TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - DUHOK

Department of Petrochemical Engineering

(2020 – 2021)

Fourth stage

Group c

By : samir Mustafa

Date : 11-11-2020

Experiment no :2

Experiment name: losses in pipe system and fitting

(20-21) PCE
INTRODUCTION:
For curved pipe under laminar flow, the pressure loss can be predicted both theoretically and
using empirical relations. The transitional Reynolds number can be predicted from an
empirical relation. Turbulent flow in curved pipes can only be theoretically predicted for
large bends but there are a large number of empirical relations that have proved to be
accurate. Elbow bends have proven to be difficult to both measure and represent the pressure
loss. Methods of overcoming such problems are outlined. There was no reliable method of
theoretically predicting pressure drop in elbow bends. Experimental measurements showed
considerable scatter unless care was taken to eliminate extraneous effects. Reliable data are
highlighted and an empirical method is proposed for calculation of pressure drop in elbow
bends1.Major losses in pipes come from friction in pipes over long spans while minor losses
come from changes and components in a pipe system. If the pipe is long enough the minor
losses can usually be neglected as they are much smaller than the major losses. Even though
they are termed “minor”, for example, when a valve is almost closed the loss can be almost
infinite or when there is a short pipe with many bends in it. There are three types of forces
that contribute to the total head in a pipe, which are elevation head, pressure head, and
velocity head. Minor losses are directly related to the velocity head of a pipe, meaning that
the higher the velocity head there is, the greater the losses will be. Units for minor losses are
in length, such as feet or meters.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the loss coefficient (K) for a range of pipe
fittings, including several bends, a contraction, an enlargement, and a gate valve.

(20-21) PCE
 PROCEDURE:
1. Turn on the pump to push the water inside the entire pipe in constant
velocity.

2. Read the Rota meter which is in L/h.

3. Measure the losses between pipes.

:CALCULATION

SECTION 2-3
:PART 1
D = 0.026 m, L = 23 cm, ∆Z = 0

m 3¿01 72.5
−5
→m 3¿ Q = 0.19
¿

K = 2¿hg\ v 2 – Fi\d - ∆Z

K = 154.38

HM = k ¿ v 2\2g HM = 0.0777 HF = FL v 2\2gh

HF = 1.648¿ 10−5 HL = HF + HM HL = 0.077716

:PART 2

s\
m 3
0.20 =Q 2

K = 2¿(0.087)*(9.81)\(0.1046)2 – (0.037) (0.23)\ (0.026)

K = 155.68

HM = 0.0868 HF = 3.556*10−5 HL = 0.08715

(20-21) PCE
 SECTION 5-6
:PART 1
d = 0.016 m, L = 0.25m, Z = 0.175m

Q = 0.19m3\h → 5.27*10−5 m3\s

K = 0.953
−3
01 *HM = 3.349* 10−3 HF = 2.0319*10−3 HL = 5.3809

:PART 2

Q = 0.20m3\ h→ 5.55*10−5 m3\h

K = 0.531
− ¿¿
01 *HM = 2.0676*10−3 HF = 2.2511*10−3 HL = 4.3187

:SECTION 8-9
:PART 1
D = 0.016m, L = 0.19m, Z = 0

Q = 0.19m3\h→ 5.27*10−5 m3\s

K = 0.12966
−3
01 *HM = 4.557*10−4 HF = 1.5442*10−3 HL = 1.999

:PART 2

Q = 0.20m3\ h→ 5.55*10−5 m3\S

K = 0.58789

(20-21) PCE
 −3
01 *HM = 2.289*10−3 HF = 1.7108*10−3 HL = 3.999

CONCLUSION:
The behavior of the friction factor for the transport of water by pipes as a function of
the Reynolds number exposes maximum values of the friction coefficient when the
Reynolds number is less than 500; the values of the coefficient converge when the
Reynolds number is greater than 2500. The results obtained are satisfactory for the
calculation of the pressure variation in industrial facilities where water transported.

DISCUSSION:
1- Starting from differential equations governing fully developed flow in circular pipes, with
different flow rate of water it was found that the actual pressure losses values are higher than
the theoretical values where obtained from equations used in literature.

2- Reynolds number was sketched with friction losses were the friction losses started to be
decreased with increasing the values of Reynolds number.

3- Actual Pressure drop increased using different fittings and valves were vortex and
turbulence increases in the different shapes and cross sections that causes loss in pressure.

(20-21) PCE