History Test-6

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IAS 2018
HISTORY
TEST SERIES
By: PIYUSH KUMAR
TEST: 6
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Test - 06
History Test Series 2018
HISTORY
Time Allowed: 3 hr. Max. Marks: 250
1 Critically examine the following statements in about 150 words:
(a) "Russification of Marxism by Lenin placed Russia as first model of socialist

industrialization". Comment.
E
(b) "Peace treaties are concluded with the blood of fallen heroes of theWorld war.
Germansaysthattheywillnotsignit. Theirpoliticiansandnewspaperssaysthe samething.
OR
WesaythatGentlemenyouhavetosignit. YouwillsigniteitherinVersailles or inBerlin". Critically
examine.
(c) "The Wall Street crash(1929) did not cause the depression, it was just a symptom of a
problem of which the real causes lay much deeper". Elucidate.
SC
(d) "The African experience of decolonization stands in sharp contrast from their Asian
counterparts." Discuss.
(e) "The Cuban missile crisis (1961) brought the world nearer to war than at any time since
1945.Still it had a sobering effect in w.r.t relations between the two Superpowers." Critically
GS
analyse.
2. (a) "The New Economic Policy (NEP) was a response to a political and economic crisiseven
though at its core were economic changes that marked a change in the strategy of transition
to socialism". Evaluate.
(b) "Even after seventy years of its establishment, the United Nations Organisation (UNO)
seems to be an improved League of Nations but is still nowhere near achieving its basic
aims.The world is still full of economic and social problems and acts of aggression and
wars have continued unabated". Critically examine.
(c) Explain how American imperialism in Philippines differed with European imperialism in
Indonesia and IndoChina?
3. (a) "It is said that in some ways the Second World War is yet to end in Asia." Elaborate.
(b) "We of the African national Congress (ANC) had always stood for a non racial democracy,
and we shrank from any policy which might drive the races further apart. But the hard
facts were that 50 years of Nonviolence had brought nothing but more and more repressive
laws and fewer and fewer rights" Elucidate.
(c) Critically examine the factors that forced US to drop atomic bomb on Japanese cities during
the Second World War. Also examine the consequences of the bombing.
History [1]
4. (a) "The intent of successive American administration's to contain communism was complicated
by the dissolution of Western overseas empires after second world war". Comment.
(b) "Arab nationalism and oil these were the principal Factors in complicating the relations
of Middle Eastern countries with the outside world." Comment.
(c) "Does the series of victories of the Islamic State in the Iraq and Syria signal the redrawal
of colonialera boundaries in the Middle East and Third World?" Critically examine.
5. (a) "By the 1980s, the Communist system of the Soviet Union was incapable of maintaining the
country's role as a Superpower." Explain this statement.
(b) "The Unification of Germany in 1989 brought neo modern thoughts and ideas of cooperation
in Europe." Critically evaluate.
(c) "The efforts towards post war reconstruction had certain elements that led to Cold War."
Do you agree? Critically examine.
E
OR

SC
GS
[ 2 ] History
Test - 06
HISTORY
Time Allowed: 3 hr. Max. Marks: 250
Instructions to Candidate
• Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions.
• There are FIVE questions, printed in ENGLISH.
• All the questions are compulsory.
• The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
• Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission certificate which must
be stated clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) booklet in the space
provided. No marks will be given for answers written in medium other than the authorized
one.
• Word limit in questions, wherever specified, should be adhered to.
• Attempts of questions shall be counted in chronological order. Unless struck off, attempt of
a question shall be counted even if attempted partly.
• Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer book must be clearly struck off.
Name _______________________________
Mobile No.___________________________
1. Invigilator Signature _______________ Date ________________________________
2. Invigilator Signature _______________ Signature ____________________________
2
REMARKS
Remarks
3
Roll No.____________
1. Critically examine the following statements in about 150 words: (10×5 = 50 Marks)
(a) "Russification of Marxism by Lenin placed Russia as first model of socialist

(b) "Peace treaties are concluded with the blood of fallen heroes of theWorld war.
WesaythatGentlemenyouhavetosignit. YouwillsigniteitherinVersailles or inBerlin".
Critically examine.
(c) "The Wall Street crash(1929) did not cause the depression, it was just a symptom
of a problem of which the real causes lay much deeper". Elucidate.
(d) "The African experience of decolonization stands in sharp contrast from their Asian
(e) "The Cuban missile crisis (1961) brought the world nearer to war than at any time
since 1945.Still it had a sobering effect in w.r.t relations between the two
Superpowers." Critically analyse.
Remarks
4
Remarks
5
Remarks
6
Remarks
7
Remarks
8
Remarks
9
Remarks
10
Remarks
11
though at its core were economic changes that marked a change in the strategy of
transition to socialism". Evaluate. (15 Marks)
(b) "Even after seventy years of its establishment, the United Nations Organisation
(UNO) seems to be an improved League of Nations but is still nowhere near achieving
its basic aims. The world is still full of economic and social problems and acts of
aggression and wars have continued unabated". Critically examine. (20 Marks)
(c) Explain how American imperialism in Philippines differed with European

imperialism in Indonesia and Indo-China? (15 Marks)
Remarks
12
Remarks
13
Remarks
14
Remarks
15
Remarks
16
Remarks
17
Remarks
18
Remarks
19
(15 Marks)
(b) "We of the African national Congress (ANC) had always stood for a non- racial
democracy, and we shrank from any policy which might drive the races further
apart. But the hard facts were that 50 years of Non-violence had brought nothing but
more and more repressive laws and fewer and fewer rights" Elucidate.
(20 Marks)
(c) Critically examine the factors that forced US to drop atomic bomb on Japanese cities
during the Second World War. Also examine the consequences of the bombing.
(15 Marks)
Remarks
20
Remarks
21
Remarks
22
Remarks
23
Remarks
24
Remarks
25
Remarks
26
Remarks
27
4. (a) "The intent of successive American administration's to contain communism was

complicated by the dissolution of Western overseas empires after second world
war". Comment. (15 Marks)
(b) "Arab nationalism and oil - these were the principal Factors in complicating the
relations of Middle Eastern countries with the outside world." Comment.
(15 Marks)
(c) "Does the series of victories of the Islamic State in the Iraq and Syria signal the
redrawal of colonial-era boundaries in the Middle East and Third World?" Critically
examine. (20 Marks)
Remarks
28
Remarks
29
Remarks
30
Remarks
31
Remarks
32
Remarks
33
Remarks
34
Remarks
35
5. (a) "By the 1980s, the Communist system of the Soviet Union was incapable of maintaining
the country's role as a Superpower." Explain this statement. (20 Marks)
(b) "The Unification of Germany in 1989 brought neo modern thoughts and ideas of co-
operation in Europe." Critically evaluate. (15 Marks)
(c) "The efforts towards post war reconstruction had certain elements that led to Cold
War." Do you agree? Critically examine. (15 Marks)
Remarks
36
Remarks
37
Remarks
38
Remarks
39
Remarks
40
Remarks
41
Remarks
42
Remarks
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HISTORY
Answer Hints: Test No. 6
1. (a) "Russification of Marxism by Lenin placed Russia as first model of socialist
1. In 1917 first communist govt in world was established by Lenin as a result of Bolshevik govt.
2. Lenin refuses to pay foreign debt and resorted nationalization of property.
E
3. In 1921 he introduced NEP, new economic policy as a measure of limited right of private
ownership.
4.
5.
OR
With 1520 workers in Russia can set up own industry.
He formulated new constitution with right to work for women.
6. It created huge labour force in Russia.
7. Electrification of Russia is must for socialism. This slogan was popularized by Lenin.
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8. Fundamental duties incorporated in constitution.

9. He again nationalized property and thereby state got huge accumulation of wealth.
10. It helped in resorting heavy industrialization, which made Russia a model of socialist
industrialization.
1. (b) "Peace treaties are concluded with the blood of fallen heroes of theWorld war.
GS

WesaythatGentlemenyouhavetosignit. YouwillsigniteitherinVersailles or inBerlin".
Critically examine.
• Context:
1. DefeatofCentralPowers(Germany,AustriaHungary,Turkey,Bulgaria)intheFirstWorld
WaragainstAlliesorEntentePowers(Britain,France,Russia,Italy,Serbia,USAalso joinedlater)
2. PostWarsigningofpeacetreaties.themostimportantonebeingsignedwith Germany(also known
as Treaty ofVersailles).
• Massi vel oseso f men an dmateri al on both si d es.Wargui l tcl ause( arti cl e231) f i xedth e
blamefortheoutbreakofWaronGermanyandherallies.
• A harsh Treaty :the reparation amount very high and beyond Germany's capacityto
pay.Consequently,disagreementsshownbyGermanrepresentativeswhilesigningand
discontentment among almost every section of German society.German resistancein
signingtheTreatyseemsreasonableparticularlywhentheTreatymadeGermanyweak
territorially,militarily,economically,politicallyandintheultimateanalysiscolonially.
Hints: History [1]
• A dictated peace: Germany was not consulted at any level of discussion. Evenits
re serv ati o n sw ereo verr ul e d.Th eTre atyw ass i gn e di n a n at mosp h ere of r even ge.T h e
abovementionedlinesofLyodGeorgewhosupportedlessharshtreatmenttoGermany
atteststothegravityofsituation.Germanytookitasabreachoftrustandadishonourto its
nationalpride.
1. (c) "The Wall Street crash(1929) did not cause the depression, it was just a symptom of
a problem of which the real causes lay much deeper". Elucidate.
• TheWall Street Crash of 1929 was just the beginning of nightmare which continued till1933
when period of recovery began.The crash was superficial the root of depression lays much
deeper.
• The crash began when the prices of shares began to fall,creating panic and people rushed
to sell their shares,which further led to fall in the prices of shares.This led to the collapse of
the stock market followed by the failure of banks.Life's savings of millions of Americans were
wiped off therby reducing buying capacity further.
E
• Industrial world was also impacted badly in the face of collapse of banking and financial
institutions. The result was entrenchment from jobs and largescale unemployment. Like the
OR
urban workers,the condition of farmers was no better.Fall in the prices of agricultural
commodities and loss of means of sustenance,the peasantry was reduced to the position of
destitutes.
• These were however symptoms of a more serious disease that has afflicted US economy.
And that was inequality and concentration of wealth in few hands. The basic cause of the
economic crisis lay in the nature of the US economy which went on expanding while
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keeping the bulk populace impoverished.

• The tremendous increase in production facilitated by advances in technology and increasing
profits created sharp divisions between the haves and havenots.
• Inspite of almost a decade of unprecedented economic growth, more than half the families
in America lived on the edge of or below the minimum subsistence level.About a third of all
personal income went to just 5 percent of the population.
GS
• Thus fundamental maldistribution of purchasing power was the main cause.

1. (d) "The African experience of decolonization stands in sharp contrast from their Asian
Decolonization is defined as the act of getting rid of colonization, or freeing a country from being
dependent on another country.
• The decolonization process in Asia led to complete independence of the former colonies they
became sovereign democracies, but in Africa it only meant change from direct physical
control to indirect imperial control.
• Leadership of the independent struggle in Asian countries was westernized earlier and they
had achieved the experience in running the government, whereas the African leaders were
Western educated minority who lacked the where whittles.
• Independence struggles in Asia were largely mass movements that were nonviolent and
sustained, whereas the African freedom movements includes violence and local militias.
• External states had considerable influence in the affairs of Africa which led to many
dictatorships and military coups but the Asian countries remained largely democratic.
[ 2 ] Hints: History
• Postcolonial Africa was constantly in a state of flux because of civil wars, ethnic clashes,
and turf wars to control the mines, the Asian countries however successfully transformed
their agriculture and industries.
1. (e) "The Cuban missile crisis (1961) brought the world nearer to war than at any time
since 1945.Still it had a sobering effect in w.r.t relations between the two Superpowers."
Critically analyse.
The Cuban missile crisis was one most serious crisis in the history of the postSecondWorld War.It
occurred with the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba by the Soviet who had no bases anywhere
near US territory so far.Finding itself as a serious security threat to its security, the US took serious
note of it.
The installation of missiles in Cuba brought US territory within easy range of attack.In the October
1962,President Kennedy announced a naval and air blockade around Cuba which meant that the
US would stop any ship or aircraft moving towards Cuba. The US also prepared to launch an
attack on the missile sites in cuba.
E
The crisis brought the danger of war between the US and Soviet,something that has not happened
the past inspite of various tensions and conflicts. It brought the world close to a disaster.
Notwithstanding this,the Cuban crisis had a sobering effect on the relation between the two
OR
Superpowers. Both sides realized the imminent threat of a nuclear war and unparalleled devastation
it could have caused.This brought both of them into their senses and produced a marked relaxation
of tension.
A 'hotline' was introduced between Moscow and Washington to facilitate swift consultations
between the two on matters of strategic importance.
SC
A common understanding was reached and accordingly Soviet would remove her missiles from
Cuba if US not pledged to attack Cuba. Moreover, the US also agreed to withdraw the missiles
which she has installed in Turkey,close to Soviet territory.
though at its core were economic changes that marked a change in the strategy of
transition to socialism". Evaluate.
GS
Background of NEP:
• Russia Economy shattered due to First World War and Civil War subsequent to coming of
Bolshevik government.
• War communism had been unpopular. It disincentivised peasantry to produce. The result
was food shortages.
• Industry was at standstill
• Naval mutiny at Kronstadt island naval base (march 1921)
Lenin was convinced that the perilous economic situation arising from the establishment of pure
communism boded destruction to the Soviet governmen
Hence, he chart out a different economic strategy. And that was New Economic policy (NEP).The
NEP was a strategic retreat from Marxian communism and involved a compromise between socialism
and Capitalism.
Under NEP,apart from steps to improve the condition of peasantry like abandoning the practice of
requisition of foodstuffs,there was reintroduction of private trade.Small industries and trade in
their products were restored to private ownership,though heavy industry along with the power,
banking and transport.
Hints: History [3]
To secure liquid capital, profitsharing concessions were allowed to the foreign capitalists for large
scale agricultural and engineering projects, but the State retained the option of purchasing the
products of such concerns. Also private retail trading was permitted under certain restrictions,but
the State set up retail stores of its own by way of competition and encouraged consumer's cooperative
societies.Old managers were brought back and capitalist incentives as bonuses and piecerates also
introduced.
Thus,although a response to the economic and political crisis,the NEP also marked a departure
from original economic roadmap for transition to socialism.
Nevertheless, it was more a temporary compromise.It was a return to certain amount of private
enterprise until recovery is attained but not a complete return to Capitalism.By healing the economic
and political ravages of the early Communist experiments the NEP averted a great catastrophe and
thereby saved Bolshevik government.
2. (b) "Even after seventy years of its establishment, the United Nations Organisation (UNO)
seems to be an improved League of Nations but is still nowhere near achieving its
E
basic aims.The world is still full of economic and social problems and acts of aggression
and wars have continued unabated". Critically examine.
OR
Certain weaknesses both in principle and operation of league of nations found their reflection in
case of UNO also.Few of them were lack of permanent army,use of power of veto by permanent
members of security council,lack of timely decisionmaking,shortage of funds.
BASIC AIMS WERE-
1. preserve peace and eliminate war?
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2. Remove the causes of conflict by encouraging eco, social, educational, scientific and cultural
progress throughout the world, especially in underdeveloped countries?
3. Safeguard the rights of all individual human beings,and the rights of peoples and nations.
Inspite of careful framing of the Charter, the UN,the UN was unable to solve many of the problems
of international relations, particularly those caused by Cold War.
GS
On the other hand it played an important role in a number of international crisis by arranging
ceasefires and negotiations, and by providing peacekeeping forces.It's successes in non political
work (such as care of refugees, protection of human rights, economic planning and attempts to
deal with health and population problems) have been enormous.
Although UN has had mixed success,it has been more successful than the League in its peacekeeping
efforts, especially in crisis which did not involve the Great powers and their interests or when the
Great powers decided to abide by UN.
Some important differences which have tended to make the UN a more successful body than the
League.
• More focused on economic and social matters and has much wider scope than that of the
League.
• Safeguarding Human rights which the League did not get involved in
• Changes in the procedures of the General Assembly and the Security Council and increased
power and prestige of the Secretary General have enabled UN to take more decisive action
than the League ever have achieved.
• UN has a much wider membership and is therefore more of a genuine world organisation
than was the League.While league's membership never crossed 50,UNO has membership of
more than 190 at present.
• Great powers of the time USA and USSR were foundermembers of the UN whereas USA
never joined the League.
On the other hand,it remained ineffective just as the League in situation such as the Hungarian
rising of 1956 and 1968 Czech crisis.The UN's decision of partition of Palestine was one of the most
controversial decision.In recent times, the US invasion of Iraq on false charges of possessing Weapons
of mass destruction, is the classic case of failure of UN.
Wars and Conflicts have not come to an end with the cold war rather seems to have increase.More
particularly, the West Asia is boiling and has been a hotbed of political strife and conflicts.Massive
humanitarian crisis, problem of refugees and internally displaced people.The world is facing
challenges from the state agencies but nonstate actors like terrorist organisation as well.
2. (c) Explain how American imperialism in Philippines differed with European imperialism
in Indonesia and IndoChina?
E
The nineteenth to early twentieth century is known as the age of imperialism. During this time,
European nations carved empires for themselves. It was a time of social Darwinism. During this
OR
time, US had just finished setting up its frontier and building up its economy.
Although America did end up entering into imperialism, it was imperialism of a far different form
and method than that of the European nations.
Difference in the US imperialism in Philippines and European imperialism in Indonesia and
Indo-China
SC
• US imperialism was also not nearly as systematic or accepted as European imperialism. US

Administration of the Philippines was always declared to be temporary and aimed to develop
a free and democratic government.
• Europeans introduced into the colonies and tried to expand it by converting the local
population to Christianity but there was no such in Philippines because the majority of the
population was already Christian.
GS
• US ran the administration of Philippines with the help of military government whereas there
were civil governments in Indonesia and China. The US was able to only partially control
the Philippines whereas European rule in their colonies was all pervasive.
• European powers were interested in the spice trade of southeast Asia. The European powers
wanted to utilize the raw materials of the colonial states to feed their industries to produce
finished goods, whereas there was no such motive of US in Philippines. American interest
in the Philippines was the result of a desire to expand its economic influence into the Pacific
and Asia.
• European imperialism in Indonesia and Indo China is far older than the American imperialism
in Philippines.
• Europeans captured these nations from the Local rulers of the countries, whereas, America
captured Philippines from Spain, another European power.
• Finally, America supported Philippines to defeat Japanese forces in Philippines. Thus, with
the help of Americans, Philippines were liberated on 5 July 1945. Whereas in IndoChina
and Indonesia, the colonial states themselves raised the freedom struggle and won
independence as a result of their long drawn freedom struggle movements.
Hints: History [5]
September 2, 1945 is a red letter day in world history as on this date the Japanese surrender became
official and it is recognized as the date of the ending of the Second World War.
But technically the war has not yet ended as the Russians and Japanese are still fighting over the
'Kuril' islands, the Chinese celebrating the day after the aforementioned date as a Victory over
Japan day, the Japanese are constantly egged to apologize for the atrocities their grand fathers had
committed more than 70 years ago.
1. The controversies of the Sino Japanese war that took place due to the invasion of Manchuria
by Japan has now been aggravating. This is due to the Chinese celebration of the victory
over Japan.
2. There have been instances of cold war between the Asian nations especially China South
Korea and Japan.
3. India and Pakistan have fought many wars with each other Kargil war, India Pakistan war
E
of 1971etc. There have been ceasefire violations, cross border firing and mouth wars between
both the nations.
4. India and China relationships have also seen many ups and down especially after the Indo
OR
Chinese war of 1962 at the time of Chinese aggression in India.
An obvious way in which the Second World War is still going on is observable in the fact that the
wrongs of the war are exhumed and politicized. "Bygones are not allowed to be bygones" on the
other hand are refreshed every other day.
The Chinese and Japanese are still embroiled in South China Sea and other disputes. It seems that
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both countries are still to come out of WW II mindset. On the other hand in economic terms Japan
and Russia are collaborating greatly but the disputed Kuril Islands occupied by Russia during World
War II are a bone of contention between the two nations. As such no peace treaty is signed between
the two nations till now.
In West Asia Israel emerged as a nation after the WW II. It has sculpted space for itself at the
expense of the Arabs. The ongoing conflicts between the two are a living legacy of the persecution
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of the Jews by the Nazis.

That the current generation of Japan has grown up totally detached from the WW II militarism and
Japan has not fired a bullet in anger since then should be highlighted. It is time the ghosts of WW II
were buried forever and the whole gamut of post war relations is rethought in the new light of
possibilities.
3. (b) "We of the African national Congress (ANC) had always stood for a non racial
democracy, and we shrank from any policy which might drive the races further apart.
But the hard facts were that 50 years of Nonviolence had brought nothing but more
and more repressive laws and fewer and fewer rights" Elucidate.
The abovementioned lines are the extracts from speech of Nelson Mandela.It points toward how
the racialisation of the political, social and personal space encroached upon not just the civil rights
and democratic aspirations of the blacks but personal space as well.Coupled with this governmental
repression and suppression of peaceful and non violent struggle of the blacks under the leadership
of ANC,led to the growth of radicalisation of the movement against apartheid.
Introduction of a new policy called apartheid (separateness)by the Nationalists government under
Dr Malan was purportedly meant to maintain white supremacy and racial segregation of blacks
from Whites.
The discrimination was reflected in following manner:

1. Complete separation of blacks and whites at all levels viz.,buses,trains,cafes,hospitals.
2. Racial classification and an identity card,strict pass laws.
3. Marriage and sexual relations between whites and blacks forbidden.
4. Representation in parliament abolished.
Opposition to apartheid under the leadership of ANC.The ANC called for an end to the state
sponsored racialism and the discriminatory policies.It asked for equality before law,right to
vote,freedom of Assembly, movement,speech,religion and the press.
It waged a Nonviolent struggle through demonstrations,protest, boycott egbus boycott of 1957.
However, Government instead of understanding the true nature of problem and just demands of
black people,resorted to suppression(through stringent laws) and naked violence.Anyone who
objected to the apartheid laws,was accused of being a communist and was severely punished.
E
An important instance was the government crackdown on peaceful protestors at Sharpeville wherein
around 15000 Africans were arrested and the ANC was banned.
OR
Until now protestors had been nonviolent but state sponsored violence made them believe of the
futility of peaceful methods of protest.This was an important turning point in the movement.
3. (c) Critically examine the factors that forced US to drop atomic bomb on Japanese cities
during the Second World War. Also examine the consequences of the bombing.
USA dropped nuclear bombs names ?little boy? and ?fat man? on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and
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Nagasaki on 6th and 9th August 1945 respectively. The official justification offered by President
Truman was that the bombings were necessary to stop the war immediately, which otherwise
would have dragged for another year. However, it is believed that the bombings were needless as
Japan was going to surrendered anyway. The more plausible causes are:
1. U.S.A wanted to demonstrate its military strength to U.S.S.R specifically and to the world
generally.
GS
2. The bombing was used to stop Russians from capturing too much Japanese territory after
the war was won.
3. It was also a vengeance on the earlier Japanese bombing of U.S. naval base, Pearl Harbour.
The immediate consequence of the bombing was the death of around 2,00,000 people and complete
destruction of the two cities. It was followed by the surrender of Japan and the end of the Second
World War. However, there were other consequences of the use of nuclear weapons for the first
time. It led lead to more nations developing the nuclear bombs, as a measure of security and showcase
of military strength. On the other hand also began the propagation of Nuclear Non Proliferation
Treaty by nuclear weapon states, to prevent any nuclear war in the future. Destruction was so
huge that Japan adopted ?war renouncing? policy and became one of the staunch critiques of
possessing a nuclear weapon. It became supporter of NPT and CTBT. DNA of people got distorted
and till today children born with genetic defects in Japan.
The presence of nuclear weapons in today's world does leave a possibility of a nuclear war, but the
horrific destruction in 1945 acts as a deterrent for states against using these weapons. Cold war era
started. Later on many countries (France, India, UK, China, Pakistan, and North Korea) developed
nuclear bomb with reason given that it will avoid war and establish peace in world. Japan's tireless
effort started to built itself up after destruction and it has inspired the entire world in its own ways.
Hints: History [7]
4. (a) "The intent of successive American administration's to contain communism was

complicated by the dissolution of Western overseas empires after second world war".
Comment.
The ideological differences which were in existence since 1917 Bolshevik revolution andresultant
pulls and strains in the Allied powers camp didn't came to halt with the War.
• Cold war between the two blocs:the Capitalist and the communist,produces 'hot wars'
elsewhere in the world.
• US made determined efforts to contain the possibility of communism aggression.
• Efforts of Western powers alongwith the USA to contain spread of communism in Eastern
Europe and newly independent territories in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
• Successive governments in US tended to believe in 'domino theory' to explain the dangers
of allowing the communist any modicum of success.
• This became one of the guiding element and also justification for super power intervention
E
around the globe.
• However,the process of decolonisation was set in motion.
OR
• At the same time,the cold war increasingly penetrated into 'third world' countries. It was
here that after Korea (19503),hot wars erupted in,for example, Vietnam (196573) and in
Angola (197589).
• These newly independent countries more commonly known as third world to guard against
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such cold warinduced wars, adopted non aligned position to the bloc politics.They rejected
the cold war divisions and
• influenced world politics and economics by their non aligned position.
This made the task of US statesmen and administrators all the more difficult as some of the newly
independent nation's came under the banner of communism while some adopted non aligned
position.
GS
4. (b) "Arab nationalism and oil these were the principal Factors in complicating the
relations of Middle Eastern countries with the outside world." Comment.
Arab nationalism was first internationally recognized in 1913 but remained ineffective as Arab elite
groups had developed interests that largely coincided with those of the industrialized countries.
The control over the economic resources (such as oil fields) was deeply resented by the Arabs and
led to the crisis of Suez Canal in 1956. The defeat of England and France led to end of their influence
in Egypt. Jordan, Iraq and Iran followed the suit and largely freed themselves from foreign control.
The establishment of Israel ignited Arab nationalism, but even the creation of OPEC in 1960 did not
advance it. Only the 1973 ArabIsraeli war and the use of the Arab oil weapon made Arab
nationalism really active.
However, this oil weapon had a builtin failure; the oil embargo against the US and other countries
drove up pees and caused an economic depression that made the industrialized countries stand up
against this threat.
The result was cooperation between the oilproducing Arab countries and the industrialized world
to stabilize oil prices and avoid such future calamities and political separation of the oilproducing
Arab countries from the others.
Arab economic development was shaped by Arab nationalist thought, the emergence of the oil
industry in the Arab region, and the integration of Arab economies into the international economic
system.
The contradictions between the needs of the single state and the needs of Arab economic integration,
Arab unity, and panArab economic planning received special attention.
With the rise of the Arab nationalism and therefore the regularization of the oil production by the
Arab countries affected the economies of the non oil states.
It made the outside players restless and they began to fish in the Arab world by backing Israel. On
the other hand they also started investing in Arab counties to procure oil in the name of cooperation
with the oil producing counties.
4. (c) "Does the series of victories of the Islamic State in the Iraq and Syria signal the
redrawal of colonialera boundaries in the Middle East and Third World?" Critically
examine.
E
As a result of the SykesPicot agreement signed between France and Britain during the 1st world
war, boundaries in the Middle East including that of present day Syria and Iraq were divided
between France and Britain as their spheres of influence. This was a consequence of the fall of the
OR
Ottoman Empire during the war.
One of the larger aims of the IS is to reverse the impact of the Sykes picot agreement and create a
caliphate unifying areas of both Syria and Iraq. More specifically, this should be seen as an attempt
to build a pansunni caliphate rather a panIslamic one. This essentially is therefore a sectarian
battle within Islam itself , rather than against the west. This was Al Qaeda's agenda. The control of
SC
IS over Mosul and Tikrit in Iraq is quite strong and they have begun moving southwards towards
Baghdad, which is under the control of Al Malicki (Shia Majority).
However the claim that ISIS victory will lead to redrawing of national boundaries does not consider
a few objective facts
1. The concept of sovereignty and national pride will lead people to fight to protect their
borders, even if they were arbitrarily imposed by foreign powers.
GS
2. There is an underlying sense of mistrust between the states in the region due to various
disputes and wars that have taken place between them since the SykesPicot agreement.
3. The elite group in each state is entrenched in the economy and governance of their own
state. And redrawing of boundaries makes them vulnerable. Hence, they will resist any such
change.
4. The entire region is strategically very important for the entire world due to its oil resources.
Any dramatic change in the status quo of the region will undoubtedly lead to intervention
by the large powers.
A complete redrawing of borders is probably not viable, however, there can be a few minor change.
An independent state of Kurdistan can be formed, comprising of parts of Iraq and Syria. The
Peshmerga (Kurdish rebels) have had successes in combating ISIS, the region under their control
has a stable economy and they support the ideals of secularism and women's rights. Due to all these
factors, they could also garner world support for an independent state. Apart from this, there can
be minor changes in Iraqi and Syrian borders, but at this point of time, any major changes in
borders do not seem likely.
Hints: History [9]
5. (a) "By the 1980s, the Communist system of the Soviet Union was incapable of maintaining
the country's role as a Superpower." Explain this statement.
The most significant consequences of the Second World War were the emergence of two super
powers the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Both of them emerged as very powerful
nations in the world.
The USA had suffered from world war little bit but enjoyed most prosperity from supplying the
other allies with the war materials and food. The Soviet Union was formally collapsed in 1991 after
the declaration of independence by Poland.
The era of cold war hence ended with the proven hegemony of USA. However, it was during 1980s
itself when it began to be clear that Soviet Union can't maintain its status and role of superpower.
Causes:
1. Selfcontradictions of communist system surfaced in due coarse. The overthetop oppressive
and coercive system with no freedoms for people had its limits. The communist system had
E
resulted in low standard of living. People were disappointed.
2. Its economic model of selfdependence and co.plete state managed production and distribution
OR
became unsustainable. The stagnation of Soviet Union was seen in the economic field where
the communist system of polity and economy could not increase the production and export.
The economic centralization of the resources, industries, and farms did not create any
motivation among the workers to innovate and increase the output.
3. Expenditure on the arms race with the US led block jeopardised its economy. The war with
SC
Afghanistan and Independence of Yugoslavia proved a disaster on the economic resources

as well as the prestige of the Union. The policies of Russian Presidents Andropov and
Chernenko in modernizing the soviet army could not take off due to their short tenure and
lack of concrete vision.
Also, the Russian President Gorbachev's policies of 'glasnost' (openness) and 'perestroika'
(restructuring social and economic reforms) during latter half of 1980s reduced the budget
GS
on defense and arms' race.

4. The success of US led privatization and democratic model undermined the ideological strength
of communist bloc. Low production and agricultural yield was still main problem at the time
of 1980. The Soviet Union in later times in fact became dependent on the wheat import from
the USA.
The economic hardships and stagnation, combined with the setbacks on military front were finally
responsible to prevent the Soviet Union to maintain its position as a world superpower which
Lenin and Stalin had envisaged.
5. (b) "The Unification of Germany in 1989 brought neo modern thoughts and ideas of co
operation in Europe." Critically evaluate.
The Berlin wall which was created in 1961 with an immediate reason of stopping the mass migration
of people from East Berlin (controlled by the USSR) to West Berlin (controlled by western bloc led by
the USA).
However, the prime motive of erecting the wall was to find an escape route from the embarrassment
over the poverty of East Berlin under communist rule in sharp contrast of prosperity in its western
counterpart under capitalist regime.
[10] Hints: History
By the time Mikhail Gorbachev took over the presidency of erstwhile USSR in 1985, things had
changed. The USSR's economic position was of no match to the western powers. Also, Gorbachev
policies of glasnost and perestroika were signaling liberal reforms in the political, social and economic
sphere.
It is with this background that Gorbachev met with west Germany Chancellor Helmut Kohl and
virtually promised him freedom of East Germany (and Berlin). This led to the collapse of Berlin
wall. This brought new ideas of cooperation in Europe because:
(1) After the collapse of the wall, East Germany and West Germany also got unified on Oct 3,
1990. The reunification of Germany once again after Bismarck led further socioeconomic
integration of Europe which got culminated into the European Union for which Germany
became a vital part.
(2) The cooperation was extended by the western powers in East Vs West Berlin issue. The USA
agreed that reunification could take place. The Great Britain and France though were less
happy about German unification (due to the possibility of increased Berman power) felt
E
bound to go ahead with the flow.
(3) The cooperation between West Europe and East Europe including Russia increased as
Europe was no longer divided in blocs. The Cold War ended giving further hope for co
OR
operation. A number of institutions representing the Western European states had been
working very efficiently during the post war period viz; Council of Europe, thus after the
fall of the Berlin Wall, Political Integration of the whole Europe seems to be near.
(4) Many Eastern European countries became part of European Union, which strengthened
European unity. Collective security and military defense of the whole Europe seems to be
SC
more pragmatic because whole Europe is one geographical unit. Economic integration of the
Europe was another area of cooperation because now the Eastern and Western Europe can
trade without the external influence of communist, whose hold is in the phase of decline.
(5) Europe also started cooperating more with rest of the world.
Obstacles faced:
GS
However the path of cooperation was not smooth and this included confrontations also. Britain
and France initially did not like unification of Germany due to possibility of even more powerful
Germany.
Membership of EU and NATO to Eastern European countries was despised by Russia. Also integrating
poor East Germany to rich West Germany and poor East Europe with rich West Europe faced
difficulties.
There were also voices against cooperation and integration from many Europeans who feared loss
of national identity, economic problems due to integration.
Overall it can be said that the fall of the wall of Berlin symbolizes a great dream of integration of
Europe in all fields which in the past had been one geographical unit, a civilization, a concept
inspite of facing obstacles. .
5. (c) "The efforts towards post war reconstruction had certain elements that led to Cold
War." Do you agree? Critically examine.
The end of World War 2 was also the beginning of mutual distrust and animosity between the two
Super Powers of the Post war period (USA and USSR) which finally led to the world becoming
unipolar (Disintegration of USSR in 1989).
Hints: History [11]
• Europe, after being hit by the biggest war in history, was devastated. Its economies were
bankrupt, food supplies were at an alltime low and there was a severe lack of industrial
output, due to the destruction of factories by heavy bombing during the war. The Communist
parties in Western Europe were gaining popularity and it seemed likely that the people
would elect them if living conditions didn't improve soon.
• USA was desperate to guard their sphere of influence against the increasing threat of
communism. With this end in mind it proposed the Marshall plan, under this it would
provide economic aid and equipment to help the economies of Europe recover and rebuild
themselves. This move was seen by the Soviet as the economic counterpart of the Political
Truman Doctrine.
• The origin of the tussle can be traced to Potsdam Conference where the allies refused to open
a second war front against Germany which made Soviet Union suspicious of the intentions
of Allies. For a long time, Stalin refused to join the United Nations; Stalin was angry that
Britain and America kept delaying DDay, believing it was a plot to allow Germany to
weaken the Soviet Union.
E
• At the Tehran Conference (1943) Stalin and the rest clashed over the selection of the polish
government. Stalin wanted the Pro communist government while US and Britain wanted
OR
the polish to self determine their government. This made Stalin believe in the anti communist
tendencies of the western world.
• USA initiated many Military Blocs such as NATO, CENTO etc and the Soviet Union initiated
the Warsaw Pact to support its allies militarily, Countries which obtained financial aid from
USA joined NATO and those which got aid from USSR joined the Warsaw pact.
SC
• These incidents during the war had shaped the foundation of the cold war era. Cold war
was a war not of military victories, but rather a race for supremacy over the world which
for once changed the entire world politics and its repercussions are still to be felt.
GS

[12] Hints: History

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History Test Series 2018

1 Critically examine the following statements in about 150 words:

(a) "Russification of Marxism by Lenin placed Russia as first model of socialist

History Test Series 2018

• There are FIVE questions, printed in ENGLISH.

• All the questions are compulsory.

• The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.

• Word limit in questions, wherever specified, should be adhered to.

(a) "Russification of Marxism by Lenin placed Russia as first model of socialist

(c) Explain how American imperialism in Philippines differed with European

4. (a) "The intent of successive American administration's to contain communism was

History Test Series 2018

8. Fundamental duties incorporated in constitution.

Germansaysthattheywillnotsignit. Theirpoliticiansandnewspaperssaysthe samething.

Hints: History [1]

keeping the bulk populace impoverished.

• Thus fundamental maldistribution of purchasing power was the main cause.

• US imperialism was also not nearly as systematic or accepted as European imperialism. US

Hints: History [5]

of the Jews by the Nazis.

The discrimination was reflected in following manner:

4. (a) "The intent of successive American administration's to contain communism was

Hints: History [9]

Afghanistan and Independence of Yugoslavia proved a disaster on the economic resources

on defense and arms' race.

[10] Hints: History

Hints: History [11]

[12] Hints: History

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