IV)Different type of turbine

Hydrolic turbine are different from one to another. On today era there are many type of
turbine but in this part we will only study three turbines (Pelton, Kaplan, Francis).

In hydrolic turbines the energy tranfer is between the water and the rotor explesitly it
convert potential energy, kinetic energy of the water to mechanical energy .A turbine shaft is
assembled to an electrical generator. All the turbines can be classified by five criterias such
as : inlet of turbine ,direction of flow turbine, head at the inlet of the turbines and the
specific speed of the turbines. And those turbines can also be differentiated as impulse and
reaction turbine.

1-1-Impulse turbine
Impulse turbines (Pelton) are easier to use, with a simple design, but they are less effective because
the contact surface with the water is low. These types of turbines are also characterized by an equal
input and output pressure.
An Intense jet of water concentrated on a given surface of the buckets placed in the Outskirts of the
turbine partially submerged exerts a force which is transformed by mechanical energy by the turbine.
The impulse turbine get the runner (blade) or rotor to rotate and is partly also due to the
pression change over the blade .Pelton blade are bucket-shaped it catch the water from the
penstock in a angle and drive it trough another opening

Diameter Height (m) Flow rate Maximum Rate (%) rotation

(m) (m3/s) Power speed (tr/s)
(MW)
Pelton 0.6-3.5 400-1800 3-200 350 85 3-36
Francis 0.6-8 40-800 1000 90 60-400
Kaplan 2-11 1-60 70-800 250 91 300-1000

1-2-Reaction turbine
The reaction turbines (Francis and Kaplan) have a complex design but are more efficient because
they use of pressure difference but also the kinetic energy of the water that's why they have a good
return. These types of turbines are also characterized by an input pressure greater than the output
pressure.

The operation of this type of turbine goes into four sections

1) First, a large vortex is created at the entrance.

2) With its vanes the turbine (totally submerged) stops the vortex.

3) The energy is converted by the alternator.

4) And finally the water returned to the river as gently as possible.

2-1-Pelton
Pelton turbine has it own feature. Pelton turbine wheel first appeared in the world in 1890
and the patent was given in 1880 to Alan leseter Pelton it’s invertor.
A pelton is used for high head and low flow rate.The water at high speed jet is ejected
trough a nozzle it hits the bucket of pelton wheel that induse a impulsive force which make
the turbine turne. The kinectic energy of the water jet will be converted to rotational
energy,also there is no change of pressure .
Pelton turbines are a impulse turbine. the bucket are constituated in a manner to let the
water escape from the sides.
But the demand of power may vary on time, when the power demand is low the mobile
spear head inlet nozzle is moved forward trough the nozzle then we will have a low flow
rate ,and when the demand of power are high spear is moved backward which let the water
flow more then we have a high flow rate.This intern spear make sure that the turbine rotate
at constant rpm regulated for the power supply frequency.

Pelton turbine are as:

_according to the direction pelton is tangential flow turbine as the water turne the blade in
tangent diretion of the wheel.

_according to the head at the inlet of the turbine pelton is a high head turbine with total
head that varie from 150 to 2000m

_according to the specific speed pelton turbine has a low specific speed turbine with speed
less to 50
2-2-Francis
Fancis turbine was invented by the american-british engineer James Francis in 1827.francis
turbine remain today one of most used turbine.

For Francis turbine we have a runner wheel covered by a guide wheel with adjustable angle
all that covered again of volute which is relied directly to the reservoir.in the runner the
water enter radialy and leave it axialy ,the water produce both impulse and reaction force
on the blade turbine because we have kinetic and pressure force. which is why we call
francis turbine mixed flow turbine.the volute dimension decrease as water flow is drawn to
trough and will permit entering water to have constant velocity and turne the blades . Guide
wheel is composed to guide vans and stay vans . guide vans control of flow rate ,controle
the flow angle.stay vans stir the flow toward the runner section and reduce swirl inlet flow.

Francis turbine are reaction turbine.reaction turbine are best for lower head situation and
high flow rate.

_according to direction francis turbine are inward flow turbine as the flow of the water is
inward from the periphery center.
_according to the head at inlet of turbine francis is a medium turbine with net head can go
from 30 to 50 m with midle amount of water

_according to specific speed turbine francis turbine as moderate speed that varies from 50
to 250

The efficienty for any type turbine is found as :

ηt = Pmech / Phyd
with Pmech = ω · T
and Phyd = ρ * Q * g * H (W)
Phyd [W] : hydraulic power
H [m] : net (water) head
Q [m3/s] : discharge volumetric flow rate
g : acceleration due to gravity (9,81 m/s2)
ρ : water volumetric mass /specific weight (1000 kg/m3) Pmech :
T ( Nm) :the torque
ω or N (rad/s or RPM) :rotation in time
2-3-Kaplan
The kaplan turbine is one of te last turbine invented .It was invented by Australian professor
Viktor Kaplan in 1913 .

Kaplan turbine can work for low head and high flow.the water enter in a spiral casing that
area decrease as water flow to make sure the flow enters to the center portion almost at
uniform velocity trough the perimeter.The guide vans pass the water over the runner and
leave trough a draft tube.one of the most important part of Kaplan turbine is the runner
.The cross section runner blade have curved shape,Kaplan is an axial flow machine as the
absolute velocity of flow is parralele to axis of turbine.

Kaplan turbine is also a reaction turbine .

-kaplan has blade with curved shape.

_According to the direction kaplan is an axial flow turbine because the water flow is parallele
to the axis of
the shaft.

_according
to the head
inlet of
turbine kapl
an is a low
head
turbine
cause the
total head is

_according
to the specific
speed of the
turbine
kaplan has a
high specific
speed
turbine wit
speed equal
or above 250