Ice Effect Ice Detecting System

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
ICE And RAIN CONTROL SYSTEM
ATA 30
DCAM Part 66 Module 11.12
5’’
Ice Formation on Aircraft

OBJECTIVES
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
1. Understand the icing effects on aircraft flight.
2. Identify the methods of ice detection.
3. Identify the ice detection system on aircraft.
4. Explain the basic operational principle of the

ice detection system.
5’’
Formation of Ice:
Water to freeze must lose heat to its surrounding
Latent
heat
Water freeze Medium to conduct

Water (ice form) Heat away
Droplet

• Icing caused by a combination of freezing conditions
and moisture in the atmosphere.
(super-cooled water droplets).
• Actual amount and shape build-up depends on:
- surface temperature
• Icing does not occur above about 12000m (40000ft)
- Relative humidity is very low.
• Icing occur at ambient temperature
range +25°C to -15°C 5’’

Three types of structural ice affect aircraft in flight:
1)Hoar Frost
- A ice crystal deposits formed by
sublimation when the temperature and dew
point are below freezing.
- on ground, not removed interfere with the
airflow and attainment of flying speed
during take-off
- windscreen may be obstructed and free
moving part such as flight control may be 3’’
affected.

Three types of structural ice affect aircraft in flight:
2) Rime Ice
- A rough, opaque/solid ice that forms when
small droplets of water freeze immediately upon
striking the aircraft, builds up slowly, causes a great
deal of drag and deforms the airfoil.
- When aircraft flying through clouds with the air
temperature and surface temperature below freezing
point.
- Dangers when its interfere with airflow over
wings, may choke the orifices of the carburetor, air 3’’
intake and pitot static probes.


• Three types of structural ice affect aircraft in flight:
3) Glaze Ice
- A clear and heavy.
- forms when large drops of water is strike
a surface whose temperature is below
freezing.
- main dangers are increased weight,
unequal wing loading, propeller blade
vibration, ice shedding/cracking debris
damage the tailplanes, rear engines etc.
- Most severe and the most Dangerous 3’’
form of ice formation.

Icing Effects
2’’
Icing Effects
2’’
Icing Effects
• Decrease in lift :- change in airfoil section
• Drag increase :- rough surface
• Decrease in propeller efficiency/unbalance :-
alterations of the blade profile and blade thickness.
• Loss control :- ice preventing movements of control
surfaces.
• Increased load and wing loading :- weight of ice
prevent aircraft from maintaining height or even
taking off.
• Debris damage :- Ice breaking away from surface 5’’
and hit tail planes or rear engine.
Icing Effects
• Aircraft unbalance :- C of G movement caused by the
weight of the ice
• Loss of vision :- windscreen becomes iced up
• Malfunction of instrumentation and air data :- Pitot
tubes, air data probe block.
• Drain system (grey water) becoming blocked.
• Icing of intakes, carburetor and cooling ducts :-
reduction in engines efficiency, engine failure and
overheating system.
• Flutter :- Change of airflow around the control 5’’
surface.
AIRFRAME ICING LEGISLATION
 The 5th Schedule of ANO's (ICAO)

states that aircraft of a total weight
of 5,700 kg and above must carry ice
detection and ice protection
equipment
Ice Detection System

Icing occur Detection system – sense ice Removal system
activated
10’’
Ice Control System
# “ANTI – ICING”.
• Prevention of ice is called
# “DE-ICING”.
• Removal of ice is called
FAR 23
5’’
Area & Units

protected
Turbine engine
Propellers
Air intakes
Airframe Airframe
Structure Systems
Wing Flight Pitot AOA Ram Air

Windshields Stabilizers Antennas
Leading Edge) Controls probes transducers Scoops
Temperature Static Water &

probes vents Toilets drains
Ice and Rain Protection Systems


Ice detection system methods:-
1) Ice accretion methods:-
- Ice is actually allowed to accumulate on a probe
which projects into the air stream and in doing so
operates a warning system.
- LET THE ICE FORM FIRST.
2) Inferential method.
- Uses two detectors, one to detect temperature and the other
to detect the presence of water droplets or moisture. Rarely
used in aircraft.
3’’

Visual Detection System:
- Spot Light on each side of fuselage.
- Light up the leading edge in the dark. CAIP AL/11-6
(3.5)
- Flight Crew observed formation of ice.
5’’

Electronic Detection System / VIBRATING ROD
- Microprocessor circuit, strut and probe.
- Probe vibrate predetermine frequency (≈40 KHz),
formation of ice the frequency decrease.
- Microprocessor turns on indicator.
- Heating elements melts the ice away.
CAIP AL/11-6
(3.4)
Lockheed
L-1011
5’’
ELECTRONIC DETECTION SYSTEM

/VIBRATION ROD
- ROD WILL VIBRATE AT A SET FREQUENCY
OF 40ktz ANY DIFFERENCE INFREQUENCY
DUE TO BUILT UP OF ICE WILL INITIATE A
FLIGHT DECK WARNING LIGHT
- A HEATER INCORPORATED TO REMOVED THE ICE
AND A TIME DELAY CIRCUIT
- ACTIVATED BY “WOW” SWITCH AND MONITORED BY
AIRCRAFT BITE (Built in test equipment)

Electronic Detection System (Operational Check):
- Check AMM
- Operate any BIT system
- Check heater (carefully) by switching ON and
touching with finger.
- Holding the probe using “oven gloves” while the
unit is switched on will cause it’s frequency to drop
and the system to operate.
- Letting go of the probe (as the heater comes on
automatically) will allow the warning to cancel
(after a delay period).
5’’

Optical Ice Detector System:
- Measure the thickness of ice.
- The thickness of ice is about 15mm ranges.
- The unit mount flush without any protrusion.
- Suitable for supersonic flight.
5’’
Contaminant/Fluid Integrity Measuring System (C/FIMS) :

- Flush mounted sensor system.
- To detect ice, frost and snow of flight surface.
- Detect the electromagnetic properties of contaminants.
- Also measure the effectiveness of de/anti-ice fluids and also 5’’
the aircraft’s skin temperature.

PRESSURE OPERATED
ICE DETECTOR HEAD
5’’
Pressure Ice Detector

 PRESSURE OPERATED
- A short stainless steel or chromium plated brass tube
with four small holes in its leading edge and two
holes in its trailing edge.
- A heated element fitted to clear ice formed at detector

head and a second element to prevent casing
freezing.
Operation
- Normal flight air enters four holes in
the detector and delay by tubing to
diaphragm and electrical contacts.
PRESSURE OPERATED
- Air is slowly exhausted via the two
holes in the trailing edge of the head.
 Icing condition ice formed on the leading edge and
blocked the four holes and allowed the diaphragm to
move back towards the electrical contacts and
illuminate flight deck warning light.
 - Same time heating element inside
the detector head also activated and
melt the ice and the cycle will begin again.
- A time delay switch prevent warning light switching
off for about one minute.

PRESSURE OPERATED ICE DETECTOR HEAD
Functional Test:
- Refer to AMM.
- The probe heater can be checked with finger
(carefully).
- Internal heater may be felt from the outside of the
case or be checked
using electrical test meters.
- Damage, corrosion etc can be checked visually.
- Required special adapter and the supply of Pitot
pressure. 5’’
- System need to be configured. (aircraft is in the air).
SERRATED ROTOR/(NAPIER) 2’’

ICE DETECTOR HEAD
SERATTED ICE DETECTOR

SERRATED ROTOR ICE DETECTOR HEAD

-A serrated rotor incorporating an integral drive shaft
couple to small a.c. motor via a reduction generator.

-Serrated rotor continuously driven by electrical
motor so that its periphery rotates within

0.050mm(0.002in)
- of a knife edge cutter.
SERRATED ROTOR ICE

DETECTOR HEAD
-Operation
-During non ice condition the torque to drive the
rotor is low.
-When icing condition ice built up on the rotor
closing the gap between rotor and knife edge

caused increase required torque and resulted a
toggle bar to move against a spring mounting and
operate a micro switch.
-Thus illuminating a warning light in the flight
compartment.

SERRATED ROTOR/(NAPIER)
ICE DETECTOR HEAD
Functional Test:
- Refer to AMM.
- Check for security, corrosion, attachment and lay of
cables.
- Check operational by turn on switch and see it rotates.
- As it rotates place a screw driver in the slot at the end
of the rotor and gently hold the handle in your hand.
CAIP AL/11-6
- The torque reaction on the rotor should cause (3.3) the
warning on the flight deck to operate.

5’’

BLACK ROD/HOT ROD
ICE DETECTOR HEAD
2’’
ICE DETECTOR
Black Rod.
- Illumination – 2 spot light mounted on fuselage L/R.
-Hot Rod – A steel tube detector with aefoil section angle
30 degree from vertical mounted on fuselage, can be seen
from cockpit.
- with a heating element.
- rod with build in flood light, can be on at night.
- control by ON/OFF Sw.
5’’

BLACK ROD/HOT ROD
ICE DETECTOR HEAD
Functional Test:
- Refer to AMM.
- Check for security, corrosion, attachment and lay of cables.
- Check lamp for correct operation.
- Check operation of heater (carefully) with the fingers and
check that the mast is colored black. CAIP AL/11-6
(3.2)
5’’
END OF
ICE-DETECTION SYSTEMS

Ice Effect Ice Detecting System

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

ICE And RAIN CONTROL SYSTEM

DCAM Part 66 Module 11.12

Ice Formation on Aircraft

By the end of this session, you should be able to:

1. Understand the icing effects on aircraft flight.

2. Identify the methods of ice detection.

3. Identify the ice detection system on aircraft.

4. Explain the basic operational principle of the

Water to freeze must lose heat to its surrounding

Water freeze Medium to conduct

Ice Formation on Aircraft

Ice Formation on Aircraft

Ice Formation on Aircraft

intake and pitot static probes.

Ice Formation on Aircraft

form of ice formation.

AIRFRAME ICING LEGISLATION

 The 5th Schedule of ANO's (ICAO)

Ice Detection System

Ice Control System

Area & Units

Wing Flight Pitot AOA Ram Air

Temperature Static Water &

Ice and Rain Protection Systems

Ice Detection System

Ice Detection System

Ice Detection System

ELECTRONIC DETECTION SYSTEM

Ice Detection System

Ice Detection System

Ice Detection System

Contaminant/Fluid Integrity Measuring System (C/FIMS) :

Ice Detection System

Pressure Ice Detector

- A heated element fitted to clear ice formed at detector

Ice Detection System

Ice Detection System

SERRATED ROTOR/(NAPIER) 2’’

SERATTED ICE DETECTOR

SERRATED ROTOR ICE DETECTOR HEAD

couple to small a.c. motor via a reduction generator.

motor so that its periphery rotates within

SERRATED ROTOR ICE

-During non ice condition the torque to drive the

closing the gap between rotor and knife edge

Ice Detection System

warning on the flight deck to operate.

Ice Detection System

Ice Detection System

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