Sub.

Teacher
Ms. Nilesha U.Patil
 Program :
Mechanical Engineering
Course:
Fluid Mechanics & Machinery
CO-Select various types of turbine under specified
condition.
 Kaplan Turbine
Invented by Prof. Viktor Kaplan of Austria during 1913 – 1922.
The Kaplan is of the propeller type, similar to an airplane
propeller.
The difference between the Propeller and Kaplan turbines is that
the Propeller turbine has fixed runner blades while the Kaplan
turbine has adjustable runner blades.
The kaplan's blades are adjustable for pitch and will handle a great
variation of flow very efficiently.
The kaplan turbine, unlike all other turbines, the runner's blades
are movable.
The application of Kaplan turbines are from a head of 2m to 30m.
Comparison with other turbines
Pelton turbines are tangential flow impulse turbines
operate above a head of 200m and low discharge. low
specific speed of 8.5 to 30 for single jet and 30 to 51
for two or more jets.
Francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine
operate under a head of 30 to 200m and medium
discharge specific speed of 51 to 255.and has
minimum slow rate
Kaplan turbine is axial flow reaction turbine operate
under a head of 2 to 30m and large discharge. a high
specific speed of 255 to 860.
Major Parts of A Kaplan Turbine
Parts of kaplan turbine
The main part of kaplan turbine are
Scroll casing
Guide vanes mechanism
Runner of turbine
Draft tube
Scroll casing:The water from penstock enters scroll
casing and surrounds the runner.It provides an even
distribution of water around the circumference of the
turbine runner maintaining the constant velocity for the
water distributed
Stay ring:The function of stay ring is to direct the water
from scroll casing to guide vanes.
Guide vanes:The guide vanes direct the water at an
appropriate angle and regulates the quantity of water
supplied to the runner
Runner blades:The blades are attached to the hub and
so shaped that water flows axially through the runner
Draft tube:
A Draft tube connects the runner exit to tail race.
It is a pipe of gradually increasing area used for
discharging water from exit of turbine to tail race.
By using draft tube, the kinetic energy rejected at the
outlet of turbine is converted to useful pressure
energy.
The turbine may be placed above the tail race and
hence it can be inspected properly.
Types of Draft tubes:
The following are the important type of draft tube which is
used are
a. Conical draft tubes
b. Single elbow tubes
c. Moody spreading tubes and
d. Elbow draft tube with circular inlet and rectangular outlet.
The conical draft tubes and moody spreading draft tubes
is more efficient.
Operation of kaplan turbine
The water from the penstocks enters the scroll casing and
then moves to the guide vanes.
From the guide vanes, the water turns through 90° and
flows axially through the runner.
For Kaplan Turbine, the shaft of the turbine is vertical.
The lower end of the shaft is made larger and is called
‘Hub’ or ‘Boss’.
The vanes are fixed on the hub and hence Hub acts as
runner for axial flow turbine.
Important parameters for kaplan turbine
The peripheral velocity at inlet and outlet are equal u1=u2=
∏DoN/60 were Do is outer dia of runner
• Velocity of flow at inlet and outlet are equal
Vf1=Vf2
• Area of flow at inlet = area of flow at outlet
A = (∏/4)(Do2-Db2) ,Db is diameter of hub
• Specific speed of kaplan turbine is given by
Ns = N√P/H5/4 were P is shaft power in KW
• Discharge Q=A*Vf1
• Overall efficiency is given by ηo=P/(ρ*g*Q*H/1000)