ExERcrsE Lz

CaJ.ifornia Bearing Ratio

Test
Objective:
Discussion:
The determination ofthe California Bearing Ratio is usually

associated with the design of flexible pavements. The CBR is

deternrined as a ratio ofthe percentage ofthe subgrade and the

wearing surface loads. As soon. as CBR value is known the

thickness of subgrade for a specific wheel load is determined,
8. Loading device

9. Soaking tank

10. Drying oven

11. Miscellaneous tools

such as mixing Pans'

spoons,straight

balance,drying oven, "dg*,

dessicator and drying
can.

Procedure: SoakTest
1. Prepare a 33 kg sample by having the material pass
through a 3/4 inch sieve and retain i4 a No-' 4.sieve'
$elect a representative portionweighing approximate''

ly 11. kg. for a moisture density tbst' Ttre remainder

of the sample is divided into three portions weighing
approximatelY 7 kg.each.
2. Using the 11 kg portion de'termine optinrum moisture

content and maximum dry density by compaction

test method.
.dpparatus:
1. CBR mold

2- Hammer

3. Spacer disk

4. Apparatug for measuring

expansion

5. Dial indicators

6. Surcharge weight

7. Penetration Piston

52

63

3. Atotal of three specimens will be obtained in the com-

. paction test method and their cornpacted densities

range from 95 percentto 100 percent of maximum dry

density determined in step 2.

4. Take the fust 5-kg sample and place it gradually in

the nrold eo that there is a 2 to 3-inch layer.

5. Press the soil gently so it will have a smooth surface.

6. Compact the soil at even blows of the 5.5Jb hammer,

using a 12" free drop.

7. Repeat the procedure for each layer until all three

layers are compacted. After compaction ofthe 3rd layer

the surface of the soil should be slightly above the top

rim of the c.ollar.

8. Remove the collar and trim the soil evenly with the
top of the mold. In order to remove the.collar, it mugt
be rotated to break the bond between it and the soil

before lifting it off the mold, thus preventing the

removal of some of the compacted soil when the collar

was tahen off. Ttre trimming consists of many small

scrapping operations,
the straight
edge

beginning
at

' the central

q*is and working
toward
the
edge of the

mold.

9. Weigh the soil and the mold after all loose soil are
cleaned from the outside of the mold.

10. Place the swell plate with the adjustable stem on the

soil sample in the mold and apply sufficient weights

to produce an intensity of loading equal to the mass of

the sub-base and base courses and eurfacing above the

tested material, but in no case ehall the mass be less

than 4.54 kg.

1L. Place the tripod with dial indicator in top of the mold

and make an initial dial reading.

12. Immerse the mold in water to allow free access ofwater

to top and bottom of the specimen. During soaking,

maintain the water level in the nrold and the soaking

tank approximately 25.4 mm above the top of the

specinoen. Soak the specimen for 96 hours.13 At the end of 96 hours make a final reading on
the

' soaked specimen and calculate the ewell as a percent

age of the initial samPle length.
Percent swell=

14. Remove the specimenrfrorn the soaking ft'snk' pour

'
the water offthe top and allow to drain downward f,or

16 minutee.

Care
shall
be taken

not to
disturb
the

' eurface
of the

specimen

during
removal
of

the water'

After draining, remove'the surcharge weights and'

perforated plate.
15. Place a surcharge of annular and slotted weights on
the specimen equal to that ueed duri''g soaking. To
prevent displacement
of

soft materials

into
the hole,

'the surcharge
weight
should
be placed
around
the
piston.

16. Set the penetration piston with a 4.54kg load then

set both penetration dial indicator and the load in

dicatbr ti ,"ro.

L7'.Apply the loads to the penetration piston do the rate

of penetration is uniform at 1.3 mm p€r minute'

Record the load when tJre penetration is .64, L.27,

L.gL,2.54,5.08 and 7 .52mmload readingat penetra

tion
18. Take penetration readings as outlined in the "Ge1e1
ral Discussion" and take the conesponding load-dial
I read"ings. Extrude the sample and take two addition

al representative watercontent bamples

Procedure for unsdaked test:

1. Prepare approximately 4.5 kg of fine-grained No. 4

sieve material or 5.5 kg of 19 mm 1a1-sizg material

to the optimum moisture content'of the soil as deter

mined by the appropriate compaction effort (compac

tion ^r,est). If it is desired to cure the soil for a more

4.584 inch
D

,J
f,l

ll
h
H
(:

fi'
54

. uniforrn moisture {istribution, mix the eoil with the

necessary percentage of moisture and etore in a
eealed container for about 12 ta 24 hours prior to the

.
teet.

2. Juet before making the compacted mold of aoil, take

a representative water-content eample (at least 100 g

for fine- grained eoil).

"'

3. Weigh the noold less the base plate and collar.

4. Clamp the mold to the base plate, insert tJre spacer

diek (the 16.1 5.1 cm-eolid round disk) in the rnold
and cover wit,L a piece of filter paper.

6. Compact the soil accoi"ding to ASTM D698 or D1557

Method B or D for the eoil ueed br as specified by the

inetructor. Take a final representative water-content
eample from the remaining soil.

6. Remove the collar and trim the specimen srirooth and

flushwiththe mold. Usingfine.grained soil, patch any

holes formed when scraping the specimen flush with

the mold. For coarse-grained soils, use any eoil par

ticles for patching which are smaller than the hole.
7. Remove the base plate and spacerdisk, weigh the mold

+ compacted soil, and determine the wet unit weight.

8. Place a piece of filter paper on the base plate, invert

the specimen (so the 5.1 cm ggp is on top), and attach

the base plate so the soil is in contact with the filter

paper on the base.

g.Place sufficient slotted weights (but not lese than 4.5

kg) on the sample to gtimulatei the required oyerbur-,

den pressure.

10. Place the specimen in the compression mdchine and

set the piston using a setting load no greater than 4.5

kg. Set load and penetration or deformation dials to

zet0
Construction Definition

Types of Construction
Fire Resistive – Type I
 Reinforced concrete, precast concrete, and protected steel frame construction meet the
criteria for Type I construction.
 Generally seen in high-rise residential and commercial buildings.
Non-combustible/limited combustible – Type II
 Ordinarily composed of unprotected metal structural components.
 Metal framing members, metal cladding, or concrete-block construction of the walls
with metal deck roofs supported by unprotected open-web joists are the most
common forms of Type II construction.
Ordinary – Type III
 Generally found in older schools, mercantile, business, and residential structures.
 Fire-cut joists (allow floors to collapse and masonry walls to remain standing).
 Exterior walls and structural members constructed of non-combustible materials.
Heavy timber – Type IV
 Constructed of solid structural members consisting of 6×6, 8×8, and larger dimensional
lumber.
 Modern heavy timber structural members are often engineered by using laminated lumber.
These members can fail much faster as the laminate glues that hold them together can
degrade and vaporize under heat conditions.
Wood frame – Type V
 Interior wall coverings may be of plaster or drywall.
 May be composed of solid dimensional lumber (Legacy-allows for more burn time and
better structural integrity under fire conditions).
 May be composed of engineered light weight wood and laminate components (promotes
rapid fire spread and reduced structural stability) used in ceiling and floor trusses, and
other composite structural components.

Importance of Construction
Construction is an important sector that contributes greatly to the economic growth of a nation.
Moreover, three factors highlight the importance of construction influence on human
development, impact on the economy, and linkage to other industries.
Construction allows for key projects and infrastructure, without new construction within towns
and cities societies could suffer from a lack of facilities and infrastructure which they may need
to flourish thus undermines human development. People need roads, bridges, buildings, houses,
and many more to continue living in a more productive society.
The construction industry is one of the largest economic activities in a county nation’s working
population depends on construction and its allied activities for their livelihood. the investments
made in the construction industry which is very much required for the economic development of
our nation. These investments increase opportunities.
The Construction Industry is an investment-led sector where the government shows high interest.
Government contracts with Construction Industry to develop infrastructure related to other
industries such as the health, transport as well as education sector. For the prosperity of any
nation, Construction Industry is quintessential.