1.) Explain why continual quality improvement is important.

Performance is the key tool to make a successful business or to make a

huge profit. Improvement of performance is important because it helps to
reduce the cost of production, reduce material waste and labor costs,
improve customer satisfaction, and as we all know that customer
satisfaction is the main slogan of any good organization and that makes
them effective. Continuous improvement in all processes must be
achieved. In every area of the business, it is necessary to get better. It
includes staff, relationships with clients, and relationships with partners.
This will help maintain the company's reputation and contribute to its
continuous growth, of course.

Fig 6.1.1 Continous Quality Improvement (Source: Myself:- Vraj Patel)

There are many benefits of continual quality improvement some of them
are listed below:-
 Error reduction:-
Continuous quality improvement can reduce the number errors
your business makes. Defective products and mistakes made when
providing services are examples of errors that can be costly.
Because small companies cannot produce goods and services in
mass like larger companies, errors can be especially costly.
Focusing on continuously identifying potential sources of errors
and fixing them can avoid problems that might otherwise crop up
over time.
 Increased adaptability:-
Companies used to continually implementing changes are better
equipped to adapt their businesses to changing markets than
those that employ rigid processes, such companies engaged in
mass production.
 Increased prductivity:-
 Continuous quality improvement can result in hiccups in
productivity in the short term as businesses implement better
processes, but it can lead to increased productivity in the long
term. For example, a small business that revises its production
processes might have to shut down production for a day to
implement the improvements, resulting in a day of lost
production. After the changes take effect, though, the company
might have fewer production slowdowns and higher productivity.

How my company doing this?

In my company there is a team which has a members who has direct
knoledges of the work, clientsand system. They are from various
positions including employees, directors, managers and board members.
They follow and work on some steps which I listed below:-
 Define customer needs
 Deterine baseline
 Determine what success looks like
 Consider different approaches to reaching goal
 Collect and analyze data
 Use scientific method
 Create logic models
 Foster a lurning culture
 Sustain effort

Fig 6.1.2 Basic steps for CQI ( image by : Vraj patel)

2.) What is the management’s role in continual quality improvement?

 Fig 6.2.1 Management role in CQI ( image by:- Vraj Patel)

Management in any company that plays the lead role. You must be a
good leader and contribute to total quality.Management should do
following things to improve continual improvement:
 Establish and work closely with the department of quality and
make the total quality company.
  Working with the Quality Committee to create timetables and
timelines for specific quality management goals.
 Provide not only physical but also mental support. Mental support
means moral support, and physical support means providing the
necessary resources , equipment's and environment to achieve a
product's definite quality.
 It is also responsible for monitoring the extent to which the goals
of continuous improvement are being achieved.
  Management has to schedule audits, inspections and compliments
in order to promote good practice. Construction of continuous
improvement in the quality of the regular reward system, including
promotions and pay increases.
  Management is responsible for the planning and acknowledgment
of regular performance reports where they are deserved.
In adition with this management ghas several responsbilities which
includes analyzing business processes, developing strategies, lead
activities, monitor progress, provide metorship etc.
 Also people in management should have such skills like technical
expertise, organization skills, leadership skills, analytical thinking, and
good communication skills.
Management must create a friendly environment that supports such
change  where every employee sees themselves as stakeholders and that
their ideas are always welcome.Management must be ready to adopt such
improvement as part of their policy. For example an organization that
wants a defect free product must be adopted quality as a policy.
3.) Discuss the kaizen approach.
Kaizen means making changes for the better on a continual, never-ending
basis. Kaizen approach refers to people, process and products. If kaizen
approach applied to company then all aspects of an organization should
be improving all the time.

Customer
Focus

Total
productive Teamwork
Maintenance

Elements
of Kaizen
Management
Just IN time
Cooperation

Quality
Automation
Circles

Fig 6.3.1 Elements of Kaizen ( image by my self:- Vraj Patel)

Tools for Kaizen Implementation:-
 Kaizen Checklist:-
One of the best ways to identify problem that represents
opportunities for improvement is to use a checklist that focuses the
attention of employees on those factors that are most likely in need
of improvement. These factors include personnel, work techniques,
work methods, work procedures, time, facilities, equipment,
 systems, software, tools,material, plant layout, production levels,
inventory, and paradigms.

Fig 6.3.2 Kaizen Checklist (source:- Vraj Patel)

 Kaizen five step plan:-
Step 1: Straighten up. This step involves separating the necessary
from the unnecessary and getting rid of the unnecessary in such
areas as tools, work in process, machinery, products, papers, and
documents.
Step 2: Put things in order. This step involves putting such things
as tools and material in their proper place and keeping things in
order so that employees can always find what they need to do the
job without wasting time looking.
Step 3: Clean up. This step involves keeping the workplace clean
so that work can proceed in an efficient manner, free of the
problems that can result when the work site is messy.
Step 4: Standardize. This step was originally aimed at
standardizing how the first three of the Five-S’s were implemented
and maintained, but since then expanded to include standardizing
on best practices. Visual management is also a major component of
standardization.
Step 5: Discipline. This step involves careful adherence to
standardized work procedures. This requires discipline.

In addition to with there are other methods also for implimating

kaizen approach:
 Five W’s and one H
 Five M’s checklist

How is my company doing this?

 Once my company identify any problem then it follow kaizen approach to
solve it. The steps are:-
 Organizing team:- build the team to solve the problem. Which consists of
shop-floor employees, specialists and someone from management.
 Pinpoint the exact problem
 Finding key metrics
 Createing potential solution
 Test the solutions
 Implement new process

4.) How would you describe a lean system?

Lean as a term is based on the Toyota Production System (TPS), which

was developed by Japanese performance pioneer Taiichi Ohno at Toyota
Motor Corporation. Lean is a TQM methodology that was originally
designed for manufacturing, but adapted to any type of organization. It is
intended to provide a smoother, more flexible flow of processes, reduce
waste and improve the competitive position of the organization. Lean
implementation's waste reduction approach grew out of Toyota's desire to
eliminate waste in manufacturing processes.
Lean focuses on reducing and eliminating the following types of waste:-
 Overproductive waste
 Inventory waste
 Motion waste
 Transportation waste
 Overprocessing waste
 Defects waste
 Waiting waste
 Underutilization waste

There are various tools and techniques to impliment Lean:-

 Five S workplace organization
 Visual workplace system
 Layout
 Standardized work
 Point of use storage
 Batch size reductio
 Quick changeover
 Self-inspection
 Autonomation
 Kanban system
  Just in time
 Total productive maintenance
 Value stream mapping
 Change managementteamwork

How my company doing this?

My company mainly runs on lean manufacturing. It follows mainly eight
steps for lean manufacturing:-
 Eliminating waste:- My company performs value stream analysis
to identify wasteful activities occuring at plant. At same time ,
experts intesify efforts to find out more efficient ways to do that
process.
 Reducing unnecessary inventory:- excess invenotry cause many
problems such as slow down response time, tie up resources also
quality control issue.
 Speed up response time:- also my company has such system that
can react swiftly so it can capitalize on market changes.
 All product are quality tested:- in production, there are several
testing procedures and controls at several check points in the
process to detect problem at the earliest possible stage.
 Employee autonomy:- Give more employees authority to make
decisions and provide them with the tools and methodology for
doing so. We can take this step even further by establishing teams
to measure work progress and improve techniques. Frequently,
companies find that viable solutions may be presented by
employees below the management level. 
 Solicit customer feedback:- also obtaing feedbacks from customers
from testing models and actual production.
 Reachig out suppliers:- we make suppliers “partners” in lean
manufacturing process.

5.) What is lean six-sigma and how would you apply it to a quality

management system?

Lean six sigma isn't a little enhancement strategy or tool or for those who
don't want to mess with six sigma complications. Here the Six Sigma part
of Lean Six Sigma is still a full-bodied, strong upgrade process and the
lean six sigma component is still absolute, proven quality management
system found in the Toyota Production System and Just-In-Time. Both
the lean and the six sigma complement each other and build a process or
technique where the advantages of both methods can be utilized.
Lean Six Sigma uses a five-step approach to process improvement,
 Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control (DMAIC). Focuses on
improving patient experience by ensuring that the desired results are
delivered consistently by your processes. 

Advantages
1)Elimination of the Eight Wastes — waiting, overproduction,
reprocessing, motion, transport, storage, supply and intellect
2)Means of improving process flow on the production floor, in an office
or in any other setting
3)A systematic means to define the key factors affecting the quality of all
types of processes
4)Ordered approaches for the best possible level of determination of key
factors
5)Disciplined means to maintain key factors at the best possible level
6)Synergistic advantage of systematically and sequentially linking the
Lean tools to the Six Sigma tools
7)Check all of these for the organization's financial health.

The objective of Lean Six Sigma is to make the organization superior in

its day-to-day work and processes, its products and services, and its
business results.

6.) Define benchmarking. Define auditing (including information

security / cybersecurity auditing). What are your companies major
concerns about cybersecurity? How does benchmarking and auditing
relate to each other?
Benchmarking is the process of comparing cost, cycle time, productivity,
or quality of a specific process or method to another that is considered to
be the standard. Benchmarking is very useful in helping an organization
to know exactly where they are in terms of the industry standard. By
comparing the exact or true picture of the level of quality, cycle time and
productivity against the industry standard helps the organization to
improve on filling the gap by improving on where the organization is
lacking behind. Therefore, the company is able to make plans or develop
program, on how to be able to measure up to the industry standard. For
example if an auto shop takes 2 hours to do oil change and the industry
standard is 25 minutes by way of comparison the company will be able to
adjust and reduce the cycle time in other to achieve a better productivity
and remain competitive.
 Fig 6.6.1 benchmarking process ( image by- Vraj Patel)

Auditing is on-site testing or we can claim that it is confirmation or

inspection during manufacturing or after product development. Quality
audit means a third party or independent review of the quality system
conducted by a supplier at specified intervals and at appropriate
frequency to assess whether both the quality system activities and the
outcomes of such activities are compatible with the quality system
procedures. It can only apply to some specific process or product
throughout the organization or sometimes use that organization. Auditing
has a method, metric and standards of its own. An internal or external
individual may carry out the audit.
A cyber security audit is designed to be a comprehensive review and
analysis of your business’s IT infrastructure. It identifies threats and
vulnerabilities, exposing weaknesses and high-risk practices.
It has 2 phase as shown in figure below.

Phase-1 cyber security audit
Remediation action point
Breach response plan
Staff training and awareness
detailed report including
strategy
Cyber resilience assessment
Phase-2 vulnerability
assessment
Vulnerability scanning and
identification
Configuration and
compliance checks
Malware detection
Web application scanning
Data back up review and
analysis

Fig 6.6.2 Cybersecurity audit phase( image by: Vraj Patel)

 What are major concerns about cybersecurity in my company?
My comapany spend millions of dollors every year for cybersecurity.
Because my company has to deal with many government organization for
the product. my company manufacture parts used in submarines as well
as army plain and helicopters also. So we have to vary carefull about data
stored in network and we are very concern about it.
My company organizae cyber threat seminar every six month to give
knowledge about the cyber threat an prevention to the employee. Also my
company prevent mobile phones , hard disk, pen drives many thigs in the
premises to protect the data. Because the data is the thing from which we
can make person to do any thing to any level.

How does banchmarking auditing relete to each other?

Audit is a quality improvement process ,where performance is measured
against standards or criteria, which are important for overall performance.
In audit there will be pre-determined standards within defined parameters,
against which performance will be evaluated. Changes can then be
implemented to improve standards. Audit can be done by an internal or
external person. Benchmarking depends on having an audit system in
place at an early stage so that it can build up enough data to define
benchmarking measures. The initial audit provides a baseline.

7.)  How can you apply benchmarking data in auditing processes,

systems, designs, products, factories and services?

It is mandatory that an organization thoroughly understand its own

processes, products,services, and practices
and the requirements of its customers so that it can determine what needs
to be benchmarked. In addition, it is necessary to have a solid
understanding of your process in order to make meaningful
measurements against that
of the partner.
Processes Documented
It is not enough to understand the processes; they must be completely
documented, for three reasons:
All people associated with the process should have a common
understanding of it, and that can come only from documentation. A
documented starting point is needed against which to measure
performance improvement after benchmarking changes have been
implemented.Your organization will be dealing with people (the partners)
who are not familiar with your processes. Process documentation will
help the partner understand your
 organization’s processes. With an understanding of where the
benchmarking organization is, the partner
will be better able to help.
Process Analysis Skills
To achieve an understanding of your own processes, products,and
services and to document those processes, you must have people with the
skills to characterize and document processes. These same people will be
needed to analyze the benchmarking partners’ processes and to help adapt
those processes to the organization’s needs. Ideally, they should be
employees, but it is possible to use consultants in this role.
Research, Communication,and Team-Building Skills
Additional skills required include research, communication, and team
building. Research is required to identify the bestin-class process owners.
Communication and team building are required to carry out the
benchmarking both on an internal basis and with the partners.

8.) What is JIT system?

The just-in-time (JIT) inventory system is a management strategy that
aligns raw-material orders from suppliers directly with production
schedules. Companies employ this inventory strategy to increase
efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they need them
for the production process, which reduces inventory costs. This method
requires producers to forecast demand accurately.
 JIT- Just In Time Manufacturing system means producing the product
only when necessary and only in the quantity required by applying all
aspects of total quality. Taiichi Ohno initially developed this
manufacturing system in the early 1950s as the successor to the mass
production system of Henry Ford in the world. The Toyota Production
System (TPS) was named by Ohno. Just in time there is a system from
manufacturing to eliminate inventory and all other waste costs. JIT's
confusion is to allow suppliers to store assets before they are needed.
Proper application to JIT, the supplier will only produce the material
needed until it is needed by the JIT manufacturer. In this case, there is no
need of any warehousing space, maintenance, people to care for the
material, spoilage, obsolescence, or other related warehousing products
related issues. 
     A process that uses in a pull system is just in time. Pull system means
where the item is pulled out of production when it is required or
requested by the consumer. The material comes when it's needed in this
method. Supplier supplies input content when it needs to help minimize
the price of stocks. In just in time manufacturers supply product directly
to systems so there is no need for warehouse so no unnecessary money
for warehouses, repairs, people to care for goods, spoilage, obsolescence,
 or other related issues. This system has some drawbacks. Like we need
trustworthy suppliers for this, because if suppliers do not supply products
on time, the entire production cycle will end. 
    JIT's confusion is to allow suppliers to store assets before they are
needed. Proper application to JIT, the supplier can only supply the
product needed before it is ordered by the JIT manufacturer. In this
situation, there is no need for warehousing storage, repair, people to care
for the inventory, spoilage, obsolescence, or other similar warehousing
products related issues.

Fig 6.8.1 Objectives of JIT system.( image by:- Vraj Patel)

9.) What are the benefits of JIT/lean? How is your company doing this?

Fig. 6.9.1 Benefits of JIT ( image by myself:- Vraj Patel)

1. More cost efficient production

2. Continuous quality improvement
3. Waste Elimination
4. Improve productivity
5. Improve supplier relationships
6. Improve storage space used
7. Reduce costs associated with storage
8. Reduce manufacturing time
9. Reduce work in progress
10.Defect free output

When JIT programs are evaluated often companies will find that by
keeping lower stock holdings mean a reduction in storage space allowing
areas previously used to store inventories to be used for other more
productive uses. Less space for storage can also mean rent savings and
lowered insurance costs.When a business obtains stock supplies on an as
needed basis, then less working capital is required which appeals to a lot
of business owners because funds that were tied up in inventories can be
used elsewhere.  With less stock there is also the less likelihood of stock
supplies perishing, becoming obsolete or out of date.With a JIT program
sudden changes in demand can be responded to quickly and a build-up of
unsold finished product can be avoided.  This means that less time is
spent on checking and re-working the product of others as the emphasis is
on getting the work right first time. In turn defect rates are reduced,
resulting in less waste and greater customer satisfaction.

My company used kanban method to store inventory. And from previous

orders and data company use different forecast method to predict the next
inventory. Also it use kanban system to store the product and for ordering
the product.

10.)  Discuss automation system ideas for JIT/lean .

  JIT / Lean and automation are compatible, but the need and the
preparation of the organization should be looked at long and hard before
processes are begun to automated. It is commonly found that by
converting to a JIT / Lean system, the need for automation is reduced or
eliminated entirely. The textbook explains in depth examples of this,
noting that it was clear in just a few short weeks of JIT / Lean experience
that world-class manufacturing equates to JIT / Lean in an atmosphere of
absolute performance, not a factory full of robots and automatic
controlled vehicles. Many manufacturers highly believe that all
manufacturing problems can be solved by automation easily. Automation
is good and robots and computers are now taking over industries, so
automation is a good decision right now, but it needs to be implemented
that is more important. It is often found that by converting to JIT / Lean,
the need for automation in industry  is highly reduced or eliminated.
    Automation provides productivity and improved quality
production. Therefore, using JIT / LEAN automation will produce a huge
result that will result in high productivity, high quality and high
efficiency, but if you have not solved the problems in the human-operated
versions of the same applications, you are not ready to automate them
 effectively. As this method replicates the human-operated version. The
unpaid control equipment orders have been cancelled and fines have been
paid, and we have gone away from the whole project. In those few weeks
of exposure to JIT / Lean, we had discovered that world-class
manufacturing is similar to JIT / Lean in an atmosphere of absolute
performance, not a factory full of robots and automated guided
vehicles. JIT / Lean and automation are compatible, but the need and
planning of the enterprise should be looked at long and hard before
processes are automated. Automation obviously has its place in JIT /
Lean's harmony.

11.) Social networking Assignment

Asia to drive rapid in carbonemission this year

My point of view:-

In current situation every country in Asia region are developing country.

So they have to produce so many things at their home which leads to
more carbon emission. So we have to very carefull about this situation
because this thing can be cntinue for some decade . so we have to find out
some alternatives of some system that produce more carbon emission so
we can save the Our Good enviornment.

Sushil Kumar’s view:-

World is going through many crisis. And if we not reduced carbon

emission then in future we have to pass from more difficult crisis from
this. There are so many things we can do to reduce carbon emission.
Government should provide money to industry to build up plants that
emmit less carbon. We have to plant so many trees in future to reduce this
effect.

New battery technology could lower cost to store solar

My point of view:- World is running out energy day by day.

Petrol , diesel and coal in earth core are reducing at very high rate.
So now we have to move towards usage of renewable energy like
solar , wind ,hydro. From this solar energy is easily and constant
available throughout the world. But in current era it cost to many
 for middle class people to have equipment which can store solar
energy. This innovation has ability to change the world and our
dependence on limited resources. This technology can help many
countries like india, america who started to use solar energy at very
high level. I think more research should be done in this so world
can get more benfits of solar energy. And we can save the world
together.

Sushil Kumar’s Point of view:- We can move one step forward by

accepting solar energy in our routine life. Till last decade solar
enerfy are mainly used for our body to get some vitamies but now
we can use it for as a energy in day to day life. I think that there
should be more research done in equipment used for solar power
generation because in current era the equipment are too bulky and
large in weight. So we have to consider the factor that we have
limited amount of land. So we have to develop some technology
that can store high slar power using very tiny equipment.

Air pollution is killing thousands more people than Covid in the

world's biggest cities

My point of view:- We know that our biggest enemy is pollution. But

knowingly we are responsible for pollution. We have to take some
steps for reducing pollution and mainly air pollution. I visited delhi
last year and I feel very suffocating there due to pollution there are
plenty of vehicles on road which cause pollution. There is less
connectivity through rail or bus inside delhi and outward delhi due to
that people prefer more personal vehicles. It also harms the animals.

Sushil kumar’s point of view:- we have to think seriously about

pollution throughout the world by considering Delhi as an example. If
we did not wake up then every city in world become delhi. Also it
increase Global Warming which result into higher in sea level. Also
we have to invent some technology that can purify the air in big
volume. Also every country should plant millions of trees every year
to protect our future.