
assess how well your Quality Management System supports the areas of greatest importance
to you, in addition to measuring compliance against elected standards.
Partner with DNV Once the organization is certified, it becomes a partner with DNV.
Certification for the organization’s Quality Management Systems to the generic ISO 9000:
2000 Standard, improves the organization’s ability to meet strategic objectives. ISO 9001:
2000 is an international standard applicable to any manufacturing or service provider.
The road to certification will help prepare for an independent audit. Accredited
certification will explain what DNV’s Risk Based Certification process entails. DNV offers
Risk Based Certification worldwide, and holds a wide range of national accreditations. With
the global network of local resources, they provide the organization with the certification most
suitable to its needs, type of business and company location. Wherever the organization is,
their auditors make it a point to know the business the organization is in.
1.8.3 Certification Bodies
A few certification bodies worldwide are given below:
• ABS Quality Evaluations (ABSQE)
• Bureau Veritas Quality International (BVQI)
• ECA CERT certification, SAU (ECA CERT)
• International Standards Certifications
• ISO QAR Ltd.
• Quality Management Institute (QMI)
• Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA)

THEORY QUESTIONS

1.1 What are engineering drawings?

1.2 Explain about the need for correct drawings.
1.3 What is a production drawing?
1.4 What for a standard drawing is used?
1.5 Explain the need for a production drawing.
1.6 Name the various elements of a production drawing.
1.7 Differentiate between a forge shop and a machine shop drawing.
1.8 Name the five standard sizes of drawing sheets that are specified by BIS.
1.9 What features must be shown in pre-printed drawing sheets?
16 Production Drawing

1.10 Name the basic information that must be provided in the title block.
1.11 What are ISO-9000 series?
1.12 Why ISO certification is essential for any organization?

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1.1 Engineering drawings are required to serve as ______ to others.

1.2 ______ drawing shows the various parts of a machine in their correct working position.
1.3 The drawing of a pre-assembled unit of a machine or a device is known as ______ drawing.
1.4 The bill of material is usually associated with assembly drawing/part drawing.
1.5 Production drawing is also called machine drawing/ working drawing.
1.6 Production drawing of a component facilitates its manufacture True/ False
1.7 Tabular drawing is used for making tables/ similar components with changed dimensions.
1.8 Tool drawing is made for special tools/ machine tools.
1.9 Dimensions indicated on a pattern shop drawing are larger/ smaller in size, than casting dimen-
sions.
1.10 Only first angle/ third angle method of projection is to be followed as per SP 46:1988.
1.11 The smallest drawing sheet is designated as ______.
1.12 The standard size of title block is ______.

Answers
1.1 communication; 1.2 Assembly; 1.3 sub-assembly;
1.4 assembly drawing; 1.5 working drawing; 1.6 True;
1.7 similar components with changed dimensions; 1.8 special tools;
1.9 larger; 1.10 first angle; 1.11 A4;
1.12 170 × 65 mm.