ASSIGNMENT NO.

APPLICATION OF 1ST
ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

ADRIANO, RHOD CHRISTIAN C.

BSAeE 2-9
ENGR. JIM CONRAD ASPIRIN
January 13, 2021
I. Decomposition and Growth
Exponential Growth and Decay
𝑋 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡

This is the general solution for growth and decay. Most often we are asked to determine
the population after a specific amount of time.
Example:
The population of dogs in the streets was 20,000 in 2025 and increased to 25,000 by
2026. Estimate the population growth in 2027.
at t = 0 , x = 20,000 is the original population.
𝑋 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
20,000 = Cek(0) = 20,000 = c(1) 𝐶 = 20,000
Solve for K: t = 1 at 1 year
X = 25,000
𝑋 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
25,000 = 20000 𝑒 𝑘(1)
20000

25,000
= 𝑒 1𝑘
20,000

25,000
𝐼𝑛 ( ) = 1𝑘
20,000

𝐼𝑛 25,000 − 𝐼𝑛 20,000
𝑘=
1

Now to solve for 2 years later:

t=2
𝑥 = 20000𝑒 (𝐼𝑛 25000−𝐼𝑛 20000)(2)
 𝑥 = 31250 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑜𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑡 2027.

Exponential Growth Example (Population Growth)

We could apply the first Order of Differential Equation to exponential growth. We can
manipulate the equation to solve and predict the population as time affects it. We can use this
to predict the increase in population.

For Example:
The cat population grows according to the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 1500𝑒 0.01𝑡 , where t is
measured in days.
How many cats are present in the population after 15 days? When does the population reach
1500 cats?
Solution:
We have our function:
𝑓(𝑡) = 1500𝑒 0.01𝑡
Input our t = 15 days
𝑓(5) = 1500𝑒 0.01(15)
𝑓(5) = 1742.751364 𝑜𝑟 1742
The population of cats while reach 1742 chickens after 5 days.
To figure out when will the cat reach the population of 5000:
𝑦 = 1500𝑒 0.01𝑡
5000 1500𝑒 0.01𝑡
= t = 120.2972304
1500 1500

=120 Days
3.33 = 𝑒 0.01𝑡
𝐼𝑛 (3.33) 0.01 𝑡
=
0.01 0.01

➢ This can be used in controlling the populations of cats in an area. Knowing the population
increase would give you an idea of how healthy their population is.
Radioactive Decay (Radiocarbon Dating)
One of the most common applications of exponential decay is carbon dating. We
must figure out the amount of carbon present in the specific object and the carbon that
remains inside it, by doing so we could determine the specific age of that object.
For Example:
If we have 30 g. of carbon – 14 with a half-life of approximately 2700 years. If the
substance now has 13 g of carbon. How old is it?

𝐼𝑛2
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑡= 𝑘

𝐼𝑛2 𝐼𝑛2
Where: y = carbon remain 𝑘= =
𝑡 2700

X = original carbon
𝐼𝑛2
k = rate of decay 𝑘= 2700

t = time
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

𝐼𝑛2
−( )(𝑡)
13 = 30𝑒 2700)

𝐼𝑛2
13
30
= 𝑒 −(2700)(𝑡)

13 𝐼𝑛2
In ( 30 ) = − (2700) (𝑡)

𝐼𝑛 13−𝐼𝑛 30
𝑡= (2700)
– 𝐼𝑛2

t = 3257.417369 ≈ 3257 years

The substance is about 3257 years old.
 ➢ Carbon dating can be used to figure out how old a certain fossil is. They can be
used to know about time wherein that created lived.

II. Newton’s Law of Cooling

The first Order of Differential equations can be used to figure out the change in
temperature of an object and the temperature around that object.
𝑇 = (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑎)𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑓 𝑇𝑎 General Solution

Where: T = temperature of the body

Ta = ambient temperature (temperature of the surroundings)
To = initial temperature of the body
k = constant rate or proportionality
For Example:
A thermometer that has a reading of 250 𝐶 is placed outside where the
weather is cold, and the temperature is 80 𝐶. 5 minutes later it is found that the
thermometer reading is 190 𝐶. Find the thermometer reading after 12 minutes.
Solution:
𝑇 = (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑎)𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 + Ta 𝑇 = 190 𝐶
19𝑜 𝐶 = (25 − 8) 𝑒 −𝑘(5)+8 𝑇𝑜 = 250 𝐶
11 = (17)𝑒 −5𝑘 𝑇𝑎 = 8𝑜 𝐶
11
= 𝑒 −5𝑘 t = 5 minutes
17

11
𝐼𝑛 ( ) = −5𝑘
17
𝐼𝑛 11 − 𝐼𝑛 17
𝑘=
−5

After 12 minutes:
𝑇 = (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑎)𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑇𝑎
−𝐼𝑛 11−𝐼𝑛 17
𝑇 = (25 − 8) 𝑒 −5 12 + 8
 𝑇 = 13.98𝑜 𝐶 will be the temperature reading in the thermometer after 12 minutes.
➢ This method can be used for weather forecasting.

III. Mixing Non-Reacting Fluids

Mixing problems are one of the applications of a separable differential equation.
To be able to describe the substance being added to the tank at a specific rate.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑐1𝑟1 − 𝑐2𝑟2 rate equation = 𝑐1𝑟1 − (𝑣) 𝑟2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Where: c1 = substance being added

r1 = volume flow rate being added
c2 = substance being removed
r2 = volume flow rate being removed
x = amount of salt at time t-
v = final volume of a solution at time

Example:
A tank contains 80 liters of pure water. A brine solution with 2 lbs./gal. of salt enters
at 2 gals/minute and the well-stirred mixture leaves at the same rate. Find the
amount of salt in the tank at any given time.
r1 = 2lbs./gal r2 = 2lbs./gal
c1 = 2gals/min. v = 80 liters
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑐1𝑟1 − ( ) 𝑟2
𝑑𝑡 𝑣
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑐
= (2)(2) − (2)(80) 0 = 160 + 1
𝑑𝑡 (0)
𝑒 40
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑐
= 4 − 40 0 = 160 +
𝑑𝑡 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
+ =4 𝑐 = −160
𝑑𝑡 40
 Get the integrating factor: Input:
1
(−160)
𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 ∫40𝑑𝑡 𝑥 = 160 + 1
𝑡
𝑒 40
1
𝜇 = 𝑒 40 𝑡

160
Multiply the integrating factor 𝜇: 𝑥 = 160 − 1 lbs. of salt is in the tank.
𝑡
𝑒 40
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 40𝑡 ( 𝑎𝑡 + 40 = 4) 𝑒 40𝑡 𝑥 = 160𝑒 40𝑡 + 𝑐
1
𝑡
160𝑒 40 +𝑐
Collapse: 𝑥= 1
𝑡
𝑒 40
𝑐
𝜇𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑡)𝜇 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 = 160 + 1
𝑡
𝑒 40

1 1
𝑒 40𝑡 𝑥 = ∫ 4 . 𝑒 40𝑡 dt
1
1 𝑒 40𝑡
𝑒 40𝑡 𝑥 =4 ( )+𝑐
1
40

IV. Electric Circuit

R, L – Series
According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, the differential equation can be used to
calculate and define the circuit by solving for the current on the given problem.
 𝑑𝑖
𝑉 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 Linear Equation
𝑑𝑡

Where: V = voltage R = resistance

i = current t = time
L = inductance

For Example:
Find the current in the circuit at any time t. The RL has an emf of 3V, a resistance
of 30Ω, an inductance of 3H, and has no initial current.

V = 3V R = 30Ω
L = 3H 𝐼(𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑖
𝑉 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖 1
[3 = 30𝑖 + 3 ]
𝑑𝑡 3

𝑑𝑖
𝐼 = 10𝑖 + 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖
≠ 10𝑖 = 1
𝑑𝑡

Get the integrating factor 𝜇:

𝑒10𝑡
+𝑐
𝜇= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑖= 10
10𝑡
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼(𝑡) = 0 𝑡 = 0
𝑒
1 𝑐 1 𝑐
= 𝑒 ∫ 10𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 10𝑡 𝑖= + 𝑒 10𝑡 𝑖 = 10 +
10 𝑒 10𝑡
 1 𝑐 1 𝑐
𝜇 = 𝑒 10𝑡 0= + 𝑒 10(0) = 10 + 1
10
1
1 (− ) 1
10
Multiply the integrating factor 𝜇: 𝑖 = 10 + 10𝑡
𝑐 = − 10
𝑒
𝑑𝑖 1 1
𝑒 10𝑡 (𝑑𝑡 + 10𝑖 = 1) 𝑖 = 10 − is the current in the circuit at
10𝑒 10𝑡
any time t
Collapse:
𝜇𝑖 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑡)𝜇 𝑑𝑡

𝑒 10𝑡 𝑖 = ∫ 𝑒 10𝑡 𝑑𝑡

10𝑡
𝑒 10𝑡
𝑒 𝑖= +𝑐
10