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Thermodyn… The Science... Essentials...

7th Edition
6th Edition 2nd Edition
Consider a two-stage cascade refrigeration system operating
between the pressure limits of 1.2 MPa and 200 kPa with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. Heat rejection from the lower View all solutions
cycle to the upper cycle takes place in an adiabatic counterflow heat exchanger where the pressure in the upper and lower
cycles are 0.4 and 0.5 MPa, respectively. In both cycles, the refrigerant is a saturated liquid at the condenser exit and a saturated
vapor at the compressor inlet, and the isotropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerate
through the lower cycle is 0.15 kg/s determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the upper cycle, (b) the rate of
heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the COP of this refrigerator.

Expert Answer Was this answer helpful? 12 2

General guidance FIRST STEP | ALL STEPS | ANSWER ONLY

Concepts and Reason

A refrigerator is an appliance that consists of compartments that are thermally insulated and a heat pump. It is used to
cool any item present in the compartment to a temperature lower than the surroundings.
In thermodynamics, a refrigerator extracts heat from a space due to work done on it by a pump and releases it to another
space of considerably higher temperature.

Fundamentals
The overlay of a refrigerator/heat pump can be shown as,

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The coefficient of performance of the heat pump can be calculated by,

Q̇H
(COP)HP = Ẇ
Here, the rate of heat rejected by the condenser is Q̇H and the power input to the pump is Ẇ .
The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator can be calculated by,
(COP)R = (COP)HP − 1
The rate of heat transfers can also be determined from the properties of the refrigerant.
Q̇ = ṁΔh
Here, the mass flow rate is ṁ and the change in specific enthalpy is Δh .

#
Show less

Step-by-step
#
Step 1 of 5

Obtain the enthalpy and entropy of refrigerant R-134a at state 1, where it exists as a saturated vapor at 200 kPa.

h1 = 244.46kJ/kg

s1 = 0.9377kJ/kg ⋅ K
Here, the enthalpy and entropy at state 1 are h1 and s1 respectively.
Obtain the ideal enthalpy and entropy of refrigerant R-134a at state 2, where it is at 500 kPa and with the same entropy
as state 1. Use Interpolation to calculate h2 .
s1 = 0.9377kJ/kg ⋅ K
263.46−257.3
h2s = 259.3 + 0.9389−0.924 (0.9377 − 0.924)

= 263.28kJ/kg
Here, the ideal enthalpy and entropy at state 2 are h2s and s2 respectively.
Calculate the actual enthalpy at state 2.
h2s −h1
ηC = h2 −h1
Here, the actual enthalpy at state 2 is h2 and the isentropic compression is ηC .
Substitute 263.28 kJ/kg for h2s , 244.46 kJ/kg for h1 , and 0.8 for ηC .

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h2 − 244.46 = 23.525

h2 = 267.985kJ/kg
Obtain the enthalpy of refrigerant R-134a at state 3, where it exists as a saturated liquid at 500 kPa.
h3 = 73.33kJ/kg
Obtain the enthalpy of refrigerant R-134a at state 4, where it is equal to that of state 3.
h4 = 73.33kJ/kg

Explanation | Hint for next step

From the figure the important points are:

1. Entropy at states 1 and 2 is same because the compression process is initially assumed to be an isentropic process.
2. From the entropy at state 2, the enthalpy at that state can be determined from interpolation.
3. The expansion valve causes isenthalpic reduction of pressure. Therefore, the enthalpies at states 3 and 4 are same.

#
Step 2 of 5

Obtain the enthalpy and entropy of refrigerant R-134a at state 5, where it exists as a saturated vapor at 400 kPa.

h5 = 255.55kJ/kg

s5 = 0.9269kJ/kg ⋅ K
Here, the enthalpy and entropy at state 5 are h5 and s5 respectively.
Obtain the ideal enthalpy and entropy of refrigerant R-134a at state 6, where it is at 1200 kPa and with the same entropy
as state 5. Use Interpolation to calculate h6 .
s6 = 0.9269kJ/kg ⋅ K
289.64−278.27
h6s = 278.27 + 0.9614−0.9267 (0.9269 − 0.9267)

= 278.33kJ/kg
Here, the ideal enthalpy and entropy at state 6 are h6s and s6 respectively.
Calculate the actual enthalpy at state 6.
h6s −h5
ηC = h6 −h5
Here, the actual enthalpy at state 6 is h6 .
Substitute 278.33 kJ/kg for h6s , 255.55 kJ/kg for h5 , and 0.8 for ηC .

278.33−255.55
0.8 = h6 −255.55

h6 − 255.55 = 35.5875

h6 = 284.025kJ/kg
Obtain the enthalpy of refrigerant R-134a at state 7, where it exists as a saturated liquid at 1200 kPa.
h7 = 117.77kJ/kg
Obtain the enthalpy of refrigerant R-134a at state 8, where it is equal to that of state 7.
h8 = 117.77kJ/kg

Explanation | Hint for next step

From the figure the important points are:

1. Entropy at states 5 and 6 is same because the compression process is initially assumed to be an isentropic process.
2. From the entropy at state 6, the enthalpy at that state can be determined from interpolation.
3. The expansion valve causes isenthalpic reduction of pressure. Therefore, the enthalpies at states 7 and 8 are same.

#
Step 3 of 5

(a)
Calculate the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the high pressure (upper) cycle. ṁH (h5 − h8 ) = ṁL (h2 − h3 )
Here, the mass flow rates in the upper and lower cycle are ṁH and ṁL respectively.
Substitute 255.55 kJ/kg for h5 , 117.77 kJ/kg for h8 , 267.985 kJ/kg for h2 , 73.33 kJ/kg for h3 , and 0.15 kg/s for ṁL .

ṁH (255.55 − 117.77) = 0.15 (267.985 − 73.33)

137.78ṁH = 29.198

ṁH = 0.2119kg/s

Part a
The mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the upper cycle is 0.21192 kg/s.

Explanation

The energy balance at the heat exchanger indicates that the heat gained by the refrigerant in the lower cycle is equal to
the heat lost in the upper cycle.

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(b)
Calculate the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space.
Q̇L = ṁL (h1 − h4 )
Substitute 0.15 kg/s for ṁL , 244.46 kJ/kg for h1 , and 73.33 kJ/kg for h4 .

Q̇L = 0.15 (244.46 − 73.33)

= 25.67kW

Part b
The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space is 25.67 kW.

Explanation

The rate of heat removed from the refrigeration space is calculated by multiplying the mass flow rate to the change in
enthalpy in that space.

#
Step 5 of 5

(c)
Calculate the power input to the pump.
Ẇ = ṁH (h6 − h5 ) + ṁL (h2 − h1 )
Substitute 0.15 kg/s for ṁL , 244.46 kJ/kg for h1 , 267.985 kJ/kg for h2 , 284.025 kJ/kg for h6 , 244.46 kJ/kg for h5 , 0.2119
kg/s for ṁH .

Ẇ = 0.2119 (284.025 − 244.46) + 0.15 (267.985 − 244.46)

= 8.3838 + 3.528

= 11.912kW
Calculate the COP of the refrigerator.
Q̇L
COP = Ẇ
Substitute 11.912 kW for Ẇ and 25.67 kW for Q̇L .

25.67
COP = 11.912

= 2.155

Part c
The COP of the refrigerator is 2.155.

Explanation

The total work input to the pump is equal to the sum of work input to the pump in both the cycles. After finding the
power input, the COP of the refrigerator can be determined.

Answer
Part a
The mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the upper cycle is 0.21192 kg/s.

Part b
The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space is 25.67 kW.

Part c
The COP of the refrigerator is 2.155.

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