I Introduction

Solutions to
Recommended Problems
S1.1

(a) Using Euler's formula,

,r4
r 1r F
\IE S
e cos + j sin- 4 2
Since z = iej"/4
Re{z}= Re '2 + 2

(b) Similarly,

Im{z}= Im 2 2 4
(c) The magnitude of z is the product of the magnitudes of 2 and eJT/4. However,
I| = i, while Iei"| = 1 for all 0. Thus,
IzI = e =I
- ie 4
| - 1 =

(d) The argument of z is the sum of the arguments of i and e'"/4 . Since 4 = 0 and
4 ei" = 0 for all 0,

= 4 e = + +es"=

(e) The complex conjugate of z is the product of the complex conjugates of 1 and
ei"/4 . Since * = and (ej")* = e ~i' for all 0,
z* =* * 4 =i -i'/4

(f) z + z* is given by
1r/4 1 . 4 ej"/4 + e /4 Vr2\/
z + z* =e + e-/4 = = cos ­
2 2 2 4 2
Alternatively,
z+ z*
Refz} 2, or z + z* = 2Re{z}= 2 4 2

S1.2
(a) Express z as z = a + jQ, where Re{z} = a and Im{z} = Q. Recall that z* is the
complex conjugate of z, or z* = a - jQ. Then
z + z* (a+jQ)+ (o -jQ) 2a + 0
2 2 2
(b) Similarly,
z - z* (a +fj) - (a -jQ) _ + 2jQ _.
2 2 2

S1-1
Signals and Systems
S1-2

S1.3

(a) Euler's relation states that e'" = cos 0 + j sin 0. Therefore, e-o = cos(-0) +
j sin (-0). But, cos (-0) = cos 0 and sin (-0) = -sin 0. Thus, e-j" = cos 0 ­
j sin 0. Substituting,
e" + e - _ (cos 0 + j sin0) + (cos 0 - j sin0) 2 cos 0
2 2 2
(b) Similarly,
ej"- e -_ (cos 0 + j sin 0) - (cos 0 - j sin0) 2j sin0 s
= =-sin 6
2j 2j 2j

S1.4
(a) (i) We first find the complex conjugate of z = re'". From Euler's relation,
rej" = r cos 0 + Jr sin 0 = z. Thus,
z* = r cos 0 - jr sin 0 = r cos 0 + jr (-sin 0)
But cos 0 = cos (-0) and -sin 0 = sin (-0). Thus,
z* = r cos (-0) + jr sin (-0) = re -j"
2 20
z 2 = (re'")2 = r 2 (ejo) = r ei
2
(ii)
(iii) jz = er/ 2reo = reO+<,/2)
(iv) zz* = (re")(re-jo) = r 2em- 0 )>= r2 1
z 0
rej" e o+)e20
() z* re ~j"

(vi) = j__= e - e
z re 0 r
(b) From part (a), we directly plot the result in Figure S1.4-1, noting that for z =
re", r is the radial distance to the origin and 0 is the angle counterclockwise
subtended by the vector with the positive real axis.

Im{z}

3 jr/6
3

Re(z}

Figure S1.4-1
 Introduction / Solutions
S1-3

(i)

(ii)
Im z)
z2 = 4 ej/3
4 9
9

Rez)

Figure S1.4-3

(iii)
Im Iz
jz= 2 ej27/3
3

2 21r
33

Refz)

Figure S1.4-4

(iv)
Indz)

4
9

Figure S1.4-5
Signals and Systems
S1-4

(v)

z*

Itnzl l=

z Rejzj

Figure S1.4-6

(vi)

7T ReWjz
-- 6

3
2
1 3 -jn/6
z 2

Figure S1.4-7

S1.5
This problem shows a useful manipulation. Multiply by e +a/ 2
e-ja/2 = 1, yielding
e+ja/2e -ja/2( 1 - eja) ja/
2
(e -ja/ 2
_ eia/2 )
Now we note that 2j sin (-x) = - 2j sin x = e -x - ex. Therefore,

1 - el" = ei" 2 (-2j sin 2)

Finally, we convert -j to complex exponential notation, -j = e -jr/2. Thus,

1 - eia = ea/2 2e -j/2 sin = 2 sin ejt(a-7r)/21

S1.6
There are three things a linear scaling of the form x(at + b) can do: (i) reverse
direction => a is negative; (ii) stretch or compress the time axis = a I # 1; (iii) time
shifting => b # 0.
 Introduction / Solutions
S1-5

(a) This is just a time reversal.

Note: Amplitude remains the same. Also, reversal occurs about t = 0.

(b) This is a shift in time. At t = -2, the vertical portion occurs.

x(t + 2)

t
-2

Figure S1.6-2

(c) A scaling by a factor of 2 occurs as well as a time shift.

x(2t + 2)

t
-1 1
2

Figure S1.6-3

Note: a > 1 induces a compression.

(d) All three effects are combined in this linear scaling.

x(1 -3t)

t
2 1
3 3
Figure S1.6-4
Signals and Systems
S1-6

S1.7

This should be a review of calculus.

(a) e 2tdt = -e -2 -2a [-e 2(0)

= 1 -2a

(b) e -3' dt = -i = lim (-e 31

) ie-3(2 >
Jf2 12 t-o0 3

Therefore,

fe 3- dt = 0 + 1e 6 56
2 Signals and Systems: Part I
Solutions to
Recommended Problems
S2.1
(a) We need to use the relations w = 21rf, where f is frequency in hertz, and
T = 2w/w, where T is the fundamental period. Thus, T = 1/f.
w /3 1 1
(i) f=-= =-Hz, T- 6s
2r 21 6 f
3r/4 3 8
(ii) f = =-Hz, T=-s
2w 8 3
3/4 3 8-x
(iii) f = = Hz, T = -s
3
2r 87r
Note that the frequency and period are independent of the delay r, and the
phase 0_.
(b) We first simplify:
cos(w(t + r) + 0) = cos(wt + wr + 0)
Note that wT + 0 could also be considered a phase term for a delay of zero.
Thus, if w, = w, and wX, + 0, = wor, + 6, + 2xk for any integer k, y(t) = x(t)
for all t.

(i) Wx = o ~ mr+Ox=
W,
2
W, Wyr, +O ,= 3 1 - 3 =O0+ 2wk

Thus, x(t) = y(t) for all t.

(ii) Since wx # w,, we conclude that x(t) # y(t).
(iii) COX = coy, omr, + 6X = ((i) + i #34 3(1) + a + 2,7k

Thus, x(t) # y(t).

S2.2
(a) To find the period of a discrete-time signal is more complicated. We need the
smallest N such that UN = 21k for some integer k > 0.

(i) N = 2wk =* N = 6, k = 1
3

(ii) N = 2rk =o N = 8, k = 2
4
(iii) 2N = 2wk => There is no N such that aN = 2wk, so x[n] is not periodic.
(b) For discrete-time signals, if Ox = Q, + 2rk and Qxrx + Ox = Qr, + O, + 2k, then
x[n] = y[n].

(i) ' 81r + 2wk (the closest is k = -1), so x[n] # y[n]

3 3

(ii) Ox = I3, (2) + =r - r + 2k, k = 1, so x[n] = y[n]

(iii) Ox= 1,,((1) + i = ((0) + 1 + 27rk, k = 0, x[n] = y[n]

S2-1
Signals and Systems
S2-2

S2.3

(a) (i) This is just a shift to the right by two units.

x[n-2]

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure S2.3-1

(ii) x[4 - n] = x[-(n - 4)], so we flip about the n = 0 axis and then shift
to the right by 4.

x[4-n]

0
0 2~l
-1 0 1
111

2 3 4 5 6

n
Figure S2.3-2

(iii) x[2n] generates a new signal with x[n] for even values of n.

x [2n]

0123

Figure S2.3-3
2 0 n

(b) The difficulty arises when we try to evaluate x[n/2] at n = 1, for example (or
generally for n an odd integer). Since x[i] is not defined, the signal x[n/2] does
not exist.

S2.4
By definition a signal is even if and only if x(t) = x(-t) or x[n] = x[-n], while a
signal is odd if and only if x(t) = -x(- t) or x[n] = -x[-n].
(a) Since x(t) is symmetric about t = 0, x(t) is even.
(b) It is readily seen that x(t) # x(- t) for all t, and x(t) K -x(- t) for all t; thus
x(t) is neither even nor odd.
(c) Since x(t) = -x(- t), x(t) is odd in this case.
 Signals and Systems: Part I / Solutions
S2-3

(d) Here x[n] seems like an odd signal at first glance. However, note that x[n] =
-x[-n] evaluated at n = 0 implies that x[O] = -x[O] or x[O] = 0. The analo­
gous result applies to continuous-time signals. The signal is therefore neither
even nor odd.
(e) In similar manner to part (a), we deduce that x[n] is even.
(f) x[n] is odd.

S2.5
(a) Let Ev{x[n]} = x[n] and Od{x[n]} = x[n]. Since xe[n] = y[n] for n >_ 0 and
xe[n] = x[ -fn], x,[n] must be as shown in Figure S2.5-1.

Xe[n] 2

41 4

n
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure S2.5-1

Since x[n] = y[n] for n < 0 and x[n] = -x,[-n], along with the property that
x0 [O] = 0, x[n] is as shown in Figure S2.5-2.

Xo [n]

1 2 3 4

0 n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0

Figure S2.5-2

Finally, from the definition of Ev{x[n]} and Od{x[n]}, we see that x[n] = x,[n] +
x[n]. Thus, x[n] is as shown in Figure S2.5-3.
Signals and Systems
S2-4

(b) In order for w[n] to equal 0 for n < 0, Od{w[n]} must be given as in Figure
S2.5-4.

Odfw[n]} 14

-4 - 3 --2 --
n
0 1 2 3 4

Figure S2.5-4

Thus, w[n] is as in Figure S2.5-5.

w[n] 21

p e - 0 n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Figure S2.5-5

S2.6

(a) For a = -ia"is as shown in Figure S2.6-1.

x[n] 1

Figure S2.6-1

(b) We need to find a # such that e#' = (-e-')". Expressing -1 as ei", we find
e on = (ej'e -)T or 0 = -1 + jr
Note that any # = -1 + jfr + j27rk for k an integer will also satisfy the preced­
ing equation.
 Signals and Systems: Part I / Solutions
S2-5

(c) Re{e(-1 +')t ) = e -Re{ej'"} = e -" cos rn,

Im~e (- 1+j} n = e -"Im{e'"} = e~" sin in

Since cos 7rn = (- 1)' and sin 7rn = 0, Re{x(t)) and Im{y(t)} for t an integer are
shown in Figures S2.6-2 and S2.6-3, respectively.

1
Refe (- + ir)n

-1 1In n
0 -e­

-e

Figure S2.6-2

Imfe (- +j7T)n I
0 0 0 0 0 -nf
-2 -1 0 1 2
Figure S2.6-3

S2.7
First we use the relation (1 + j) = \/Tej"!' to yield
x(t ) = \/ \/ej'4eJ"/4e(-I+j2*)t = 2eir/2e(-1+j2 )t

(a) Re{x(t)} = 2e-'Re{ew"!ej'i'} = 2e-' cos( 2t + 2)

Re{x (t)}

envelope is 2e-r

2- -­

Figure S2.7-1
Signals and Systems
S2-6

(b) Im{x(t)) = 2e-'Im{ejr/2e 2 1rt } = 2e-' sin 27rt

ImIx (t)}
envelope is 2et

2 -­

Figure S2.7-2

(c) Note that x(t + 2) + x*(t + 2) = 2Re{x(t + 2)}. So the signal is a shifted
version of the signal in part (a).

x(t + 2) + x*(t + 2)

, 4e 2

Figure S2.7-3

S2.8
(a) We just need to recognize that a = 3/a and C = 2 and use the formula for SN,
N = 6.
6

= 2 =32
a /3\ _
-a)
(3)a

(b) This requires a little manipulation. Let m = n - 2. Then

5
6 4 4 1-
­
nb= nb= =0 bm""2=b2(b=2 =
n=2 m=O M=0 1 -b
 Signals and Systems: Part I / Solutions
S2-7

(c) We need to recognize that (2)2n = (1)'. Thus,

since - 1
- = o-4

S2.9
(a) The sum x(t) + y(t) will be periodic if there exist integers n and k such that
nT1 = kT 2, that is, if x(t) and y(t) have a common (possibly not fundamental)
period. The fundamental period of the combined signal will be nT1 for the small­
est allowable n.
(b) Similarly, x[n] + y[n] will be periodic if there exist integers n and k such that
nN = kN 2. But such integers always exist, a trivial example being n = N 2 and
k = N1 . So the sum is always periodic with period nN, for n the smallest allow­
able integer.
(c) We first decompose x(t) and y(t) into sums of exponentials. Thus,
13 1 ei(1 6Tt/ 3) -j(16irt/3)
x(t) = 1 ej( 1t/ ) + -e j(21rt/3) + e
2
e
__A6r3 ____

2 2 j
Y( jrt -e-jrt

23 2j

Multiplying x(t) and y(t), we get

3
z(t) - e ( -+/3 - e-j5w/s)
7 )t( + / )t -j 1/3
4j 4j 4j 4j
1 ej(19r/3 )t + 1 ej(13 r/3) t + 1 e j(13r/3)t - -j(19/3)t
2 2 2 2
We see that all complex exponentials are powers of e j(/3). Thus, the funda­
mental period is 2 7r/(7r/3) = 6 s.

S2.10

(a) Let 7 x[n] = S. Define m = -n and substitute

n = -oo

M=Z-QO
x[mI
M= Sx
-OO
[-m] = -

since x[m] is odd. But the preceding sum equals -S. Thus, S = -S, or S = 0.
(b) Let y[n] = x 1[n]x2[n]. Then y[-n] = x1[-n]x 2[-n]. But x1[-nj = -xl[n] and
x2[-n] = x 2[n]. Thus, y[-n] = -x1[n]x2[n] = -y[n]. So y[n] is odd.
(c) Recall that x[n] = x[fn] + x[n]. Then

E x2[n] = E (xe[nl + x.[n])2

= x[n] + 2 E Xe[flx]Xfl + >7 x 2[n]

n= -co n= o n= -0

But from part (b), x,[nxo[n] is an odd signal. Thus, using part (a) we find that
the second sum is zero, proving the assertion.
Signals and Systems
S2-8

(d) The steps are analogous to parts (a)-(c). Briefly,

(i) S =f x0(t)dt = x,(-r) dr

=0­ x 0 (r) dr = -S, or S = 0, where r = -t

(ii) y(t) = Xo(t)xe(lt),

y(-t) = xo(-t)x(-t) = -xo(t)xo(t)
- y(t), y(t) is odd

(iii) x 2 (t) dt = f (X(t) + x 0 (t)) 2 dt

= x(t ) dt + 2 Xe(t)xo(t)dt + x 2(t)dt,

while 2r x(t)xo(t) dt = 0

S2.11
(a) x[n] = ewonT - ei2 nTTo. For x[n] = x[n + N], we need
x[n + N] = ej 2x(n +N)T/To eji[ 2 n(T/To) + 2rN(T/To)] = ej2nT/To

The two sides of the equation will be equal only if 27rN(T/TO) = 27rk for some
integer k. Therefore, TITO must be a rational number.
(b) The fundamental period of x[n] is the smallest N such that N(T/TO) = N(p/q)
= k. The smallest N such that Np has a divisor q is the least common multiple
(LCM) of p and q, divided by p. Thus,

N LCM(p, q);
note that k = LCM(p, q)
p q
The fundamental frequency is 2ir/N, but n = (kT 0)/T. Thus,

Q= 2 = = WT = q T
N kT,, k LCM(p, q) 0

(c) We need to find a value of m such that x[n + N] = x(nT + mT). Therefore,
N = m(T./T), where m(T./T) must be an integer, or m(q/p) must be an integer.
Thus, mq = LCM(p, q), m = LCM(p, q)/q.
3 Signals and Systems: Part II

Solutions to
Recommended Problems
S3.1

(a)
x[n]= 8[n] + 8 [n - 3]

n
0 1 2 3

Figure S3.1-1

(b)
x[n] = u[n]-u[n-- 5]

1111

0041T
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure S3.1-2

(c)
x [n]=S[n] + -1 [n -- +(_1)2S[n] +(_1)3 5[n -3]

-3 -2 -1
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure S3.1-3

(d)
x(t)= u(t +3) - u(t - 3)

t
-3 0 3

Figure S3.1-4

S3-1

Signals and Systems

S3-2

(e)
x(t) =6(t + 2)

t
-2 0

Figure S3.1-5

(f)

S3.2
(1) h
(2) d
(3) b
(4) e
(5) a, f
(6) None

S3.3
(a) x[n] = b[n - 1] - 26[n - 2] + 36[n - 3] - 26[n ­ 4] + b[n - 5]
(b) s[n] = -u[n + 3] + 4u[n + 1] - 4u[n ­ 2] + u[n - 4]

S3.4

We are given Figure S3.4-1.

 Signals and Systems: Part II / Solutions
S3-3

x(- t) and x(1 - t) are as shown in Figures S3.4-2 and S3.4-3.

x (-t)

-12

Figure S3.4-2

x(1--t)
x1-0

-11 1
Figure S3.4-3

(a) u(t + 1) - u(t - 2) is as shown in Figure S3.4-4.

-1 0 1 2
t
Figure S3.4-4

Hence, x(1 - t)[u(t + 1) - u(t - 2)]1 looks as in Figure S3.4-5.

6
t
-1 1

Figure S3.4-5
Signals and Systems
S3-4

(b) -u(2 - 3t) looks as in Figure S3.4-6.

2
3
t

Figure S3.4-6

Hence, u(t + 1) - u(2 - 3t) is given as in Figure S3.4-7.

2
3

Figure S3.4-7

So x(1 ­ t)[u(t + 1) - u(2 - 3t)] is given as in Figure S3.4-8.

S3.5

(a) y[n] = x2[n] + x[n] - x[n - 1]

(b) y[n] = x2[n] + x[n] - x[n - 1]
(c) y[n] = H[x[n] ­ x[n - 1]]
x 2[n] + x 2 [n - 1] - 2x[nJx[n ­ 1]
(d) y[n] = G[x 2[n]]
x 2[n] - X 2 [n - 1
 Signals and Systems: Part 11/ Solutions
S3-5

(e) y[n] = F[x[n] - x[n - 1]]

= 2(x[n] - x[n - 1]) + (x[n - 1] - x[n - 2])
y[n] = 2x[n] - x[n - 1] - x[n - 2]
(f) y[n] = G[2x[n] + x[n - 11]

= 2x[n] + x[n - 11 - 2x[n - 1] - x[n - 21

= 2x[n] - x[n - 1] - x[n - 2]

(a) and (b) are equivalent. (e) and (f) are equivalent.

S3.6
Memoryless:
(a) y(t) = (2 + sin t)x(t) is memoryless because y(t) depends only on x(t) and not
on prior values of x(t).
(d) y[n] = Ek=. x[n] is not memoryless because y[n] does depend on values of
x[-] before the time instant n.
(f) y[n] = max{x[n], x[n - 1], ... , x[-oo]} is clearly not memoryless.
Linear:
(a) y(t) = (2 + sin t)x(t) = T[x(t),
T[ax 1 (t) + bx 2 (t)] = (2 + sin t)[axi(t) + bx 2 (tt)
= a(2 + sin t)x 1(t) + b(2 + sin t)x 2 (t)
= aT[x 1 (t)] + bT[x 2 (t)]
Therefore, y(t) = (2 + sin t)x(t) is linear.
(b) y(t) = x(2t) = T[x(t)],
T[ax 1(t) + bx 2 (t)] = ax1 (2t) + bx 2 (t)

= aT[x1 (t)) + bT[x 2 (t)]

Therefore, y(t) = x(2t) is linear.

(c) y[n] = ( x[k] = T[x[n]],

k=­

T[ax1 [n] + bx2[n]] = a T x1 [k] + b L x 2[k]

k= -x k=-w
= aT[x1[n]] + bT[x2[n]]

Therefore, yin] = E=_ x[k] is linear.

(d) y[n] = > x[k] is linear (see part c).

k= -o

dxt
d
T[ax 1(t) + bx 2(t)] = -[ax 1 (t)+±bx
2 (t)]

dx 1 (t) dx (t)
= a dt + b dt2 = aT[x 1 (t)] + bT[x 2 (t)]

Therefore, y(t) = dx(t)/dt is linear.

(f) y[n] = max{x[n], . . . , x[-oo]} = T1x[n]],
T[ax 1[n] + bx2[n]] = max{ax 1 [n] + bx 2[n], . . . , ax 1[-oo] + bx2[ - o]}
# a max{x[n], . . . , x1[-oo]} + b max{x 2[n], . . . , X2[-00])
Therefore, y[n] = max{x[n], .. . , x[-oo]} is not linear.
Signals and Systems
S3-6

Time-invariant:
(a) y(t) = (2 + sin t)x(t) = T[x(t)],
T[x(t - T 0 )] = (2 + sin t)x(t - T0 )
9 y(t - T0 ) = (2 + sin (t - T0 ))x(t - T0 )
Therefore, y(t) = (2 + sin t)x(t) is not time-invariant.
(b) y(t) = x(2t) = T[x(t)],
T[x(t - # x(2t - TO) = y(t - T 0 )
T0 )] = x(2t - 2T0)
Therefore, y(t) = x(2t) is not time-invariant.

(c) y[n] = ( x[kJ = T[x[n]],

T[x[n - NO]J = ( x[k - NO] = y[n - N 0 ]

Therefore, y[n] = Ek'= _.x[k] is time-invariant.

(d) y[n] = E
k=­
x[k] = T[x[n]],
n n-NO

T[x[n - NO]] = E x[k - N] = x[l] = y[n - N

0 ]
k=- =-w0

Therefore, y[n] = E" _.x[k] is time-invariant.

=dx(t)

(e) y(t) dt T[x(t)],

T[x(t - To)] = x(t - To) = y(t - To)

dt
Therefore, y(t) = dx(t)/dt is time-invariant.
Causal:
(b) y(t) = x(2t),

y(1) = x(2)

The value of y(-) at time = 1 depends on x(-) at a future time = 2. Therefore,

y(t) = x(2t) is not causal.

(d) y[n] = ( x[k]

k=­

Yes, y[n] = E .x[k] is causal because the value of y[-] at any instant n
depends only on the previous (past) values of x[-].
Invertible:
(b) y(t) = x(2t) is invertible; x(t) = y(t/2).
(c) y[n] = E _.x[k] is not invertible. Summation is not generally an invertible
operation.
(e) y(t) = dx(t)/dt is invertible to within a constant.
Stable:
(a) If Ix(t) I < M, Iy(t) I < (2 + sin t)M. Therefore, y(t) = (2 + sin t)x(t) is stable.
(b) If |x(t)| < M, |x(2t)I < M and ly(t)| < M. Therefore, y(t) = x(2t) is stable.
(d) If |x[k]| 5 M, ly[n]j 5 M - E_,, which is unbounded. Therefore, y[n] =
E"Lx[k] is not stable.
 Signals and Systems: Part II / Solutions
S3-7

S3.7

(a) Since H is an integrator, H-1 must be a differentiator.

H~':
dx(t)
y(t) = d
dt
G: y(t) = x(2t)
G 1: y(t) = x(t/2)

(b)

Solutions to
Optional Problems
S3.8
(a) x 2(t) = xi(t) - xi(t - 2)

y)(t - 2)
2(t) = 1 (t)

Figure S3.8-1
Signals and Systems
S3-8

(b) xA(t) = Xi( t) + xI(t + 1)

y 3(t)=y (t)+y 1 (t + 1)

-1 10 1 2

Figure S3.8-2

u(t
-2)
-u(1
-t)
y(t)=e-(t-1)u
-1)+u(-t)+
(c) x(t) = u(t - 1) - u(t - 2)

Figure S3.8-3

(d) y[n] = 3y 1 [n] ­ 2y2[n] + 2y 3 [n]

3 3

p p14
p n

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-4

Figure S3.8-4
 Signals and Systems: Part 11/ Solutions
S3-9

(e) y2[n] = y,[n] + yi[n - 11

y2 [n] 2 __

0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure S3.8-5

Y3[n] = y 1 [n + 1]

-1 0 2 3 4

Figure S3.8-6

(f) From linearity,

y1(t) = 1r + 6 cos(2t) - 47 cos(5t) + '/e cos(6t),
1 + 0t 4"
2
x 2(t) = 1 + t2 = (-t )".
n=O

So y 2(t) = 1 - cos(2t) + cos(4t) - cos(6t) + cos(8t).

S3.9
(a) (i) The system is linear because

Tlaxi(t) + bx 2 (t)] = 1
n=­
23 [ax (t) + bx (t )](t - nT)

= a T3 x 1 (t)b(t - nT) + b ( xst - nT)

= aT[xi(t)] + bT[x 2 (t)]

(ii) The system is not time-invariant. For example, let xi(t) = sin(22rt/T).
The corresponding output yi(t) = 0. Now let us shift the input xi(t) by
r/2 to get

x2 (t) = sin (
+r =
cos (2)
Now the output
+00

Y2(0 >7 b(t - nT) =Ay, + 2= 0

n = -oo
Signals and Systems
S3-10

(b) y(t) = E x(t)b(t - nT)

= E cos(2,rt)b(t - nT)

cos(27rt)

0< t

Figure S3.9-1

T=1

0 tt
I ~11
2

Figure S3.9-2
 Signals and Systems: Part II / Solutions
S3-11

y (t )

T=
T~__ t t

-1
Figure S3.9-5

y (t)

Figure S3.9-6

(c) y(t) = e t cos(27rt)b(t - nT)

etcos(2nrt)
et

t
22

Figure S3.9-7

y (t)

T= I
T=1 tt
1 3
2

Figure S3.9-8
Signals and Systems
S3-12

y (t)
T= Ie3
2 2
2 I 2- t
-e1/2 I I 3/2

Figure S3.9-9

y (t)
T= YWe3
4t
F r2 2
-el2 -e 3 12

Figure S3.9-10

T= Y3 1 y~t)
12 2
1 2

Figure S3.9-12

S3.10

(a) True. To see that the system is linear, write

y2 (t) = T 2 [T1 [x(t)]] T[x(t)],

T 1[ax 1 (t) + bx 2(t)] = aT 1 [x1(t)] + bT[x 2(t)]
T2[T1[ax 1(t) + bx 2 (t)]] = T2[aT1 [x1(t)] + bT1[x 2(t)]I
= aT2[T1 [x1 (t)]] + bT2[(T[x2t)]]
= aT[x 1 (t)] + bT[x 2(t)J
 Signals and Systems: Part 11/ Solutions
S3-13

We see that the system is time-invariant from

T 2[T 1[x(t - T)]] = T 2[y 1(t - T)l
= y 2(t -T),
Tx(t - T)] = y 2(t - T)
(b) False. Two nonlinear systems in cascade can be linear, as shown in Figure S3.10.
The overall system is identity, which is a linear system.

x(t) i Reciprocal - Reciprocal 0 y(t)=x(t)

1
x(t)
Figure S3.10

(c) y[n] = z[2n] = w[2n] + {w[2n - 1] + {w[2n - 21

= x[n] + {x[n - 11

The system is linear and time-invariant.

(d) y[n] = z[-nl = aw[-n ­ 11 + bw[-n] + cw[-n + 1]
= ax[n + 11 + bx[nl + cx[n - 1]
(i) The overall system is linear and time-invariant for any choice of a, b,
and c.
(ii) a= c
(iii) a= 0

S3.11
(a) y[n] = x[n] + x[n - 11 = T[x[n]]. The system is linear because
T[ax 1 [n] + bx 2 [n]| = ax1[n] + ax1[n - 1] + bx 2[n] + bx 2[n - 1]
= aT[x1 [n]] + bT[x 2[n - 1]]
The system is time-invariant because
y[n] = x[n] + x[n - 1] = Tjx[n]],
T[x[n - N]] = x[n - N] + x[n ­ 1 - N]
= y[n - N]

(b) The system is linear, shown by similar steps to those in part (a). It is not
time-invariant because
T[x[n ­ N]] = x[n - N] + x[n - N - 1] + x[O]
# y[n - N] = x[n ­ N] + x[n - N - 1] + x[-NJ

S3.12
(a) To show that causality implies the statement, suppose
x1 (t) - yl(t) (input x 1(t) results in output y 1(t)),
x 2(t) - y2),
where y 1(t) and y 2(t) depend on x 1(t) and x 2(t) for t < to. By linearity,
xI(t) - x 2(t) -+ y 1 (t) - y 2(t)
Signals and Systems
S3-14

If Xi(t) = x 2 (t) for t < to, then y 1 (t) = y 2 (t) for t < to. Hence, if x(t) = 0 for
t < to, y(t) = 0 for t < to.
(b) y(t) = x(t)x(t + 1),
x(t) = 0 for t < to =* y(t) = 0, for t < to
This is a nonlinear, noncausal system.
(c) y(t) = x(t) + 1 is a nonlinear, causal system.
(d) We want to show the equivalence of the following two statements:
Statement 1 (S1): The system is invertible.
Statement 2 (S2): The only input that produces the output y[n] = 0 for all n is
x[n] = 0 for all n.

To show the equivalence, we will show that

S2 false S1 false and

S1 false S2 false
S2 false == S1 false: Let x[n] # 0 produce y[n] = 0. Then cx[n] == y[n] = 0.
S1 false S2 false: Let xi => yi and x 2 =* Y2. If x 1 # X 2 but y1 = Y2, then
X1 - X2 0 0 but yi - yi = 0.
(e) y[n] = x 2 [n] is nonlinear and not invertible.