Geochemical Journal, Vol. 39, pp.

497 to 502, 2005

Re-Os isochron age of Fankeng basalts from Fujian of SE China and

its geological significance

JINCHENG ZHOU,1,2* SHAOYONG J IANG,1,2* XIAOLEI WANG,1,2 JINGHONG YANG1,2 and MENGQUN ZHANG3
1
State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
2
Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
3
Modern Analysis Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

(Received November 8, 2004; Accepted April 8, 2005)

Mesozoic basalts occur widely in SE China, with two major episodes of activity during the Middle Jurassic and Early
Cretaceous. The exact age and mantle source character for the first eruption of basaltic magma during the Jurassic are not
well constrained. In this paper we report, for the first time, Re-Os isotope data on these basalts. We sampled the Fankeng
basalts in the Yongding basin of southwestern Fujian, SE China and separated the Fe-Ti oxide concentrates in them. Six
samples of the Fe-Ti oxide concentrates yield a Re-Os isochron age of 175.4 ± 3.1 Ma with an initial 187Os/ 188Os ratio of
0.124 ± 0.014, corresponding to an initial γOs value of –1.44 at 175.4 Ma. The age suggests that the Fankeng basalts are
products of Middle Jurassic magmatism. Both (187 Os/188Os) i and γOs values are near chondritic. Together with Sm-Nd
isotope data of these basalts, we conclude that the Fankeng basaltic magma might be derived from depleted asthenospheric
mantle. The near chondritic γOs and εNd(T) values may suggest interactions between asthenosphere and lithosphere dur-
ing early Mesozoic in the area.

Keywords: interactions between asthenosphere and lithosphere, Re-Os isochron age, tholeiites, Middle Jurassic, Fankeng in Fujian of China

rhyolites from the Fankeng Formation were previously

INTRODUCTION
Two major episodes of basaltic volcanism occurred
in SE China during the Mesozoic period, one erupted
during the Early or Middle Jurassic, another erupted dur-
ing the Early Cretaceous. Previous studies have demon-
strated that these two stage basalts display contrast
geochemical characteristics and, therefore, may imply
different petrogeneses and tectonic settings (Wang et al.,
1994; Chen and Zhou, 1999; Chen et al., 1999; Zhou and
Chen, 2000, 2001). However, the exact age, mantle
sources character, and magma evolution of these basalts
are not well constrained, in particular for the first Jurassic
stage of basaltic volcanism. Voluminous Jurassic vol-
canic—sedimentary strata occur in the Yongding basin
of southwestern Fujian, SE China, which was named as
“Fankeng Formation”. In this basin, both basalts and
rhyolites are associated with sedimetary rocks (Fig. 1).
Precise isotope dating for eruption of these volcanic rocks
is lacking so far, and only several Rb-Sr whole-rock
isochron ages for rhyolites of the Fankeng Formation have
been reported, which ranges from 179 to 183 Ma (Xu,
1992; Zhou and Chen, 2001). Hence, the basalts and
*Corresponding authors (e-mail: j.c.zhou@public1.ptt.js.cn and
shyjiang@public1.ptt.js.cn)
Copyright © 2005 by The Geochemical Society of Japan.
considered as “Early Jurassic bimodal volcanics”. Previ-
ous geochemical evidence suggested that basalts of the
Fankeng Formation from the Landi area in the Yongding
basin are of typical OIB lithogeochemical feature, and
the basaltic magmas might have been derived from
asthenospheric mantle (Zhou and Chen, 2001).
Basalts with similar ages and geochemical features
have also been found in the Changpu Formation from the
Changpu-Baimianshi and the Dongkeng-Lingjian basins
in southern Jiangxi province (Chen et al., 1999; Li and
Wu, 1999). The eruption of these basalts might be then
considered to imply a trending EW tectonic extensional
event during the Jurassic in southern China. In order to
verify this important geological event, the precise dating
and better understanding of magma origin and evolution
of representative basalts of this period in SE China are
necessary. As an attempt to solve these problems, in this
study we focus on the basalts of Fankeng Formation from
the Yongding basin of Fujian (here named as “Fankeng
basalts”), and aim to constrain their age and better under-
stand the origin of the Fankeng basalts, using the robust
Re-Os isotope technique recently developed in our lab.
This is the first report of Re-Os isotope studies in
Mesozoic basalts in China, although several Re-Os iso-
tope studies have been reported for mantle xenoliths from
the Cenozoic basalts in Eastern China (Zhi et al., 2001;
Gao et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2003).

497

Fig. 1. Sketch geological map of Yongding basin in southwest-
ern Fujian province, SE China (modified after BGMRF, 1985).
1. Proterozoic; 2. Upper Paleozoic; 3. Triassic; 4. Middle
Jurassic; 5. Upper Jurassic; 6. Caledonian granites; 7.
Yanshanian granites; 8. Faults; 9. Geological line; 10. Profile
of sampling.
GENERAL GEOLOGY
The Fankeng formation occurs in the Landi and
Fankeng areas of southwestern and northeastern Yonnding
county, Fujian province of SE China. The formation of
the Yongding basin was constrained by the NE trending
Zhenghe-Dapu fault, NW trending Shanghang-Yunxiao
fault and NEE trending Yongding—“the mouth of
Minjiang river” fault. The basalts and rhyolites in Fankeng
Formation are associated with contemporary
fluviolacustrine sediments in the Yongding basin. The
sedimentary strata distributed around the Yingding basin
include middle–lower Proterozoic, the Lindi formation
of lower Carboniferous series, lower Permain series and
the Wenbinshan formation of upper Triassic series. The
basalts and rhyolites are associated with siltstone, argillite,
and tuffaceous sandstone in the Fankeng Formation. To-
tal thickness of volcanic rocks from Tanbao located at
498 J. Zhou et al.
northern Yongding basin may be up to 1826 m (BGMRF,
1985). The volcanic-sedimentary stratigraphic column of
the Yongding basin shows that the basalts are conform-
ably overlain by rhyolitic volcanics. The Fankeng basalts
are very fresh. Augite in the Fankeng basalts is an impor-
tant mafic mineral. Most augite (Ng⵩C = 51–55°) are pre-
sented as phenocrysts. Plagioclases are concentrated in
the matrix and a few occur as phenocrysts. The matrix of
the basalts shows intergranular texture, in which the tri-
angular interstice among plagioclase laths is filled by
augite and magnetite grains etc. The plagioclase laths in
the matrix are andesine or labradorite [Np⵩(010) = 30–
35°, An = 44–52]. The Fankeng basalts have SiO2 con-
tents in the range of 48–52 wt%, lacking normative
nepheline. These basalts have been classified as tholeiites.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Due to the extremely low Re and Os concentrations
(ppt to sub-ppt level) in basalts, it is rather difficult to
obtain reliable Re and Os isotopic measurements using
whole-rock analysis. However, a number of studies have
found that Re and Os are mostly sequestered in Fe-Ti
oxides and sulphides in basalts and their Re-Os isotopic
compositions represent the whole-rock values (Stein et
al., 1992; Johnson et al., 1996; Shirey and Walker, 1998;
Brauns et al., 2000). We, therefore, try to use this tech-
nique to obtain Re-Os isotopic compositions for the
Fankeng basalts in this study. We found that sulphide
grains in the Fankeng basalts are very rare or absent un-
der careful optical microscope observations. Therefore,
we preconcentrated Fe-Ti oxides from basalt samples.
Seven basalt samples have been selected after optical
microscope studies, and then crushed and ground into fine
powders. The Fe-Ti oxide concentrates in the basalts have
been separated using a magnet. Major elements of these
separated Fe-Ti oxide were obtained by X-ray fluores-
cence (XRF) determinations using a 9800XP+ X-ray fluo-
rescence spectrometer (made in ARL Corp. of Swiss) at
the Modern Analysis Center of Nanjing University on
fused dicks. Fused dick was made by fusing of 0.06 g of
Fe-Ti oxide powder and 0.6 g of silica powder with 7.26
g lithium borate (Li2B4O7:LiBO2 = 67:33). The standard
reference materials for the analyses are
GBW07103~GBW07108. Precision is estimated at <2%
for Fe, <5% for Ti and <10% for Mg. Analytical results
are listed in Table 1. Most samples except PK-8 have
(Fe2O3 + TiO 2) in the range of 73~95 wt% (Table 1). It
suggests that magnetites (and ilmenites) are dominant in
the separated Fe-Ti oxide concentrates with only minor
silicate minerals. Furthermore, based on (TiO2 + Fe2O 3 +
MnO + MgO) contents of the separated Fe-Ti oxide con-
centrates, most samples except PK-12 show Fe2O3 in the
 Table 1. XRF analyses of magnetite-rich concentrates of the Fankeng
basalts (wt%)

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6
PK-7 PK-8 PK-9 PK-10 PK-11 PK-12

SiO2 9.76 26.96 8.34 1.28 11.95 0.11

TiO2 2.04 2.16 3.26 1.67 1.44 17.24
Al2 O3 6.22 5.59 5.37 1.62 7.6 2.31
Fe 2 O3 71.87 53.18 76.05 93.55 72.34 76.74
MnO 0.16 0.16 0.42 0.2 0.23 0.75
MgO 4.69 5.87 2.18 0.08 0.96 0.46
CaO 4.68 5.78 3.94 0.96 2.82 2.12
Na 2 O 0.1 0.07 <0.01 0.07 1.22 <0.01
K2 O 0.31 0.09 0.14 0.2 0.67 0.14
P2 O5 0.14 0.16 0.3 0.38 0.51 0.12
Total 99.97 100.02 100 100.01 99.74 99.99

TiO2 (wt %) 2.59 3.52 3.98 1.75 1.92 18.11

Fe 2 O3 91.25 86.65 92.85 97.96 96.49 80.62
MnO 0.2 0.26 0.51 0.21 0.31 0.79
MgO 5.95 9.56 2.66 0.08 1.28 0.48
Total* 99.99 99.99 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

*Total of TiO 2, Fe2O3, MnO and MgO are normalized to wt 100%.

Table 2. Re-Os isotope analyses of magnetite-rich concentrates from the Fankeng basalts and εNd of the
host basalts

Sample Mg# Re Os Re/Os 187

Re/1 8 8 Os 2σ 187
Os/1 8 8 Os 2σ ε Nd
(ppb) (ppb) (T = 175.4 Ma)

PK-6-3 0.96 0.099 9.697 47.0 0.5 0.2642 0.0006

PK-7 61.6 1.409 0.255 5.525 26.7 0.3 0.2019 0.0008 1.90
PK-8 57.6 0.669 0.696 0.961 4.61 0.05 0.1394 0.0004 0.24
PK-9 58.7 6.484 0.126 51.46 273 2.7 0.9082 0.0011 –0.41
PK-11 40.3 4.022 0.05 80.44 455 4.6 1.4683 0.0015 –0.05
PK-12 39.8 4.946 0.047 105.2 619 6.2 1.9334 0.0095 –0.25

The present-day average chondritic composition: 187Re/ 188 Os = 0.40186, 187Os/ 188Os = 0.127 (Shirey and Walker, 1998). 187 Re decay constant
(λ ) = 1.666 × 10 –11 a –1 (Smoliar et al., 1996). Mg# = Mg/(Mg + Fe 2+) values of host basalts. εNd (T = 175.4 Ma) calculated for host basalts.

range of 86.65~97.96 wt% and TiO2 from 1.75 to 3.98
wt% (Table 1). These data indicate that the major oxides
in separated Fe-Ti oxide concentrates are magnetite.
The chemical separation techniques and Re-Os iso-
tope analysis used in this study have been previously re-
ported (Yang et al., 2001). Briefly, An aliquot of 1–2 g of
the Fe-Ti oxide concentrates, together with a mixed 185Re-
190
Os isotope spike, was dissolved in inverse aqua regia
(5 ml concentrated HNO3 with 3 ml concentrated HCl)
inside a sealed quartz vessel for 12 h in a high-pressure
asher (HPA-S) at 100–120 bar and 300°C. Using this dis-
solution technique, a complete sample-spike equilibra-
tion can be obtained (Yang et al., 2001).
After the HPA-S digestion, 2 g Br2 was added to the
inverse aqua regia and Os was extracted from the sample
solution. This procedure was repeated twice to make sure
that all the Os was extracted from the solution. Finally,
Os was further purified by microdistillation technique
(Birck et al., 1997). Re was separated using two succes-
sive steps of anion (BioRad AG1X8) exchange column
chemistry. Re and Os were measured as OsO 3– and ReO4–
by a Finnigan Triton negative thermal ionization mass
spectrometry (N-TIMS) at the State Key Laboratory for
Mineral Deposits Research of Nanjing University. Pro-
cedural Os blanks were <5 pg and Re blanks were <20
pg. The 2σ external precision of 187Re/188Os and 187Os/
188
Os were estimated to be ±1.0% and ±0.3%, respectively,
based on repeated analyses of Re and Os standard solu-
tions.
Results of Re-Os concentrations and isotopic compo-
sitions of these Fe-Ti oxide concentrates in basalts are
listed in Table 2. The Re-Os isochron age and initial 187Os/

Re-Os isochron age of Mesozoic basalt, SE China 499

188
Os ratio were calculated using the ISOPLOT program
(Ludwig, 1999), which yields an age of 175.4 ± 3.1 Ma
with an initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 0.124 ± 0.014, corre-
sponding to an initial γOs value of –1.44 at 175.4 Ma.
DISCUSSION
Our studied samples show variable Os isotopic com-
positions, with 187Os/188Os ratios from 0.1394 to 1.9334
(Table 2). Those samples with highest 187 Os/ 188 Os
(1.4683~1.9334) show lower Os concentrations
(0.047~0.05 ppb). In contrast, those with lower 187Os/
188
Os (0.1394~0.9082) show higher concentrations of Os
from 0.099 to 0.696 ppb. Similar relationship between
lower Os concentrations and higher Os isotopic compo-
sitions has been noted previously (Reisberg et al., 1993;
Widom and Shirey, 1996; Birck et al., 1997; Ingle et al.,
2004).
In Table 2, we also list the Mg# values for host basalts.
It is evident that high Mg# (57.6~61.6) of host basalts
are correspounding to high Os abundance (0.126~0.696
ppb) of the Fe-Ti oxide concentrates. Host basalts with
lower Mg# (39.8~40.3) possess lower Os concentrations
(0.047~0.05 ppb) of the Fe-Ti oxide concentrates. On the
other hand, Mg# of host basalts are inversely proportional
to 187Re/188Os ratios of the Fe-Ti oxide concentrates in
them. High Mg# (57.6~61.6) of host basalts are
correspounding to low 187Re/ 188Os ratios of the Fe-Ti
oxide concentrates (4.61~26.7). While host basalts have
lower Mg# of 39.8 to 40.3, the Fe-Ti oxide concentrates
show high 187Re/188Os ratios up to 455–619. The rela-
tionships between Os concentrations, 187Re/188Os and Re/
Os ratios of Fe-Ti oxide concentrates and the Mg# values
of host basalts are obviously constrained by fractional
crystallization of basaltic magma. In other words, these
variations of the Fe-Ti oxide concentrates are the reflec-
tion of those of basaltic magma. This is because Re and
Os in basalts are dominantly sequestered in Fe-Ti oxides,
such as magnetites (Shirey and Walker, 1998; Brauns et
al., 2000). Therefore, Re-Os isotope features of the Fe-Ti
oxide concentrates represent those of host basalts. Brauns
et al. (2000) pointed out that some bulk-rock samples from
Ferrar province have 187Re/188Os ratios very similar to
those of magnetite-rich separates.
Re-Os isochron age
Previous studies have shown that using Re-Os isotope
system of either basaltic whole rocks or mineral sepa-
rates, it is possible to obtain precise eruption age of ba-
saltic magma. For example, Ingle et al. (2004) obtained a
Re-Os isochron age of 117 ± 7 Ma for the Rajmahal Traps
basalts, which is within the range of the determined Ar-
Ar age of ~118 Ma (Kent et al., 2002). Using separated
Fe-Ti oxides from the Tasmanian dolerite samples, Brauns
500 J. Zhou et al.
Fig. 2. Re-Os isochron of the Fankeng basalts.
et al. (2000) obtained a Re-Os isochron age of 175.1 ±
5.4 Ma, which is almost identical to the K-Ar age of 174
Ma.
Our Re-Os isotope data for the Fe-Ti oxide concen-
trates from the Fankeng basalts in the Yongding basin of
southwestern Fujian yield an isochron age of 175.4 ± 3.1
Ma (Fig. 2). This age is similar to a Rb-Sr isochron age
of 173.0 ± 9.7 Ma for the basalts in the Changpu Forma-
tion (corresponding to the Fankeng Formtion in south-
western Fujian) from southern Jiangxi (Chen et al., 1999).
These ages indicate that the eruption of the Fankeng and
Changpu basaltic magmas took place in the Middle
Jurassic rather than during Early Jurassic as previously
suggested.
Os-Nd isotopes and their implications for petrogenesis
The magma sources of the studied Middle Jurassic
basalts in SE China have been extensively debated. In
general, three possibilities exist, i.e., subcontinental
lithospheric mantle (SCLM), shallow asthenospheric
mantle, and deep plume-related mantle. Whether or not
the magma has been affected by assimilation of conti-
nental crust during their ascent is also a matter of open
question. Hence, we need to be able to discriminate be-
tween these different potential sources of the basalts and
the sources of contamination. In this regard, Os isotopes
have been widely used to fingerprint the mantle sources
as well as the nature and origin of any continental
lithosphere assimilated during the passage of these ba-
saltic magmas to the surface (Carlson and Irving, 1994;
Brandon et al., 1996; Chesley and Ruiz, 1998). The ap-
plication of the Os isotopic system stems from its unique
characteristics among the well-studied radiogenic isotopic
systems (e.g., Sr-Nd-Pb), because Re is an incompatible
parent isotope, whereas Os is a compatible daughter iso-
tope. During small degrees of partial melting in the man-
tle, Re is significantly enriched in the melt. This process
produces melts with high Re/Os ratios, and as a conse-
quence, the continental crust will develop extremely ra-
diogenic Os isotopic compositions very rapidly. In con-
trast, the residue mantle after melting events will have
very unradiogenic Os isotopic compositions. Hence, we
can use Os isotopic system as a unique tool to constrain
the nature of mantle sources and to distinguish the con-
taminants involved in basalt petrogenesis.
In general, one can use the initial Os isotopic ratio of
basalts to provide unique constrains and important insights
on petrogenesis. As noted by Brauns et al. (2000), calcu-
lation of initial Os ratios usually necessitate large extrapo-
lations when age correcting the data for old basalts such
as Mesozoic basalts, and as a result the uncertainties in
calculated initial ratios may preclude the distinction be-
tween mantle sources. Therefore, only in the case where
an isochron can be established, the initial Os ratio esti-
mated from this isochron has the potential to be well con-
strained. Brauns et al. (2000) obtained an initial Os iso-
topic ratio of 0.145 ± 0.049 from a Re-Os isochron of the
Fe-Ti oxides from the Tasmanian dolerite samples. To-
gether with the continental crust-like Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes
and incompatible trace element compositions of the Tas-
manian dolerites, Brauns et al. (2000) suggested that these
rocks did not involve assimilation of continental crust by
mantle-derived magmas. Rather, the introduction of up-
per-crustal materials into the mantle contaminates the
source of these magmas before melting. Although with
some overlap, Brauns et al. (2000) summarized that dif-
ferent mantle sources show distinct γOs ranges with sub-
continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) having distinctly
low, predominantly negative γ Os values and the
asthenospheric mantle showing general higher γ Os values
with most values greater than zero.
In this study, we obtained an initial 187Os/188Os ratio
of 0.124 ± 0.014 and a γOs value of –1.44 for the Fe-Ti
oxide concentrates from the Fankeng basalts, which is
close to that of chondrite (0.1258) at the time of 175.4
Ma and equal to that of modern abyssal peridotite aver-
age 187Os/188 Os (ca. 0.1245) (Snow and Reisberg, 1995).
The γOs values of MORB and abyssal peridotite in the
world as summarized by Brauns et al. (2000) are in the
range of –6 to +5. Also, peridotite xenoliths from sub-arc
mantle worldwide show γ Os values from –4 to +17
(Brandon et al., 1996, 1999). The γOs value of –1.44 for
the Fe-Ti oxide concentrates from the Fankeng basalts is
evidently within this range and essentially chondritic. We
also measured Sm-Nd isotopes for the studied Fankeng
basalts and found that most εNd(T) values show near-
chondritic values from –0.41 to +1.90 (Table 2), and can
be as high as +3.55 (from authors unpublished data),
which are within the present-day OIB-MORB εNd range
(–2 to +11). Taking together, we suggest that the Fankeng
basaltic magma might have been derived from depleted
asthenospheric mantle. This model is in agreement with
a number of previous studies that suggested a depleted
mantle source for the Middle Jurassic basalts in both
southwestern Fujian and southern Jiangxi. For example,
Kong et al. (2000) suggested that the basaltic magma from
the Baimianshi basin in southern Jiangxi was products of
partial melting of depleted mantle based on Sr-Nd iso-
topes and geochemical evidence. Major and trace elements
and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry of the Fankeng basalts
from southwestern Fujian and other Middle Jurassic
basalts from adjacent southern Jiangxi all show OIB char-
acteristics (Chen et al., 1999; Li and Wu, 1999; Wang et
al., 1994; Zhou and Chen, 2001), which support their
derivation from depleted asthenospheric mantle. Nd-Os
isotope data also indicate that crustal contamination is
unlikely for genesis of these basalts, because although
continental-crusts can carry a low εNd signature, they are
unlikely to have low γ Os value. It is suggested that some
older lithospheric mantle components may have previ-
ously been incorporated into the asthenospheric mantle
source. The mixing between enriched lithospheric and
depleted asthenospheric components led to the mantle
source region showing near-chondritic Sm-Nd and Re-
Os isotopic signatures. Zhang et al. (2004) also reported
that Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic characteristics of the Middle
Juassic basalts from the adjacent southern Jiangxi sug-
gested a mixing between depleted mantle endmember
(DMM) and enriched mantle endmember (EMII) in the
mantle source region. Therefore, the near-chondritic εNd
(T), initial (187Os/188Os) and γ Os of the Middle Jurassic
Fankeng basalts may imply the interactions between
asthenosphere and lithosphere during early Mesozoic in
the area.
CONCLUSIONS
(1) The Fe-Ti oxide concentrates in the Fankeng
basalts from the Yongding basin of southwestern Fujian
yield a Re-Os isochron age of 175.4 ± 3.1 Ma. Therefore,
the Fankeng basalts are products of Middle rather than
Early Jurassic magmatism.
(2) The Fankeng basalts have an essentially chondritic
Os (187Os/188Osi = 0.124 ± 0.014; γOs = –1.44) and Nd
signatures (εNd(T) = –0.41~+1.90). Combined with other
geochemical evidence, these data may suggest an inter-
action between asthenospheric and lithospheric mantles
for petrogenesis of these basalts.
Acknowledgments—This research is financially supported by
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.
40273017 and 40221301) and the State Key Laboratory for
Mineral Deposits Research, Nanjing University, China. We
thank two reviewers, Prof. C. Koeberl (University of Vienna,
Austria) and Prof. K. Suzuki for their constructive comments
on the manuscript.
Re-Os isochron age of Mesozoic basalt, SE China 501
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