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Bioengineering
Clemson University’s Department of Bioengineering has been widely recognized as a
pioneer in the field of biomaterials science and engineering and is renowned for its leadership
in biomaterials research and education. One of the oldest in the world, Clemson’s
bioengineering program began in 1963 with the inception of a Doctor of Philosophy. A Master
of Science was added in 1966 and a Bachelor of Science in 2006.
applications among others. Research projects lie in the following areas: in‐vivo performance of
biomaterials; biological response to implanted biomaterials; biomechanics of tissue, implants
and the tissue/implant interface; wear and lubrication of joints; spinal mechanics; visualization
techniques; CAD/CAM‐based custom prostheses design; and biomolecular modeling.
Clemson University maintains fully staffed professional machine and electrical shops,
electron microscopy facilities, maintenance shops and a computer network group. The
University libraries provide up‐to‐date reference support for research programs, including free
capabilities allow ease of communication between campuses. Students enrolled at Clemson and
MUSC can take advantage of this joint research‐training program. Students can pursue a B.S. in
bioengineering, a joint M.D. /Ph.D. or D.M.D. Ph.D. with the Ph.D. in bioengineering from
Clemson and the M.D. or D.M.D. from MUSC.
The Department offers ample instructional and laboratory facilities, which are all functional and
well equipped to meet the educational goals of our students.
BIOENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTERS
Center of Biomedical Research Excellence “South Carolina Bioengineering Center for Regeneration and
Formation of Tissues (BioCRAFT)” An NIH COBRE funded in October of 2009, BioCRAFT promotes
research of treatments for human diseases by fostering interdisciplinary collaborations among
researchers and enhancing interdependent intellectual capital and resources in South Carolina.
Objectives are to find treatments for human diseases by fostering interdisciplinary
resources within the state. The center comprehensively mentors target investigators toward
independence as NIH‐funded researchers in regenerative medicine and recruits outstanding
junior and senior investigators in regenerative medicine. The main cores of the center are in
Materials Synthesis, Characterization, and Testing, Cell and Molecular Engineering, Histology
and Imaging.
Cores
Materials and Synthesis Characterization
Dr. Robert Latour, Director; Dr. Martine LaBerge, Co‐Director; Dr. Gulya Korneva, Research
Asst, Lab Manager;
The Materials Synthesis, Characterization and Testing Core support the characterization and
analysis of biomaterials and implants developed by SCBioMat researchers, from the nanoscale
to the microscale. The core consists of three areas of primary focus, or thrusts: Design and
Synthesis of Materials; Chemical and Surface Characterization; Mechanical Testing.
The laboratory has the following equipment.
Spectropolarimeter (Jasco J‐810): Measures the circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotary
dispersion (ORD) of the sample.
Light Source: 150W Xe arc lamp (N2 cooled)
Specifications: Wavelength range from 163 to 900 nm
Accessories: Peltier type temperature controller Jasco PFD‐425S; Automated pH titrator Jasco
ATS‐429S.
Applications:
Allows verification of the chirality of molecules or compounds;
Estimates fractions of each different conformation in protein structure via available
software;
For studying the conformational changes of molecules with temperature;
For Verifying that the protein is in its native conformation;
Protein folding studies; and purity testing of optically active substances.
Refractive Index Analysis Instrument AR700 (Reichert)
Temperature Controlled Automatic Refractometer
Specifications: Reading range of 1.33000 to 1.60000 Refractive Indices and the full Brix scale.
Precision: to 0.01 Brix or 0.00001 RI
Applications: Measures refractive index of transparent, translucent, and opaque liquids.
Optical Contact‐Angle Goniometer DSA‐20E (Krüss)
A video camera based fully computer controlled contact angle meter.
Applications:
Determination of static and dynamic contact angle measurements;
Determination of surface and interfacial tension of liquids;
Determination adsorption and wetting
Determination automatically measured surface free energy of solids.
Variable‐angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometer GES 5 (Sopra Inc)
Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is a non‐contact, non‐destructive optical technique.
Features: Thickness measured: from monoatomic to several microns thick. The beam size: 1
mm2 and 10 mm2.
The variable angles: from 7º to 90º with variable +/‐ 0.01º; spectral range 200 nm to 800 nm
Applications:
Measures material refractive indices;
Layer thicknesses of thin film layers on flat substrates; and
Up to 7 layers can be analyzed in terms of thickness and optical characteristics for each
layer.
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ‐ AAnalyst 200 Instruments (Perkin Elmer)
Specifications: Wavelength range from 189 to 900 nm.
Applications: For determining very precisely the concentration of a particular element in a
liquid sample, can detect from 1 to 1000 μg/L. For each element, the specific lamp is required.
Ca, Cu, and Fe lamps are available.
The list of lamps/elements for analysis on AAnalyst 200 can be found on
https://www.vwrcanlab.com/programs/equipment/pdf/Model%20AAnalyst%20200%20Spectro
meters.pdf.
BiAcoreX Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectrometer Biacore X spectrometer
Biacore is a methodology for measuring the interactions mostly between proteins, in real time
using the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and permits the study of
interactions between nucleic acids, lipids, small molecules, and whole cells.
Specifications:
Two Flow cell capability;
Temperature regulation from 4 to 40oC;
Flow rates 1‐100μL/min, steps of 1 μL;
Required sample volume: injection volume (minimum 5 μL +20 μl);
Molecular weight detection: >180 Da;
Refractive index range from 1.33 to 1.40; and
Sensitivity: 70000 RU*, where RU, resonance units, 1RU = 1 pg/mm2 of sensor surface.
Applications:
Kinetics of binding;
Solution affinity;
Steady state affinity;
Yes/No binding;
Ligand fishing;
Affinity ranking;
Protein concentration assays;
Protein percent activity assays; and
Thermodynamics.
Materials Testing System (MTS) Synergie 100
Applications: Tensile, Flex, Peel/Tear, Strain, and Compression test methods.
Specifications:
Loadings available are 10 N (2 lbf) and 100 N (22.5 lbf);
Speed range from 0.001 to 1000 mm/min (0.00004‐39 in/min);
Max specimen thickness for grips: 13 mm (0.5 in); and
50 mm (2.0 inch) diameter lightweight compression platens. Face set, 25x25 mm rubber,
for 100/2000 advantage pneumatic and screw action grips.
HPLC/GPC System (Waters)
Applications: high resolution separation and purification.
Features: Binary Gradient Pumping System Flow Rate Range: 0 to 10 ml/min; max operating
pressure: 6000 psi. , Autosampler Loop Volumes: 100 and 500 μl., Photodiode Array Detector
(Wavelength Range from 190 to 800 nm with 1.2 nm resolution with wavelength accuracy: ± 1
nm); Refractive Index Detector (Refractive Index Range: 1.00 to 1.75 RIU with temperature
control from 30 to 55oC); Column Heater (Temperature Range from 20oC to 60oC, with
temperature accuracy of ±0.8oC; Column Capacity of up to four 7.8 mm x 300 mm columns);
Fraction Collector (Methods of Operation: time, drop count, drop volume, signal).
Expanded Plasma Surface Treatment Unit PDC‐001 (Harrick Plasma)
Features:
Expanded Pyrex plasma chamber 6″diameter x 6.5″ length (15.24cm x16.51 cm);
PlasmaFlo gas mixer; and
Oxygen service pump.
Electrophysiology Lab (204 Rhodes)
The Electrophysiology Laboratory is equipped for patch clamp analysis, and is associated with
the cell culture laboratory in 206 Rhodes which prepares living cells for physiology tests.
Cell, Tissue, and Molecular Analysis Core
Molecular BiologyDr. Rick Visconti, Dr. Dan Simionescu, Dr. Shibnath Ghatak
Histology and Advanced Imaging: Dr. Terri Bruce, Co‐Director; Linda Jenkins, Chad McMahan,
Dr. Bruce Gao
Stem Cell Biology: Dr. Carol Brenner, Co‐Director; Dr. Dan Simionescu
Cell, tissue, and molecular biology techniques are the cornerstone of biomedical research and
regenerative medicine endeavors. A major obstacle for junior faculty is lack of state‐of‐the‐art
facilities and specialized expertise commonly found in states with major NIH funding. This
often hinders the generation of preliminary data necessary to be competitive for NIH R01
grants. In the State of South Carolina, there are several strong facilities and successful
investigators who have received generous NIH funding and have gained significant tissue, cell,
and molecular expertise. However, junior faculty in SC have not benefited optimally from these
opportunities. To close this gap, we developed the Cell, Tissue and Molecular Analysis Core
(CTMA core) to be affiliated with SC BioCRAFT.
After conferring with the PI of the COBRE proposal and the five targeted PIs, we have
identified three thrusts that will serve the needs of all our COBRE projects: 1) molecular
biology, 2) histology and advanced imaging, and 3) stem cell biology. Outstanding facilities and
labs directed by expert investigators in these three thrusts have been identified and brought
together to serve the needs of COBRE PIs and those of other investigators in the State of South
Carolina in CTMA core. Areas of expertise in this core include regenerative medicine, gene and
protein expression and manipulation, adult and induced stem cells, and advanced histology,
electron microscopy, and biophotonics. The Core will provide support to develop ideas,
overcome technical challenges, and lead the targeted projects towards significant outcomes as
outlined in the following specific aims:
Specific Aim 1 – To promote and facilitate advanced molecular biology
research
Two main research facilities, the Regenerative Medicine Laboratory in Clemson
and the Signal Transduction Facility at MUSC, are fully functional and will
provide unlimited expertise with gene and protein expression, silencing,
transfection, traditional biochemistry assays, signal transduction, and targeting
nanoparticles. Additional expertise and services in cell sorting, microarrays,
molecular engineering, proteogenomics and bioinformatics are available from
collaborating P30 MUSC COBRE cores. Together, these facilities, operated and
supported by Clemson University and MUSC, are fully equipped, have
impressive potential, and are ready to serve the SC COBRE investigators and
others throughout the state.
Specific Aim 2 – To provide histology and advanced imaging expertise and
support
Many of the research questions posed by the COBRE investigators will require
histology and advanced microscopy to answer. The ability to visualize the
subcellular locations of biomolecules and organelles will be crucial to these
researchers as they strive to engineer translatable solutions to challenging tissue
engineering problems. The histology and microscopy facilities will provide the
tools investigators need and will foster a collaborative environment that
introduce the newest techniques in histology and advanced imaging.
Specific Aim 3 – To enhance adult and induced stem cell research capabilities
Stem cell research facilities, such as the Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine
and the Stem Cell Institute, will provide expertise with derivation,
characterization and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and adult
stem cells, and in vivo tracking, in collaboration with the Bioengineering Core.
Since stem cells are such an important tool for regenerative medicine, all
targeted investigators will be encouraged to learn about them and consider
ways to employ them in future grant applications. The laboratory personnel are
highly qualified in the field, and the labs are fully equipped and functional and
ready to help the targeted PIs. The Stem Cell Institute and Clemson University,
respectively, operate, support and maintain the core facilities. The proposed
core will greatly enhance research capabilities and most significantly advance
the potential for regenerative medicine research within South Carolina. While
COBRE trainees will be the primary beneficiaries and priority users of this
facility at no cost, this core will also support the research programs of faculty
members at collaborating institutions throughout the entire state.
THE INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL INTERFACES OF ENGINEERING (IBIOE)
Directed by Dr. Karen Burg, IBIOE is a South Carolina‐based interdisciplinary research and
educational institution devoted to the development of clinically relevant biomaterials
technology and products for disease management and the transfer of this technology for patient
care through leading biomaterials‐related education, research and training in advanced
biomaterials, human centered electronic collaboration, tissue fabrication, and tissue test
systems. IBIOE has five goals
1. Disseminate cutting edge biomaterials technologies internationally;
2. Develop an internationally recognized “go to” electronic research and training
collaboratory to facilitate surgeon‐researcher interactions and expedite the translation of
advanced technologies to the clinic;
3. Immerse students/medical residents in a technically diverse environment to hone technical,
entrepreneurial, communication, leadership and teamwork skills;
4. Maximize economic development for SC through the establishment of an internationally
recognized Medical Research Center with industrial partners;
economically disadvantaged South Carolina find higher education and inquiry/team‐based
research opportunities.
IBIOE has received 5 million in funding from the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer ($195,000); a
$2M National Science Foundation (NSF) award (one out of only 12 awarded nationally; and a
$2.9M Department of Defense award (one out of only 9 awarded nationally). Ongoing Training
Initiatives include SC Life Teacher Training, Boston Museum of Science Teacher Training, Call
Me Doctor,™ and partnerships with minority engineering/science doctoral fellows with
education students to bring cutting edge science/engineering concepts to the classroom.
Lab Capabilities
CU‐BBTF: BIOMEDICAL AND BIOENGINEERING TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH FACILITY
The CU‐BBTF focuses on translational research, or “research that brings discovery directly from
the bench to practical applications in patients.” The National Institutes of Health (NIH)
provides a clear message to the community in its road map about the importance of
translational research for the benefit of health care. According to the National Institutes of
Health, “Translational research has proven to be a powerful process that drives the clinical
research engine.” Targeted research areas include surgical therapies, cardiovascular science and
engineering, orthopaedic performance and biomechanics, regenerative medicine, tissue
engineering, advanced surgical technologies and drug development. The program is supported
by a structured clinical trial program and data management resources at GHS to create and
nurture a cadre of well trained investigators and leaders who can develop, implement and
market innovative scientific and technological knowledge.
BIOENGINEERING LABORATORIES
Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory (Rhodes 507 and 514)
solutions to treatment of degenerative diseases, specifically focusing on the cardiovascular and
orthopedic systems. Founded in 2006, the purpose of BTRL is to understand cellular and
molecular mechanisms of pathological scenarios, in which for most degenerative diseases
surgical replacement is the only option. Specifically, the lab seeks to
• Understand the basics of biocompatibility at the molecular level and development of
advanced, compatible biomaterials to be used in tissue repair or as replacement artificial
tissues and organs
• Create bioengineering approaches for regeneration of diseased tissues using adult stem
cells and natural scaffolds
regenerative medicine.
Scaffold preparation and design, cell culturing, biochemistry, bioreactor design and testing
Undergraduates learn implant compatibility and regenerative medicine by combining input
from the clinical setting with basic biomedical knowledge and engineering principles to
treatments.
Equipment
CO2 incubators (CO 170 – New Brunswick Scientific)
Class A2 Vacuum Hood (1387 – Thermo Scientific)
Sterile biologic hood (Delta series – labconco)
A high‐tech 96‐well plate ELISA reader and washer is available to greatly facilitate
reproducible assays
Multispeed refrigerated centrifuge reaching speeds of up to 12000 rpm that handle small
volumes (1‐2 ml) (11210918 Iec/Thermo Shandon)
Refrigerated centrifuges that reach 5000 rpm for larger volumes (up to 50 ml tubes) (5804
– Eppendorf AG).
Axiovert 40 CLF microscope with digital cameras for cell cultures and conventional
histology (Axiovert 40 CFL‐451212 –Zeiss)
Pear Physica Modular compact rheometer MCR300 – Paar Physics)
Fisher Hamilton Manifold Assembly/Center Standing Island
pipettors, disposable plastic ware, digital water‐baths, dry digital hybridization ovens
for temperature‐controlled reactions, balances, digital pH meters, hot plates and
magnetic stirrers, homogenizers
A total of seven computers in both labs.
Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory
Headed by Dr. Richard Figliola, the Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory is located in G07 and G06 of
the Fluor Daniel Engineering Innovation Building. The laboratory is equipped with several flow
benches, including a right heart circulation simulator and several mock circuits simulating the
circulation with single ventricle heart defects. Special equipment includes a 6W Ar‐ion laser, 150
mJ Ng‐Yag pulsed laser, high‐speed digital CCD cameras, automated data acquisition systems,
and both particle image velocimeter and laser Doppler velocimeter systems for high resolution
flow measurements. The lab also maintains a multiple processor high performance parallel
computer for flow simulations. Current research involves pulmonary prosthetic valve
evaluation and design, and multi‐scale modeling.
Biomaterials Laboratory
The Laboratory for Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics (Ortho X), under the
direction of Dr. Jeremy Mercuri, focuses on the development of regenerative medicine
6ft Cell Culture Hood
Biomolecular Interactions Laboratory
Located in the Rhodes Research Center, the Biomolecular Interactions Lab is dedicated to
studies on quantitative measurement of molecular‐level aspects related to the orientation,
conformation, and bioactivity of adsorbed peptides and proteins to surfaces as a function of
surface chemistry. Studies are specifically designed and coordinated to support the
development of computational chemistry methods by the Biomolecular Modeling Lab to
accurately simulate the protein adsorption behavior.
The BIL has a wet lab space and is fully equipped with work benches, sinks, refrigerator/freezer,
and fume‐hoods. Specific equipment includes a
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy instrument (Biacore X, Biacore, Inc.) for
adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics studies.
index measurement for SPR bulk shift subtraction).
JASCO J‐810 circular dichroism spectropolarimeter with Peltier temperature control for
protein secondary structure analysis, a variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer (GES5,
SOPRA Inc.) for SAM surface and protein adsorption characterization.
Computerized contact angle instrument and image analysis system (Krüss DSA‐20E
instrument) for surface characterization,
Spin coater (MTI corporation)
Carver Model C lab hot press (Carver, Inc.) for fabricating polymeric films of
nanometeric thicknesses.
Biomolecular Modeling Laboratory
The Biomolecular Modeling Lab is located in 407 Rhodes Research Center, the purpose of which
is to theoretically assess the molecular behavior to complement the experimental studies of the
Biomolecular Interactions Lab. The lab conducts molecular dynamics simulations using
advanced sampling techniques to model the behavior of materials (e.g., polymer hydration and
hydrolysis) and to predict the adsorption behavior of peptides and proteins to different types of
solid material surfaces. Advanced sampling algorithms, modeling methods, and force field
parameterization are developed to accurately simulate peptide and protein adsorption
behavior. A set of six UNIX workstations networked with Clemson Universityʹs Palmetto
Cyberinfrastructure Technology Integration (CITI) group, are available.
Biotribology Laboratory (503 Rhodes)
The focus of the biotribology laboratory involves the characterization and analysis of
biomaterials and orthopeadic implant bearing surface wear. Within the laboratory are
experimental testing and analysis instrumentation for the elucidation of biomaterial wear
behavior.
Basic materials wear and mechanical characterization – an ATMI Six Station
machine, a low modulus materials testing system (Vitrodyne V‐1000 with 150g, 500g, 5lb
and 10lb load cells), and a MAX‐Shear pin‐on‐disc wear testing machine.
including two non‐contact surface profilometers with 1.5X, 20X and 100X magnification
heads (NT‐2000 by Veeco Corporation) with a vertical scanning range of 1nm to 500um
Ra.
Fabrication of polymers ‐ performed using Carver Hot presses with a cooling system
permitting to control the annealing of polymer specimens fabricated are also in use in
our facilities (max 800F and 10,000 lbs).
Comprehensive study of orthopeadic implant bearing surface wear ‐ two 4‐station
model KC Stanmore/Instron total knee wear replacement testing simulators are available
to evaluate the mechanical properties of new orthopeadic implant designs over long‐
term physiologic testing conditions and the influence of aberrant loading conditions and
clinical factors can be studied in detail.
Additional equipment includes a Digital Storage Dual Channel Oscilloscope (Gould); a
high speed, high frame rate imaging system (Hi‐speed motion CCD camera), and a
multifunction I/O board (national instruments).
BSL‐2 Cell Culture Laboratory (202 Rhodes)
The BSL‐2 lab has laminar flow hoods for cell culture and microbiology. It is equipped and
approved for Biosafety Level 2 work, which includes contact with animal and human tissues.
Access is restricted to authorized trained personnel, or students who undergo specific training.
The BSL lab has the following equipment.
Nikon Diaphot Research Microscope
Isotemp Co2 water jacketed incubator (Fisher Scientific)
Thermo‐scientific general purpose incubator for bacteria growth (no CO2)
Beckman Coulter Allegra 6R Centrifuge
Baker Sterilgard III Advanced Class II Biological Safety Cabinet
Locator Junior liquid nitrogen dewar
Fisher Scientific 3300 Osmometer
Cardiovascular Implant Research Laboratory (CIRL‐ I) –Rhodes 409/411 – 414/416 ‐ 418
The purpose of CIRL elucidates the molecular mechanisms of implant failure, synthetic polymer
materials, tissue‐derived materials and site specific therapies. Laboratory projects seek to extend
the durability of tissue‐derived biomaterials, specifically bioprosthetic heart valves, by
improving tissue fixation. Here undergraduates learn expertise required for training and
experimentation with cells and tissues and performing histological and pathological analysis of
implants. The tissue engineering, cell culture and histocompatibility labs (414/416, 418) also
provide such expertise and are very popular among undergraduates. In these labs cell cultures
are incubated, bioreactors for mechanical simulation is undertaken and engineering tissue is
imaged. Available equipment includes
Refrigerated Centrifuges w/4 place rotor (Iec‐8r)
Incubator – DBL. Auto Trpl. Gas hi 115V (7301‐0R Napco)
FX‐3000 Flexercell Strain Unit (FX 3000 AFC‐CTL)
Z2 Analyzer (Dual threshold & size distribution) (Beckman Coulter)
Universal Microplate Spectrometer MQX200 (Uquant)
Class II Biosafety Hood 36208/36209 Type AZ (Labconco)
Autoclave 3870M (Tuttnauer Brinkman)
Freezer 17.2 cubic feet (‐80 C) ULT1786‐5A40 (Revco)
3 computers
Cardiovascular Implant Research Laboratory (CIRL‐ II – Rhodes 518)
The purpose of CIRL II is used to train students in the area of heart valve and vascular
pathology and implant analysis. CIRL II has the following equipment.
Nikon Diaphot Fluorescence Microscope (Nikon)
Mastercycler Gradient (Eppendorf)
FT/IT‐430 Spectrometer (FT/IR – Jasco)
Universal Microplate Spectrophotometer – (Uquant)
Axioskop 2 plus research microscope ‐ AXIOSKOP 2 PLUS (Zeiss)
Gel electrophoresis system M‐20 (Bio Doc‐It System)
Micro CT Scanner MICRO CT 20 (Smith Kline Beecham)
Nikon FL Microscope DIAPHOT (Nikon)
YSI 2300D Stat Plus Analyzer 2300 STAT PLUS D (Yellow Springs Inst. Co.)
CO2 Incubator CO_170PLUS‐115 (New Brunswick Scientific)
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Aanalyst 200 (Perkin Elmer)
Kevex X‐ray MICROCT80 (Kevex)
MicroCT 80 Computer RX2660 HP
Centrifuge 5810R Eppendorf AG
Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Lab (CTEL)
The current research interests of the Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Laboratory (CTEL)
encompass various converging approaches to treat the problem of re‐occlusion that follows
interventional revascularization of occluded small diameter blood vessels. The successful
application of ECM‐based tissue engineering technologies to improve current stents can (i)
prevent sudden death due to stent‐induced distal embolization; (ii) eliminate the need for
secondary revascularization procedures; and (iii) reduce the frequency of limb amputation by
facilitating lasting revascularization and faster healing of wounds. The alleviation of these
complications can help dramatically lower healthcare costs and direct available monetary,
research, and healthcare resources towards treatment of other challenging medical conditions.
Cell Culture Laboratory (206 Rhodes)
This laboratory, which is available to undergraduate BioE students, has the following
equipment. Associated with the Electrophysiology Lab (204 Rhodes)
Zeiss Axiotech plus 100 Reflected Light Microscope
A Thermo, Iec Centrifuge (GP8PR)
An SC‐603 6 foot biological safety cabinet
An Axioskop 2 plus microscope (Zeiss)
An Axiovert 200 MOT F/H/DIC and accessories (Zeiss)
A High speed HSM axiocam monochrome camera (Zeiss)
Creative Inquiry Laboratory (304/306); Molecular Biology Laboratory
The CI lab provides participating CI BioE undergraduates with resources for the 16 CI projects
currently underway in BioE, specifically having tools and materials for small prototype
production and analysis. It also has one computer.
C.W. Hall Documentation Center (Rhodes 208)
This documentation center and reading lounge holds collections of instruction materials
including books, manuscripts, patent information, video and audio tapes, and other CU BioE
artifacts.
(CUTTERS) Rhodes 212
The robotics laboratory hosts undergraduate students for research and honors training. It is
equipped with electronics for designing medical imaging and image processing. It also has four
computers for image guided and robotic surgery. The lab has the following equipment.
Aurora Magnetic Tracker System Control Unit (Northern Digital Instruments)
Four computers
Design Machine Shop (Rhodes 214)
The design machine shop is used for the mechanical testing of gear and equipment for the
analysis of working prototypes (Instron). There are two computers available in this shop for
student use. The design machine shop has the following equipment.
Zeiss Panel Computer Projection with overhead projector
Zeiss Cabinet Industrial x‐ray
Zeiss Microscopic Image Analysis System
Zeiss Axiovert CFL
Amit Six channel multi‐component force transducer (MC3A‐1000)
Electrophysiology Laboratory (204/205 Rhodes)
The Electrophysiology Lab in 204 Rhodes is equipped for patch clamp analysis for cell cultural
analysis which prepares living cells for electrophysiology tests. The lab has the following
equipment
Axioskop 2 FS Upright Fixed Stage Microscope (A710SKOP‐Zeiss)
60 Channel MEA System (MCS MEA‐60‐SYS)
Multiclamp 700A Amplifier (Axon Instruments)
(Zeiss 202057)
Flaming/Brown tyupe micropipette puller (p‐97 Sutter Instruments)
Nanoscope IVA SPM Control Station (D3100S‐1; Digital Instruments)
Automated Goniometer (Rhodes 205) KSV instruments.
Histocompability Laboratory (418)
The histocompatibility pathology laboratory (HPL) is equipped to do routine paraffin and
plastic embedding sections, and for processing staining and sectioning of histological tissue. It
has state of the art sectioning, polishing and staining equipment and numerous smaller pieces
of equipment such as a magnetic stirrer, vacuum pump, and an oven. The lab has the following
equipment.
POLYCUT E Microtome w/knife and holder (Excel technology)
Processor tissue Tek vacuum infiltration processor (Miles scientific)
Exakt Medical grinding/cutting system (SAW)
Olympus microscope pathology/microbiology
Zeiss cryostat machine (Micron HM 505N)
Buehler Isomet 3 8” polisher (Buehler)
Isomet 4000 Precision saw 112680 (Buehler)
Materials Characterization and Testing Lab (MCT) (520 Rhodes)
The Materials Characterization and Testing (MCT) Lab is equipped with state of the art
analytical and testing instruments. MCT Lab supports researchers, students and post doctoral
fellows sponsored by COBRE in the testing, characterization, and analysis of biomaterials. The
lab has the following instrumentation.
1. Spectropolarimeter (Jasco J‐810) – Measures the circular dichroism (CD) and optical
rotary dispersion (ORD) of the sample.
Specifications: Wavelength range from 163 to 900 nm
Accessories: Peltier type temperature controller Jasco PFD‐425S; Automated pH titrator
Jasco ATS‐429S.
Applications:
o Verifies the chirality of molecules or compounds;
o Estimates fractions of each different conformation in protein structure using
available software;
o Studies conformational changes of molecules with temperature;
o Verifies that the protein is in its native conformation;
o Protein folding studies;
o Purity testing of optically active substances.
2. Temperature Controlled Automatic Refractometer AR700 (Reichert)
Specifications: Reading range of 1.33000 to 1.60000 Refractive Index and the full Brix
scale. Precision: to 0.01 Brix or 0.00001 RI
liquids.
3. CAM 200 Optical Contact‐angle Goniometer – DSA‐20E (Kruss Instruments)
Applications:
o Contact angle measurements
o Surface free energy measurements
o Absorption and wetting
o Surface/interfacial tension
4. Variable‐angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometer GES 5 (Sopra Inc) ‐ Thickness measured: from
monoatomic to several microns thick. The beam size: 1 mm2 and 10 mm2; variable
angles: from 7º to 90º with variable +/‐ 0.01º; spectral range from 200 nm to 800 nm
Applications:
o Measures material refractive indices;
o Layer thicknesses of thin film layers on flat substrates;
o Up to 7 layers can be analyzed in terms of thickness and optical characteristics
for each layer.
5. Flame Atomic Absorption ‐ AAnalyst 200 Instrument (Perkin Elmer)
Specifications: Wavelength range from 189 to 900 nm.
Applications: For determining very precisely the concentration of a particular element in
a liquid sample; detects from 1 to 1000 μg/L. For each element, the specific lamp is
required. Ca lamp is available.
6. Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectrometer Biacore X ‐ Measures the interactions between
proteins, in real time using the phenomenon of surface Plasmon resonance (SPR).
Specifications:
Two Flow cell capability;
Temperature regulation from 4 to 40oC;
Flow rates 1‐100μL/min, steps of 1 μL;
Required sample volume: injection volume (minimum 5 μL +20 μl);
Molecular weight detection: >180 Da;
Refractive index range from 1.33 to 1.40;
Sensitivity: 70000 RU*, where RU, resonance units, 1RU = 1 pg/mm2 of sensor
surface.
7. Materials Testing System (MTS) Synergie 100
Applications: Tensile, Flex, Peel/Tear, Strain, and Compression test methods.
Specifications:
Loading available is 10 N (2 lbf);
Speed range from 0.001 to 1000 mm/min (0.00004‐39 in/min);
Max specimen thickness for grips: 13 mm (0.5 in);
50 mm (2.0 inch) diameter lightweight compression platens. Face set, 25x25 mm
rubber, for 100/2000 advantage pneumatic and screw action grips.
8. HPLC/GPC System (Waters)
Applications: MW determination, high resolution separation and purification.
(Wavelength Range from 190 to 800 nm with 1.2 nm resolution with wavelength
accuracy: ± 1 nm); Refractive Index Detector (Refractive Index Range: 1.00 to 1.75 RIU
with temperature control from 30 to 55oC); Column Heater (Temperature Range from
20oC to 60oC; with temperature accuracy of ±0.8oC; Column Capacity of up to four 7.8
mm x 300 mm columns); Fraction Collector (Methods of Operation: time, drop count,
drop volume, signal).
9. Expanded Plasma Surface Treatment Unit PDC‐001 (Harrick Plasma)
Features:
Expanded Pyrex plasma chamber 6″diameter x 6.5″ length (15.24cm x16.51 cm)
PlasmaFlo gas mixer
Oxygen service pump
Mechanical Testing Lab (216 Rhodes)
The purpose of this lab is to test working prototypes of various BioE systems. It has the
following equipment.
Platform biomechanics w/mounting fixture (Adv. Mechanical Tech) ORG‐1‐5
Biaxial test system 8847 Instron
8800 Digital Controller w/second control channel 8800 Instron
Instron Servohydraulic testing machine
Molecular Biology Lab (Rhodes 308)
The molecular biology lab is a high tech facility equipped with the latest technology available to
undergraduates for protein analysis, gene expression and advance imaging. The molecular
biology lab facility has 5 computers. The Molecular Biology Lab has the following equipment.
UV/VIS spectrometer DU640B (Beckman Instruments)
Rotor‐Gene real time DNA amplification system SPECTRA MAX GEMINI EM
(Molecular Device)
Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer G2938C
Fluor‐Chem SP Imaging System FLUORCHEM SP – Alpha Innotech
Multipurpose lab (104 Rhodes)
The multipurpose creative inquiry implant retrieval labis equipped for surface analysis of
retrieved implants and biomaterials, cleaning processing and cataloging of retrieved implants
and biomaterials. This lab has the following equipment.
LFM‐2 Digital Instruments Nanoscope E Scanning Probe Microscope Station
Kodak M35A‐X Mat. Film Processor
Buehler Micromet 5101 Microindentation hardness tester
Labconco Chemical Hood
Biometrics DataLOG Kinematic Measurement System (W4X8)
Cetr Microtester APEX‐UMT‐2MO
WYKO Optical Phase Shifting and Vertical Scanning Interferometry (PZ‐06‐SC‐SF)
4 computer workstations
Multiscale Bioelectromechanics Laboratory (MBL) (Rhodes 515)
Directed by Dr. Delphine Dean, the MBL is dedicated to AFM and scanning probe microscopy
and nano and micro‐mechanics. Bringing together undergraduate and graduate students under
the direction of Dr. Delphine Dean, our broad goal is to understand how small scale phenomena
affect large scale tissue properties. Equipment is available for cell culturing, imaging analysis,
computational modeling, and surface chemistry. It has the following equipment.
Olympus Microscope with accessories (CKX415F)
Isoterm WJ CO2 incubator Fisher Scientific 3531
Thermo Fisher Scientific Microplate Reader
Three computers
Tissue Engineering Laboratory
The Tissue Engineering Laboratory, directed by Dr. Karen Burg, engages in research that has
evolved around the development of biologic‐based solutions for tissue engineering replacement
and/or repair. Cells are isolated from a patient, expanded in culture, combined with an
absorbable biomaterial, and cultured. The tissue‐biomaterial construct is then implanted in the
patient. The developing tissue acquires the shape of the material, as the material gradually
absorbs. Tissue engineering eliminates the need for immunosuppression, minimizes traditional
transplantation complications and donor tissue, eliminating all foreign materials.
The facility encompasses a cell culture laboratory, a polymer processing laboratory, and a tissue
biofabrication laboratory. These laboratories include a BSL II cell culture room, BSL II culture
hoods, autoclave, incubators, roller bottle incubator, centrigues, a Zeiss inverted microscope
with Image Pro image analysis software, stereoscopes with digital imaging and image analysis
software, a differential scanning calorimeter, a gel permeation chronograph, lactic acid glucose
analyzer, Pentium computers with network printing capabilities, a contact angle analyzer, a
fluorometric microplate reader, a visible light microplate reader, a Parr pressure reaction vessel,
a hydraulic press, a gradient thermocycler, a gel imaging unit, a PCR hood, chemical hoods, a
melt indexer, a spin coater, peristaltic pumps with computer interface and bioreactors.
Clemson University Biomedical Engineering Innovation Campus, CUBEInC
The facilities at CUBEInC, in partnership with the Greenville Hospital System, are the product
of a $7.5 million investment by the state of South Carolina. This state‐of‐the‐art laboratory
complex in Greenville, South Carolina, encompasses 10 laboratories occupying the entire
fourth‐floor, including offices and conference areas. This space is dedicated to medical
robotic surgery, etc.) and also houses industry start‐up incubator space for potential
partnerships with small companies in the local area. CUBEInC is located within walking
distance of the two major hospital systems in the Upstate region of South Carolina (Greenville
Health System; Bon Secours St. Francis Hospital System), enabling the PIs’ continued
participation in translational research. All laboratories and offices at CUBEInC are fully
connected to the computational infrastructure of the main Clemson University campus through
high speed internet, including the 21x30 foot video conference facility providing for suitable
video conference and virtual meeting capabilities as required for this project.
The laboratory also houses various test systems, including an Instron model 8874 hydraulic
materials testing frame capable of apply up to 25kN of axial load and 100 Nm of torque, a
Bruker NP‐Flex non‐contact 3D optical surface metrology system, a Motic K400P reflected‐light
optical microscope with a Lumenera Infinity 2‐1C color digital camera attached, a Motic BA210
transmitted‐light optical microscope, two chemical fume hoods, Millipore water systems,
Anaprolene sterilizer, small steam sterilizer, Isotemp CO2 incubators, and a Bransonic 5510
ultrasonic cleaner. Computational capacity includes six computers with software necessary for
handling the DICOM medical image formats received from the clinical collaborators in the
current project, as well as the full complement of analytical and design software (LabVIEW,
Solidworks, SAS, ANSYS, COMSOL, etc.) that is licensed and fully available to Clemson
University faculty. Attached adjacent to the laboratory space is the PI’s 9x11 foot office, as well
as several other similarly sized rooms housing four specimen freezers, chemical storage
cabinets, and a vast collection of hand‐held instruments and tools suitable for sectioning,
precise measurement and analysis of implanted biomaterials.
The extraordinary intellectual environment in CUBEInC also houses research facilities for
Clemson Bioengineering faculty engaged in improving such orthopaedics and developing
protocols to repair damaged or diseased human tissue using the body’s own adult stem cells. Of
particular relevance to this proposal is the fully functional histology and immunohistochemistry
facility, with sectioning and staining equipment suitable for processing and sectioning
explanted prosthesis materials and attached hard tissues.
The equipment includes an Isomet 5000 Buehler Precision saw, an E‐BS1PKG Dorn and Hart
Microedge saw, a Bond Max Leica fully automated IHC and ISH staining system, a Leica
RM2255 Automated Microtome, an M1950 Leica Automated Cryostat, an A81000002 Richard‐
Allan Scientific Company HistoStar Embedding Center, an electro force 3230 Series II Bose
Axial/Torsion high‐accuracy displacement measurement system, and a V402 Van der Stahl
Medical Pouch Vacuum Sealer. Rapid prototypes of medical devices can be generated from
surface models using the ProJet SD 3000 3‐D Printer, from 3D Systems Corporation, with
Mimics innovation suite medical software.
Undergraduate Lounge (312 Rhodes)
The undergraduate lounge provides BioE students with a collaborative study environment and
a study lounge. Five computers are available.
RHODES ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER AND ANNEX
The Rhodes Engineering Research Center houses complete biomaterials instrumentation and
analysis facilities for structural, cellular, and surface characterization, with equipment for
physical, chemical, and histological analysis, and access to imaging instrumentation (optical
microscopes, atomic force microscopes, confocal microscopes, electron microscopes, etc.). As
with the video conference facility at CUBEInC, smart classrooms within the Rhodes Engineering
Research Center have video conference capabilities for virtual meetings. With the inception of
the new bioengineering undergraduate program, an $11.5 million addition to Rhodes was
constructed to meet the needs to support that objective.
The main departmental administration located in 301 Rhodes consists of offices for the
department chair, administrative coordinator and assistant, account and graduate program
coordinator. Students are tasked with receptionist duties and a dedicated suite for
undergraduate affairs is located in the Rhodes Annex for the undergraduate coordinator and
student workers. The administration offices occupy the new space. Both Rhodes and Rhodes
annex have a total of six classrooms with a seating capacity ranging from 25 to 85 seats: Rhodes
302 (816 square feet/26 seats), Rhodes 422 (600 square feet/25 seats), Rhodes 516 (450 square
feet/20 seats), Rhodes 522 (600 square feet/25 seats), Rhodes Annex 109 (551 square feet/46
seats), Rhodes Annex 111 (1050 square feet/85 seat auditorium), and Rhodes Annex 201 (336
feet/46 seats). All classrooms have an LCD projector, instructor lectern and
computer/Sympodium (SMART Podiums), and wireless Internet.
Biodesign and Biomaterials Multipurpose Laboratories (312/315 Rhodes Annex)
The Biodesign lab is used to teach undergraduates how to create materials for small prototype
production and design, and is supplemented by support and microscopy rooms 313 and 314. It
has two computers.
The Biomaterials lab is used to process, section, and staining histological tissues and for
microscopic imaging. It has two computers.
The lab has the following equipment
Nikon microscopes with various attachments LABOPHOT‐2
Leica RM 2155 Rotary Microtome RM 2155
Bionstrumentation Laboratory (316 Rhodes Annex)
The bioinstrumentation laboratory is equipped with computers and electrophysiology systems
for ECG and is the main lab for teaching BIOE370 Bioinstrumentation. Specifically, students
construct electronics for building and testing small prototypes, and conduct electrophysical
measurements ECG and electronic prototyping. The lab has the following equipment.
Advanced Teaching System ML‐856 – AD instruments
Eight computers
Bionanomaterials Laboratory (217 Rhodes Annex)
The Bionanomaterials laboratory is used for the purposes of synthesizing and analyzing
liposomes, nanoparticles and bioconjugates of nanoparticles. The laboratory has the following
equipment.
Bio‐Tek Microplate Reader Spectrofluorometer (SYNERGY HT)
Beckman Coulter ALGRA64R Centrifuge, Refrig 208V
Brookhaven particle sized analyzer (90 plus)
Biotek Flash Reader (synergy 4)
Eppendorf AG centrifuge 5415R
BioPhotonics Laboratory (212 Rhodes Annex)
The biophotonics lab entails developing laser guidance techniques, optical trapping technique,
and microfluidic devices to create biochip models of neuronal networks for studying network
processing dynamics and neurodegenerative disease; applying microfluidics to miniaturize and
automate cell‐culture assays for tissue‐engineering studies as well as for bioinstrumentation and
diagnostics, and optics based cell sorting and disease diagnostics. The laboratory has the
following equipment
4ft. laminar flow hood
TI: Sapphire laser guidance system for cell sorting (Edmond Optics)
Zeiss incubator with a temp control Co2 controller
Raman Fiber Laser Center Wavelength (Keopsys – KPSBT2RFL148010FA)
A Micronics Microflow System
An optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomedical imaging system to investigate the
development of the heart (Oplink PIOC850000TH101)
A two‐photon Confocal Microscope Camera to study cell differentiation (Andor X‐3873)
An Aurora Holoeye Spatial Light Modulator (ASI6010‐X‐LO1‐00D)
Hamamatsu photomultiplier (H7422P‐40
Seven computers
Biosensors Laboratory (Rhodes Annex 210)
The biosensors laboratory is equipped with electrochemical workstations to study and develop
biosensors and bioanalytical methods and technologies. It has two computers, and the following
equipment
Tahner IM6 Electrochemical Workstation
VMC‐2 Potentionstat/Galvanostat/Impedence Analyzer (Princeton Applied Research)
6700912A0637)
Cell Culture Support Laboratory (Rhodes Annex 206
This cell culture support lab has laminar flow hoods for cell culture, and one computer
workstation. It has the following equipment
Baker Sterilgard hood – SG603
Labconco Purifier and Base Stand 16‐107‐168
PH Blood Gas System (ALB5)
Stemi 20000CS Microscope and accessories (KL 1500 CD – Zeiss)
Cell Mechanics and Mechanobiology Lab (213 Rhodes Annex)
Directed by Dr. Jiro Nagatomi, Assistant Professor of Bioengineering at Clemson University, the
Clemson University Mechanobiology lab conducts ethical and innovative research at the cutting
edge of engineering and biomedical sciences by providing quality education and rigorous
training for the future bioengineering professionals. It has 900 square feet of wet laboratory
space, equipped with two chemical fume hoods, complete facilities for cell and molecular
biology experiments, and capability for fabrication of experimental setups. The lab has the
following equipment.
Axiovert 200 Inverted Research Microscope (Zeiss)
Purifier hood and base stand (Labconco)
Genios microplate reader (GENIOS‐BASIC/Tecan‐Genios)
Eppendorf Centrifuge MDL 5810R
Protean IEF System (Biorad)
Two computers
Nikon TE20000S Inverted Microscope
Current research is underway in the mechanotransduction of hydrostatic pressure, the
application of mechanobiology to functional tissue engineering, developing microfluidic 3D cell
culture platform to study mechanically‐induced differentiation of bone marrow stem cells, and
the developing scar‐inhibiting bladder tissue adhesive.
Mechanotransduction of Hydrostatic Pressure ‐ Hydrostatic pressure is a ubiquitous mechanical
quantity in which human organs that contain fluids are constantly subjected to pressure
fluctuations in addition to the stretching of wall tissues and shear stress generated by fluid flow.
This work involves the investigating how cells detect hydrostatic pressure, and will help
elucidate the knowledge necessary for understanding the complex phenomena of cellular
mechanotransduction.
Because hydrostatic pressure does not theoretically produce any deformation of what we know
as incompressible materials, cellular responses to hydrostatic pressure are often viewed as
experimental artifacts because they are believed to react only to deformation of physical
intensity parameter like temperature: Our current hypothesis is that hydrostatic pressure
directly influences electrochemical potential around cells by activating certain ion transporters.
Changes in electrical potential across cell membranes and ion flux can trigger molecular events
such as cytoskeletal rearrangements inside cells. Working toward innovative concepts of
cellular mechanotransduction of pressure in the absence of deformation, we are
• Developing novel experimental systems to investigate the mechanotransduction events at
the single‐cell level using electrophysiological recordings and optical imaging;
• Examining the potential link between applied pressure and altered mechanical behavior of
cells due to changes in cytoskeletal architecture (structural response);
response) induced by exposure of cells to hydrostatic pressure.
Identifying sensors in various cells will help guide the development of new pharmacological
agents for numerous applications from peripheral organs to the central nervous system.
Using Mechanobiology for Functional Tissue Engineering
So that cultured cells may develop functional tissues in vitro, biochemical cues but mechanical
environments that mimic that of in‐vivo conditions is necessary. This work involves the design,
construction and calibration of novel bioreactors to condition cultured cells and tissue
engineering constructs under mechanical stimuli to guide growth and development. These
studies will provide a new methodology in Tissue Engineering to generate and to characterize
fully functional, implantable tissue constructs. Current research in our laboratory includes
tissue engineering of the bladder wall using bladder smooth muscle cells in 3‐D collagen
cultures subjected to mechanical stimuli.
Developing Scar‐inhibiting Bladder Tissue Adhesive
An estimated 22 million women in the United States have undergone hysterectomy. Accidental
laceration of the bladder during these surgeries is the most common complication, and while
they are repaired during surgery with the bladder drained via catheter postoperatively, such
injuries can form scar tissue. Such scar tissue is especially undesirable as it can either
compromise the proper distension of the bladder to store urine, and subsequent catheter use
and collecting bags during recovery can severely diminish patients’ quality of life.
This research involves the engineering of a tissue adhesive to eliminate the need for surgical
sutures and minimize scar formation. Specifically, the Nagatomi group is designing a clinically
applicable easy‐to‐use tissue adhesive (rapid curing, two‐component solutions with long shelf
life), that can stretch with the bladder wall, and degrades with controlled release of bioactive
molecules to inhibit scar formation. Specific aims are to 1) optimize mechanical properties of the
bladder tissue adhesives ex vivo, 2) optimize the scar‐inhibiting function of the tissue adhesive
ex vivo, and 3) evaluate the efficacy of the selected scar‐inhibiting tissue adhesive in vivo. This
in vivo data will be used to further modify the design for advancing this research to clinical
trials.
Confocal Microscopy Laboratory (313 Rhodes Annex)
The confocal microscopy laboratory is used for confocal microscopic imaging, AFM imaging of
biological samples, small tissue mechanical testing, mechanotransduction, molecular mechanics.
This lab supports research in rooms 312/315, and has the following equipment.
Olympus 1 X71 Inverted Microscope – U‐LH100HGAPO
Olympus Atomic Force Microscope 7 and accessories MFP‐3D‐OLY
Asylum Research Petri Dish Heater MFP‐3D‐OLY
Metamorph Microsoft Objective w/software
Microenvironmental Engineering Laboratory (216 Rhodes Annex)
The 252 sq. ft lab is used for the surface modification of polymer films for hydrogen grafting,
and for the modificaton of cells for non‐viral gene delivery.
Nanomedicine Laboratories (203 Rhodes Annex –office/ 207 Rhodes Annex ‐ lab)
Directed by Dr. Frank Alexis, this research lab in Rhodes Engineering Research Center at
Clemson University is equipped with working benches, chemical storage cabinet, exhaust
system, air and purified nitrogen gas, DI water. Tissue culture is conducted in the departmental
cell culture facility directed by Cassie Gregory. The purpose of the lab is to design and
synthesize advance polymers The lab has the following equipment.
Filtration system in parallel (4 polymers)
Freeze dryer Multiarm (Labconco)
Vacuum oven, 20L (Fisher)
Multi stirrer system to synthesize 50 different types of nanoparticles simultaneously
Ultracentrifuge equipped with rotors for any tube sizes
One computer
Undergraduate Tissue Engineering Laboratory (310 Rhodes Annex
This lab is used to teach undergraduates tissue engineering techniques and is fully equipped for
cell and tissue experiments needed to teach tissue engineering class (BIOE448) and in other
undergraduate research activities. The lab has the following equipment.
Zeiss AXIOVERT S 100 Inverted Research Micro
Labonco 6 ft. Laminar Flow Hoods (3460001)
SORVALL ST 40 centrifuge (Thermo scientific)
2 computers
Biosystems Research Complex (Room 202 ‐ 105 Collings St., Clemson, SC)
The BRC houses the bioprocessing facility for the BioE department in Room 202 in which
equipment is available to teach undergraduate students fermentation and purification
techniques. Room 202 has the following equipment.
Labconco Biologic safety hood, Delta series
Constant Systems cell disruptor
Hermle Refrigerated centrifuge
Sartorius Fermenter vessel: UniVessel 1L CC double wall (Biostat B plus 8843478)
Two Sartorius computer controlled fermenters with 5‐L vessels
Tecan‐Genious Microplate reader (GENIOUS‐BASIC)
Thermo Incubator 51028064
Fisher Scientific Isotemp CO2 water jacketed incubator (IR control)
Hermle microcentrifuge (10,000 x g)
Olympus phase contrast microscope
System)
Additional Equipment
Rhodes 205 – Allegra 6r refrigerated benchtop centrifuge
Rhodes 210 – HP Designjet 5000PS Printer
Rhodes 211 – XYZ Direct Drive Assembly, ANT‐21L (Aerotech); Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope
DP07104 Tektronic; Image Scanning Unit, 6215H Cambridge Tech.
Rhodes 508/509/510 – Apparatus Stereo Lithography Laser System, Oven UV Post Cure 3‐D
system, Drive Disk Subsystem, MTS Synergie 100 Material Testing System, Varian 932‐0028 E‐
Gun Evanporator, Controller w/monitor 2000 55SX IBM, Jasco J‐810 System CD spectrometer