Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AUG 8 1962
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as
amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the na-
tional standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent
with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of
methods and instruments for testing materials,- devices, and structures; advisory services to government agen-
cies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the
Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic
and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services,
and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government
agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's
unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections
on the inside of the back cover.
Publications
The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or
in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals avail-
able from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,
presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and pre-
liminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining
the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of non-
periodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications,
and Technical Notes.
A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular
460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1. 25), and the Supplement to Na-
tional Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 (SI. 50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240,
July 1957 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2. 25); avail-
able from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
technical ^Kiote
100
JANUARY, 1962
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. 1 Performance of System 5
111
Page
No.
IV
Page
No.
oc oc /
Power Loading Ratio, P /p in the ,
c
,
m mA ,
er m ,
REFERENCES 122
LIST OF SYMBOLS 126
VI
Page
No.
APPENDICES
A. PRE-DETECTION NOISE-POWER LEVELS IN
THE RECEIVING SYSTEM 135
vn
ABSTRACT
These factors are used with the design curve scales as normalizing
vm
REQUIRED SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIOS, RF SIGNAL POWER,
AND BANDWIDTH FOR MULTICHANNEL
RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
by
E. F. Florman and J. J. Tary
1. INTRODUCTION
The objective of this work is to obtain the basic relationships be-
-1-
.
-2-
istics of (a) the received radio-frequency signal and (b) the total noise
type of diversity, type of combining, and the point within the receiver
-3-
at which combining takes place, such as pre-detection and/or post-
detection. For example, the distribution of the receiver-output
signal-to-noise ratio, for a time-varying received RF signal, may be
determined by combining the steady- signal characteristic of the radio
ratio at the decoder unit input. The above procedures are used for
non, dual and quadruple diversity.
lected input -terminal factors for these equipment units is that the RF-
signal power at the receiver input is a separable factor, which may
-4-
be adjusted independently (within limits) while the signal-to-noise
ratio at the receiver output or the decoder unit input, must be treated
as a ratio because of the characteristics of the radio receiver.
(A) The encoding units which accept and encode the information
into the form an electronic message -signal, and a multi-
.of
2. 1 Performance of System
TRANSMITTER TRANSMISSION
LINE
RADIO RECEIVERS
-RADIO WAVE
TRANSMISSION PATHS
RADIO RECEIVER
OUTPUTS
MULTIPLEX MULTIPLEX
(TRANSMIT) (RECEIVE)
UNIT UNIT
ENCODING
UNITS
Figure 2-1
-7-
age (received) message error rate should not exceed a specified value
for specified message-load conditions on the system. This allowable
ceived carrier signal is low compared with either the duration of the
-9-
3. MODULATOR-TRANSMITTER PERFORMANCE
The transmitter -output RF-signal characteristics, such as re-
quired spectrum bandwidth, B , average power level, P , and time-
ri t
m
of B
rf
and the FM Modulator characteristics,
In this section quantitative relationships are derived between: (a)
-12-
co
UJ
Q
3
o
QC
2.
o ^_ _J
1- <
< GD or U-lE
>Xo <r
UJ
Q 1—
o (O
Q_ O
UJ •£
X n u_
h- 2
Q_'
Z <
Q
UJ 01
UJ h- <
UJ
2
- U_
h- rr O
UJ i—
CD c > 1-
UJ <£ <
OL UJ
CO CO CJ
>
UJ
o
X u UJ
LL
CO rr
2
o UJ (T>
1— X a>
<
_l
1—
UJ Q
or
<
E
<
B ,
rf
= f
mx <j> (AF/f
m ) (3.2)
The function (j> (AF/f ) is shown plotted in figure 3-1 for both a
oc oc
signal at and above the "threshold level" of the receiver. At thres-
1^-2l
-5
-10
.a
-15
o RECEIVER INPUT- SIGNAL POWER
o
RELATIVE TO THRESHOLD LEVEL, db
o
-20
-25
-30
-40
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 25 10
B rf _ RF SPECTRUM BANDWIDTH
B if
BANDWIDTH OF RECEIVER IF
Figure 3-2
-15-
3.1.2.2 Required FM Radio Frequency Signal Bandwidth
for Various Types of Modulating Signals.
to the top frequency in the baseband, and that all of the modulating-
signal power was concentrated in this one signal. Under these con-
ditions the radio-frequency signal spectrum and the required band-
width, B f
, will be a maximum for a given set of system parameters
and for a single sinusoidal modulating signal of frequency f
rfn ris
where the modulating signal is a single sinusoid. However, this
bandwidth is exceeded for a small percentage of the time, during
rfn
taneous short-term frequency of the modulating signal.
From the above considerations it is evident that both AF s and
AF n are the peak values of the short-term AF; while AF is seen to
-17-
signals arranged in various frequency combinations in the modulating
the modulating
6 -signal average-power
r levels, P and P for the
6 e ms mn ;
conditions:
-18-
B
rf
, = B rfs
, = B
rfn
(3.3)
and,
(3.4)
rfs s
either be calculated or may be measured conveniently with standard
rfn
AF n , and P
mn , because AF n can only be measured indirectly in
terms of B , .
rfn
Figure 3-3 shows the "relative levels", in db units, associated
with B AF, and P for sinusoidal-signal and for white-noise-
rf
.,
m ,
°
ms /P mn
corresponding values for 10 Log .(P n
); the results of .these
10
calculations are shown in figure 3-4.
,
19'
AFn , db t
NOTE , B rf s = Brfn = B rf
II db
AFS , db
3 db
rms AFS , db
OR
rms AFn , db
OR
pmn. dbm
Figure 3-3
I i i
20-
RF SPECTRUM BANDWIDTH, B r f,
VERSUS RELATIVE MODULATING-SIGNAL POWER LEVELS,
30
i— —— ——
FOR FREQUENCY MODULATION
1
i
1
i
r~
25
WHITE-NOISE MODULATING SIGNAL
CO
20
C3
<
CD
3
Q
3 O
cr
h-
o2
UJ 15
o. >-
CO o
z
u_ UJ
cc 3
Q o
ui
UJ cc
CC u.
3
o
UJ
cc
tj E
cor-
10 LOG io\P,ms db
mn>
Figure 3-4
-21-
It should be noted that the RF spectrum bandwidth, B ., is either
rf
given or it may be chosen by the system designer. Also the highest
modulating frequency in the modulating signal, f depends upon the
m
number and the type of message channels and also the type of multi-
B
rf
= f
m x z( f m
V
^ + 1
-22-
The required bandwidth obtained from (3.6) will include only the
RF spectral components having amplitudes which are approximately
the bandwidth determined from (3.6). Hence the use of (3.2) and
figures 3-1 and 3-4 yield required-bandwidth values, B , (99.99%)
rf
which are somewhat greater that the B A 99 %) bandwidths, which would
rt
be obtained from (3.6). The following relationship between B f
(99. 99%
bandwidth) and B A 99
rf
% bandwidth) has been determined, using informa-
tion similar to that used to obtain the curves in figure 3-1 (see Medhurst,
1956):
AF
<t> 99. 99% bandwidth « 1. 4 99 % bandwidth
m J
m '
or,
-23-
3.2 Radio-Frequency Signal Time -Amplitude Characteristics
for Radio Communication Systems
level" for the average power of the modulating signal- -for various types
of modulating signals. From a practical viewpoint, it is convenient
that the modulating signal was sinusoidal and that all of the modulating-
posite (noise-type) modulating signal which will insure that 100 percent
noise-type signal, for values of modulating- signal power less than the
"100 percent modulation" level, P (100%). Hence, for noise-signal
modulation the " 1 00 percent modulation peaks", P , correspond to
mnp
particular "peak amplitudes" of the voltage envelope of the noise-modu-
Since the peak value of the sinusoidal modulating signal for 100
signal will exceed 100 percent amplitude for . 04 percent of the time.
P ms (100%)/P
mn was
, calculated for a range of percentage-of-time
98
95
P ms ( 100%) = AVERAGE POWER LEVEL OF TH E TOTAL
o —
i z ?0
$ o
153
tr 10
3 a
Q o
uj 2
5
0.5
0.2
0.1
005
0.01
6 -< -\ ! () i i i; t i
3 12
pms( |00%)
iolog io d ss =mmr, l0 ] t
db
[
'
mn
Figure 3-5
-27-
Figure 3-5 may be used as a guide in determining the (approximate)
signal.
lating signal, are related to the average total power level of the modu-
having a normal distribution, the peak power exceeded for one percent
of the time is 7.3 db above the average power level of this signal.
m ,
This section deals with the performance of the radio receiver con-
sidered as a unit in the radio communication system. The method of
band signal are included in the analysis by combining the steady- signal
characteristics of the radio receiver with the performance character-
r
(2) available receiver-input noise power, N which is composed
;
related to the total noise power at the same point, (see Appendix A).
Receiving System.
(b), and (c) are considered later in this paper, to estimate radio re-
ceiver performance for a time-varying radio-frequency signal. For
tropospheric-propagated radio-frequency signals, (a) may be calcu-
lated [Rice, Longley and Norton, 1959] , (b) has been extensively
measured and has been found to closely approximate a Rayleigh distri-
bution, and (c) has been found to vary between approximately 0. 1 cps
to 1 cps.
-32-
Additional experimental work is required to determine an
accurate measure of the relationship between characteristic (d ) and
the radio receiver output signal-to-noise ratio; at present, experi-
the beam width of the antenna -pattern, length of path,' and carrier fre-
quency. Measurements of the tropospheric radio-path bandwidth capa-
bility have been made by Clutts, Kennedy and Trecker [ 19&0] on a
185 mile path between Florida and Cuba.
relationship:
where antenna beam widths are equal to or greater than the angle sub-
the total noise power contributed by the entire receiving system, from
and including the receiving antenna to the pre -detection point in the
radio receiver.
system design work and performance tests, the total of the noise power
contributed by the receiving system is. referred to the radio receiver
input, in terms of the receiving-system parameters. Using this pro-
cedure, the system designer can accurately estimate the level of the
noise power at the receiver input; this same noise-power level can be
"thermal" type noise and to have a flat power spectrum over the band-
width accepted by the receiver. Interference from other radio trans-
this report.
output stages; this noise is present even though the transmitter is not
portion of the curve where the receiver-output noise does not decrease
-35-
loss
assumed
xx
red to the receiver-input terminals,
eters of each unit, such as
L , noise figure
etc.
is estimated in terms
thermal temperature T
x
In the following derivations
transmission
it is
param-
at the
<
36.
o o
o
10 Z
K
o: P
> <
i _i
UJ 3
o oQ
ui
cc 2
UJ
a
«•- •^
£ z
,_
CD
- '
1* ^
ff, m * m"
.> - - -
p. !_. -*
UJ
* i* ll ii
CM
i ,. Z
or
3 +3 „
o q!"
UJ
or N "
k> ^
h-
* "1rl J
5 z
—
V)
>- ^-6
CO \ 1 d| ' -J
S °Lj" 1 »-
z X
m
3
a
UJ h m
o
UJ
< t 0? 4*1 t 1
X
a: O to
-1 z u.
u.
<
p:
F T ttT
4-
1
< o! p. i
z
cc z 1
CD
< 2 «. J
1 uj * UI
i 1
z ? J-
O
O i uT
1
z
O
_J i-
r
•
CD 1
oJ
P! z°
a
a
<
Zt
CD
.o
h?
z 3 l~
UJ U
-3£
"
1- o: -i —
z o 1
CJ
< u° _l
T
1
o
Q-,
z<
to
UI
UJ E
to ._
_l
UJ < z
1 UJa <
o: 2 a .
1 _J
z
< > a a.a
CD
z
1
u.
UJ
(O H
1 w Z O5 h-
1
o CO
Li- _l > UI ' <
</>z ui \- 5 UJ u_
< ct cc
o< o
UI z
°
Z.
UlH°
I
tr to
o
z
—
-37-
Ref erring to figure 4-1, the total receiving-antenna system output
noise power, N' , available at the receiver-input terminals and within
N' kT.
T
=
A B.ifr (4.2)
v '
-23
where, k = Boltzman's constant = 1.3804x 10 joules
per degree Kelvin
T = Effective output noise temperature of the receiv-
ing-antenna system, degrees Kelvin
B = Effective receiver IF bandwidth, in c/s, see
1
(A. 18)
*
t
a=
T +(
a V 1)T
c
+L
c
(L
rrr
V L L
t-
1)
c t
(L
du-
1)T
du
+
PH
S53iD <
4 3)-
c t du if
T -T
A
a
L c Lt Is,du
o
+ T
o
+ — — n
kB.,L n
P..
=
, a
(4.3a)
-, \
if D
N dT =M ir N
T '
4 4)
-
ir
4R R.
M. = ^_il (A . l6 )
" l
Z
du
H
+Z ir -
I
ir du
The noise power contributed by the linear section of the receiver,
M.
ir
{(F -l)kT
r
B.J
oif = M.
ir
kT erif
B., (4.5)
T = (F - 1)T (4.6)
er r o
N dT
AA +T er )kB..
, + M. {(F -l)kT B.,} = M. (T (4.7)
ir r o if ir if
-39-
The dependence of the total noise power at the receiver input,
relative to the noise temperatures T . and T , is clearly evident from
A er
(4.7).
The total predetection noise power level is equal to the total noise
power' receiver input, M. (T
^ at the ^ lr A + T er )kB.if
.
r , multiplied
r byy the
receiver gain, G . The load-reflected [ Siegman, 19&1] noise power
is given by:
N. r = G M. [T AA + T
er
] kB. r (4.8)
if r lr if
of accuracy. '
T varies with time and antenna orientation and hence
a
may (in some instances) be estimated only to a low order of accuracy.
a
upon the RF carrier- signal frequency [ CCIR Report 65, 1957] ,
provided that the main lobe of the antenna pattern does not include the
er if
the resultant average signal power -to -average noise power ratio,
In FM systems, the post- detection noise level will depend upon its
the top channels of the baseband signal, when the receiver -input
signal is above the threshold point. If noise power levels are meas-
sured at a point beyond the receiver output, such as the output termi-
nals of a multiplex unit, due allowances must be made for the noise
these units
42-
3
Q.
I-
3
O
>
i UJ
.J a
o < a:
o z
Z O H
w d ^
z or
o < UJ
o-
o
•
i
UJ I
CO
Se
co
to I
Ul
o
CO
o
z
<
Pr
RECEIVER -INPUT RF-SIGNAL AVERAGE POWER
Figure 4 -A
-
-43-
The effect of pre -detection noise, item (1) above, on the post-
pre -detection noise. The reason for this omission may be seen from
The design equations and curves in this report were based on the
signal, at the modulator input, was very much greater than the required
-45-
the time when the peaks of the noise -modulating signal occur. This
when the modulating- signal power level exceeds P (100%); the net
° ° ms
effect results in distortion of the baseband signal at the demodulator
output, and the production of receiver -output noise, shown by the N .
curve
The relationship between P
ms /P mn , for FM systems, and the
oc
the modulator characteristic with the data in figures 3-2 and 3-4, it is
-46-
effects
ments are made at the receiver output within the clear channels or
P
m . For FM systems the results would be similar to those shown in
figure 4-A.
Since the design curves in this report were measured and calculated
under conditions of negligible intermodulation noise power; the above
information may be used to make the proper corrections for the effects
of equipment intermodulation noise in the design curves; see section
4.3.6. Alternatively, departures of system-performance measured
results from design-curve values may be attributed in part to equip-
factors.
the particular system under test. The above types of tests may also
figure 4-A. Hence, the net effect of path -modulation noise is similar
The total receiver -output noise -power per message -signal channel,
relative to the received RF- signal, P , is shown by the N oc curve in
r
figure 4-A. The absolute levels of the noise-power curves, N to
their relative effect on the level of the noise curve, N oc , and the
resultant effect on the receiver -output signal -to -noise ratio curve,
S
oc
/Noc . The shapes of the curves are dependent upon the type of
modulation-demodulation employed and include the effects of age
(automatic gain control) and limiting, in the receiver. For the case
upon power gains (or power losses) within the receiver, therefore,
these noise-power levels are meaningless unless they are referred
-50-
oc' oc i
value of AP would be approximately equal to the noise -power -level
difference between the N . curve and the Noc curve. Note that this
01
type of correction is limited by the "levelling -off " point of the corrected
r
The net effect of post-detection noise on the performance of a radio
communication system may be determined from the corrected receiver
volved at the intermediate points in the system and the receivers are
used as linear repeaters at these points. Hence, in this type of system
the characteristics of the intermediate -point pre-detection combined
signal-to-noise ratio will influence the transmitted and the received
operation, and the total message errors would be equal to the sum of
oc oc
radio receiver output, and the following factors: (1) the average total
band signal, relative to the total average power level of the modulat-
ing baseband signal, P , and (3) the message-signal spectrum band-
width, B . It is shown later that these parameters determine the per
c
message -channel signal-to-noise ratio at the radio receiver output,
receive-multiplex equipment.
-54-
signal, P
m or, P mn would be obtained from figure
° 3-4 for FM systems,
'
rf
may be obtained from
figure 3-4. Note that for the FM case, the reference power level is
SSBSC-AM system.
-55-
o o
and B , for FM systems, is derived fully in Sections 3.2, 4.6, and
Appendix C. In SSBSC-AM systems, the radio-frequency signal spec-
trum bandwidth is independent of the modulation index, and is approxi-
mately equal to the highest frequency in the modulating baseband signal.
The portion of the radio-receiver output noise power which is re-
power level is equal to the thermal noise power level, for practical
oc oc
M cV N oc
+ . . + M N + . . +M N B cV N oc
m cV
oc/ J I oc X
S
mi oc N^
B
ci N~~
oc A
J.
(4.9)
-57-
m mn
B .
= A particular message -signal channel bandwidth
in c/s, at the receiver output. This channel
bandwidth is assumed to be equal to the spectrum
bandwidth of the message signal.
S = A particular message-channel signal average
power level, at the radio receiver output, or a
related message-channel signal average power
level at the decoder -unit input.
N __
= Average noise-power level of a particular
mess age -channel having a bandwidth B at the ,
c oc oc A
M T
I
= Ditto, for the product {B (S
c oc
/N )} t
oc I
The specified message error rate depends upon the type of mes-
sage. Consequently, the required receiver -output signal-to-noise
ratio will be different for each type of message. However, if different
Proper methods for adjusting the power levels of the individual mes-
sage signals, at the terminals of the multiplexing equipment, are out-
lined in the manuals for this equipment; the instructions in these man-
uals should be followed carefully in order to avoid overloading of the
receiver output, S /N
versus: (a) the total received RF signal
,
&
oc
oc
power and (b) the total available noise power at the radio receiver
"front-end" input. In order to obtain accurate estimates of the radio
at both the receiver input and at the receiver output. Methods for
estimating the noise level and the characteristics of the noise at the
assumed here that the total noise -power at the receiver input approxi-
mates "white " noise and that the power level of this total noise is pro-
of the noise at the receiver input, within the limits of receiver linear-
ity.
to-noise ratio and the receiver input-signal power level was calculated
—o
= —— X
if
(4.10)
if
S S p B p
-2£ = -° x -^ x _Jt! 4.ii)
N
oc
No P
m B
c
(
V
S B P. f
oc p m x
-
f
if it
x tt1 -
(4.12)
N oc P B N
m c if
-62-
B = B. * f (4.13)
rf if m
Combining (4. 12) and (4.13) and rearranging terms, we obtain,
S B P P.,
ST"
oc
oc
x -m c
x — m
m
=
it
n~
if
(4
. .
-
,
14)
.
c
,
and
test
mm
P /p
work it
.
is
However,
much more
in radio communication system design and
convenient to deal with the radio-frequency
signal power and the noise power at the radio receiver input terminals
the total received signal power, P , and total received noise power.
r
First,
P.. = G r M. P (4.15)
if lr r
P P
*The symbol R is sometimes used to designate —-
— or
N. r
10 Log6
10 N. f
if if
-63-
and (see 4. 8),
N it G M.
=
r lr
{T
AA + T er }kB.ifr
or, since B.
if
. « f
m for the SSBSC-AM case,
N. f =
if
G M.
rirAerm
+T {T A }kf (4.16)
therefore,
P., P
if r
(4.17)
N., k(T + T f
if AA er
)
m
where, Gr = Power gain of the cascaded RF and IF linear
sections of the SSBSC radio receiver
B P P
—
S
oc
oc
X
T—
m
c
X — m
m
=
k(T A+ T )f
A er m
r IA
(4 '
...
18)
A + T er )f m
k (T , at the receiver input.
J .
64
i
1
! !
!
'
' ,
' '
'
'
1 /
y sy
. "h_.J_!_Ll
-f
MAXIMAL-RATIO COMBINING -
X
I
S
1
s r
1
III
\
•
'
XX XX
X^ i/^rS
fs
± sS
jf
r r r r
, |
QUADRUPLE C -iJ i
XX
e
o_ L
E
II III
.
^1 i
III
! ! !
M
Mi:
I
r Jr J*
/ i
!
1
: .
1 i
r r nil
*
f y !/T 1
& j»
'
>T r
Q f
....:....
^
'
'
! '
1
1 / 1
'
Jr '
, .
-5
^_
II
-15
-240 -235 -230 -225 -220 -215 -210 -205 -200 -195 -190 -185 -180 J: -?:
Figure 4-2
-65-
Equation (4.18) may be used to calculate the required radio-fre-
quency signal power level, P , at the (SSBSC-AM) radio receiver input,
er
tained in this equation in a graphical form. Hence, (4.18) was plotted
m ,The required
obtained from data similar to those shown in
mm .
oc oc
figure 5-3. f is taken to be equal to the highest frequency in the modu-
lating baseband signal, in c/s. The message-channel signal-power
loading ratio, P /p , may be calculated by means of (4.9). The
factor T may be calculated from (4. 3). The radio-receiver input
P
The predetection signal-to-noise ratio, ——
if
, which corresponds
if
assumed to be unity,
7
for SSBSC-AM systems,
J
that is, P ms (100%) is
the receiver output and will degrade the signal-to-noise ratio at the
oc oc
from either steady-signal or varying -signal data similar to those
shown in figure 5-3. However, each different type of message will
signal characteristic curve (in figure 4-2) with the (maximal- ratio)
figure 4-2 is due to the fact that the average value of the Rayleigh-
the signal-to-noise ratio in the Multiplex unit; the effect of this de-
nel at the receiver output versus: (a) the total available RF-signal
power, (b) the total available noise power at the receiver front-end
the slope and the position of the upper linear portion of the receiver
curve were calculated and the curvature of the threshold region was
obtained from measured results on several different types of FM
radio receivers; however, the threshold region portion of the curve
ator.
-68-
data on the signal power and the noise power at the receiver output.
-69-
(f) The effects of pre-emphasis and de- emphasis techniques are
considered.
(g) Companders and limiters (for speech messages) are not con-
sidered.
P.
f
/N , exceeds 10 db, it can be shown (see Appendix C, (C-15)) that,
B P
S
N oc
oc
x 7—
f
c
m
x —
p
^m
m
= V
/AF
v
-T-
f
m 'J
2
\
x ,,,/^
2k(T
A
A
P
^ +
r
T
er
w
)f
m
(4.19)**
where,
S = Average message-signal power level per mes-
sage-channel, at the receiver output, in watts.
-70-
AF = Peak radio-frequency carrier deviation, in c/s,
for a single sinusoidal modulating signal, having
an average power level P equal to the total
average power level of the composite modulating
baseband signal.
P = Total available carrier- signal power at the input
terminals or "front-end" of the FM receiver, in
watts
-23
k = Boltzman's constant = 1.3804 x 10 Joules per
degrees, Kelvin.
AF =
_ . .
Deviation ratio.
f
m
P and
r
S
oc
/N oc are to be considered as the "variables" in (4. 19);
A F/f is the "variable-parameter" and the remaining terms in this
m
equation are considered as "scale-normalizing factors".
Since (4. 19) was developed for the purpose of calculating the
S /N __
is the receiver output signal-to-noise ratio for a particular
message signal having a power spectrum centered at a frequency of f
m
cycles per second in the baseband. Furthermore, this equation is valid
P.,
if
P P
r r
= 10 (4.20)
N if
k(T.+T
A er
)B.-
if
k(T A
A +T er )f
m x<j/ m\ f
where,
<j> (AF/f ) = Function of A F/fcalculated [ Hund, 1942] and
,
characteristic curves.
-72-
: H55
230 -225 -220 -215 -210 -205 -200 -195 -190 H85 -180 -175 -170 -165 H60
10 Log
|0 r
P - 10 Log
|0 m-IO Log (TA +Ter)
f
Figure 4-3
-73-
From the above outline it is possible to determine the shape and
the position of an FM radio-receiver characteristic curve, in terms of
the receiver -input RF-signal power to the receiver-input relative noise
P
power ratio, r—p= —r —— ; and the receiver output (message)
A er m
channel- signal power to channel-noise power ratio, S /N ; for a
oc oc
given set of system parameters.
did not vary appreciably with change in the deviation ratio AF/f ,
m ,
c
-where
the criterion, the
f
cm
< f . However, when minimum receiver-input power P
system parameters should be adjusted so that the
r
is
B
rf
= f
m x ^AF/f m ) (4.2 1)
where,
B = Radio-frequency spectrum bandwidth which
includes all components or sidebands having
amplitudes equal to or greater than one percent
of the unmodulated carrier amplitude.
m ,
oc oc
signal
& power,
* P , relative to the noise-power
^ level, k (T
A T er
+ )f .
m ,
r
at the receiver input.
the specified number of voice channels, that is, the baseband spectrum
bandwidth, from which he can determine f the grade of service or the
m ;
-76-
UD
||||[||||l[||i 111 i
I'llii 1
ll :| "t~t "-^-f trhT 1
'
<=>
su
un
// 1
///
.... vi
nh a
'it
H X ~
4_
'!
... 11/ in
•//
// in
/•/
vt
'In
1
t2
\- i - - i- 1
/fi!
r/t m
I' <=
—
1
ciJL 1:1 1
> Jr *rm
11 '
,
i
^^ y j *t J4l 4ft
'ijl.
1
Z>
o i
/ '
/ '
J //h Hii
— x^ >"TM fir
UJ ^,< -^ y
O
z ^jf ,/ f / '/
o
<
*2
^T^f
2 -I
QL <
o
1 _L . ...
:>n>' HiLlrL
-*^
Ml.'fTllifLU 'jKJ ijj
Ah , i //
8
_j
o
P z p^
^^j*"
'•*' T ^ / -r >r-
*»'
' *•*' >^
' ////
fjJi
/ /
i
1
a: S2 CO ^ s H --* //'//
-M£
1
..--
LlI CO
o_ -- x 09—= H+'Sr *
s
^_^ It
£.
b
-Q.|cL SY9— [.^-L-jq
Uj-f' li-l-Tl 1
//
W'R^ --J&J
1
^ UJ
UJ |- __.<
8 o cc-X --'" LrTl "ll
-^
"'* "^ '
^1
.* y t '
I ^->
—
^-~ :^~
^/L^i
:::::::::::: %
g,
—
S2g:=* "T— -J*—-" - -,,-^-
/ /f 3 41—
CE
ft
— 8
Q
< :::„:::::::::
-
S 1
S
^:T
St" j-i"t
-^r -rFfT"
TIT lUi*)tit J
4^-! -*?T'"
iLy---'^ QTTt
*<**'' FiIt"
KjKT 11-r *
? y - + -*i
7 TT
—
»" r *W«Li *
*/->
:d
>»
: -
O
s &:~
Op —
r j
Hz 1
J^rTj \~m
-(->-• 1 -
__.Q 1
oq 0£--«- -i-T- i
I -t-i-rr- , , ,
, _i_
^ ,
,
;_,,< "i
r
-Li— —
:::?:::::::: e se -- 1
:_:!3::::_ ~ :: £
O 2 + .f.»-T,--p"*
..-,-rr ^
3—
i
—3 d g s ...
|jlj
^ T^'L"!^
_ .uj. tnlz
vj_^
.
--
—I j 1
1 ' I =J^-^J-
CD
1
___| o ____
— 01 . . ;
.
W^
!
.
Mi
i
I
. , , .
i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ili " I i i
'
....
1 I'll '
!
1 1 ! 1 1 1 II III 1
9
4-3 and 4-4 make it possible to select required sets of values for B
rf
The required deviation ratio, A F/f associated with the required
m ,
figures 4-3 and 4-4 applies only to the case of a steady or non- varying
this procedure were then scaled and replotted as shown in figures 4-5,
4-6 and 4-7; for non-diversity, dual diversity, and quadruple diversity,
respectively.
— , T :; — ' 1
78-
'OliVd NOI1VIA3Q
JV
<p ao <e 2 Sd ooaco f— co m ^r »o o> C
_
nz t 1 ~ " t TtiC t 1 III] 1 1 ;l: 1
1
,
1;
|
1 ;
!
i j
1
1
! !
/"
X- "++—
-A- i
1
|
I
1 1
lit
/'
A 1
i
Hi
fin
1
Ull
III
f't
// III
i,i-ii /
i V
iff..
'
"
//' llll
J
/- yj F'l
///• 'in
1
i
, r ///, ,l
,i / ///
/ /•/ Iff
:
W
^ w
I- :
/ /
///'
Jr
jr. yt
/ // //''j
////
nil
'th
fir
y / /> //
/;n
. . .
ii
O > > *< > / / //
'/ '->>, '1
h
— ^ s* 4T "\ '
** •'
£ g««
o ^C^_^l ^Ufl- ' fs ^7/ = O
*
__ a
.
UJ L
/ / ff - >:
z z 1
'^
/j
< o
2 z
9 ' ±**^ : ;>. : ' /
\*\\*
/ / /
9
-» v^
^
t- k
uj _i.+-- — .1-'
a: .
n L --tT '^
,
a: --" -•
x 3 09--"^ .-•-"* ::j>*r,,^-^
sio ^->^ ^^ -Hfr V^/
(1
•tv£
a.
o
CD
a. a.
v^i^ cc -'"^
— ! L^-
!
'^-'
-^ ,-•
b^
^ JTJ- TIK] SS// / /
-t+—
1 l
^t^ *^ 1
_*****
'
i-r
s//
'
1
>£ o>
O c
iicS
.„
-
,
^ — -n l,4-+-t* '
„--r'J" > *
/ /
u
y'\'ytT
^''^ «++"! Je A*' jS
'
^-t 1
-,_. o ng .---"11
O Q +
•
i L , i
'
S /
_T» -4t" "- _L ^i "^
<^ *~
,E C/fr: -U- . r^ T -TTt ~i ^".-^ ,«fC L^L.
i
-*• —
>
j^ >»*'
^ —^y /
1
h
si ui <? of 1 T l.-t-H-r"
"'
, ! ._,-*
"
_,-'' ^3-<^ / /
/ / f 1
o
|
-
„ gc ' '
"
f
'
—
"i
!
"'
— ,
j_ 47 f I
"X^7
-r^-/
2 — ~"" "" '
^V^
-^
t
<"E -H '
'
'
M
T"".
* *
[ —— . ,
uj I 0I ._X X_ 1
; MM I
^ -- X
j. j—»«
"'^ , , ^t
£f
• J
1
'
^- —-»--
-
u a _.„_„„„f X —*=c ^ i
»-E
1
......
!
, :
1 \ ,
i
'III
;
i 1 1 ii ; : ; . ;
S 2 X ^ oo>«or^-<oio*-foesj_
1 "~
S£
1 3 tz t~: 1~1
— t"l ] tr
Sci
11 "
cs j
z 1
z. Jl_
.... 5 !\
•«
O it
-/fit
<-> /
- - ZtI*tT
fe CBt
^
* + W-h-
-,
2tflt
-^ it *33t
5
2 j j,i I
^"fF
^ / ' N/'(
Hi
5 j '
r
Jz. ijbipr _
//J
~~ ""
sJ/iW
<n (- /l11Wl\
UJ
> y J ' ; / i 1 IL
->
tr
UJ _j .V _y lJJ1\\b .
o > 5
*'
** ' t ,'
f t t Hft
n "T
-1
*' s
„s£ :^_ S^zJ-t+itisi
/ // 'M .
1
—
tij
o i
o
A
: _
_ ^-."
*' +' „'
*^ie /.JJf^i
4-V XV-^/L-H-
^ o
at
uir
<L <T
< -)
^ n
?
S" -.-
,*'
,-t-
-,*
-.e.
i
-' /f- '^-.v '/,
/V/I//L 9 Q:
,~^ -" zuuic' tjjit
,
_-'
,
ui _ _ -^
tr
o
li-
ar
5
£
-q
^
' ---"
=--=-"
,--"
-,-
^'
-'
»•'
^'
> ?
^
•
=
*
?
/ 4? ^Ltt^t-t-
%*
?
2 - r - t-i-i
r
* tHH
'
^ 1
T
UJ : -£-
d e ob;;— ff— ~^--: „
.=-* _- .•-' ^t-±zS-^terh : o
a.
8 -' -^^? «"-££ /L'TZtX- T 8
oa oi <
QH
-^-^
-
SZS
„-.*
—-'
,
-J' - «
»-"
?•«
«'
- 3^
,••
-'
* ^
S\f
/ ^V -,-Z
UJ f J-
fl S S2
> o o -" .- -" L'~ ^ A
UJ r o
cfi
--•- . ,^ — -•'
,.'
^' ^'
./
^ 4-h
if /
U
\i I
'
\\
U-
m._ "*""^
o
tr
""""""'""£'—-
t
"*"
iidij
^^
'
"*"~
.--"-T
L^
""t*"**"'^'
1-
fr'^
^**
C "*
i*"
''
**
**
^ "^
^
y^
y^
»*
^
^
j/
/
*
'
j
/
/
'
ft
'( Q
'
K ip^ 1
/t
o
1
-- "
iii ° i-*"
' *p'*-i*i r* * ^'^ ^ <' y / '1
1
-"'"^'"^
i
u. <
"l
a:
H~ol 1 1 II 11 1
+ ,
1
1
| o o Sl
z~ ^^-J- +
»JP
_jip======== :-::-: : :
: !
- - -
-80-
'OllVy N0I1VIA3Q
dV
g S <& -S. £y S o> ao h- «? u-> « Ki CSJ
lOCSJ
G>0
1 1 1 1 1 1
III
:
1
1
•p
'
<?
* I
Z |
|
i
i
i
:
lh
1:1
lp
-r
O |
.,,.,., .
fill
2
"7
!,,!';, ' '
1 1 1 1 Ij
'/'/
I'll
'//i
<=>
—
^
o-
!
i
/ ;
II
-j // tin
<: |P
5 ii /'"
v.
,
! ,
'
///j
2
/ h
////
1 /;'!
'//
M//j '1
//// /' <?
/ '
<n
IU
CO
or X ^
'
/// 'I'lL
y ria/ ; HL
1 *
Ii,
> LU ' «o
—
or
z>
c_>
>
n ~j
uj
>
l T
V^
^ Z.^
*^
.*
/
S/\ ////
/'It,:
/ '/ h /;/
/ //j,
r 'Ii
! !
!
A a:^
LU y / 'z// 7/ * S
/V
III uj£
L<" L> 5a >
_i
y' '/ A r'l
.
'
(
7- Lj ^r\' /* ill
0- -* *
j/i
< => Jr ." r/r. 1 2
? /^ / y/ / //
Jh 1 o
rr
o
or
o
«a
<"
if
IE
09-" _.,--
---
..-'- v
^-"'
..»"'
4-"
T
i i- -T"i
J> ,-f
,-"'
"'
^
>*^ '
'""
>^ /"
Z<
/ '
'
/ ' , /
1 S?
'
,
.
i-
_i
UJ
) "
^- J^i // j
y ///
i.i
j-~
or a p: i-t- ii Zs
i-^ y
'
hi uj _ — gzQ--~ +"
--""'
4- J
--'T Lr-K
L-T
1
^ !-r
^ >r ')l\
o O -I
s/ ft1
_ '
fl
o_ _i £ .
*i*»
-.--
_..--' J,i-f L^ >>
i
/ t ' I
^C 9
-I Oz
!*;<
or < g
S // / J /
'
CO
<;?<; t--""^ J-'Tl '
- t ft
r
'
S o.-Q _i
UJ o _..---" <-p Kf .,*»• .^T s ./ / 1 II uj<
o ._ y os-
" , ,
^^
,
> v fl
1
UJ
rr
ri
.-•"" i
j> "T ' '
^- '
'
^
.*"''> /L-T
f / •*
o
o < 1 or
UJ<
o
Q u. ^O gg-^---^ ——
—
~~ — ^ ^ — -^^ /
a—
' 1
^> -^ -
/ ll a. a:
;^~
L-t- ' ',. 4 ii
__
1
a — —*" /
^~^'^>*
or '-'- "*
c cTc I ui
-rjtr 4- ,: *>, ' /i
--;
£ J
? - 3 ° |i -:-:r^:_H T.
ii
UJ
_l
>-
:»T] 1 1
/!
it
—|^ iri—
~n — !
<
or —I a>
S2 + H R 4= _|_i_p—
< "=^— Lrt •v
V .
<?
\w
'
' '
I
i-l
v . . >e
^i ^
M
»
-+-
-1- -i- -U
-H
._ ..
H l
=
ci
1
- : ;
!
t : : : :
^
4-5, 4-6 and 4-7 are that the P values for the steady received signals
are average values while the P values for the fading type of received
/ \
\ DECREASING
BASEBAND
/ FREQUENCY
OR
/ / ^~ INCREA
.o
73
/ / '
/ /
<
Ul
CO
/
/
/
''
//
/ /
//
I
O /
<
z
o
CO
A /
13
I-
/,<
o
^*
Ul
>
UJ
o
/// inrri irti r^
Ti
IMKtbnULU i it-
t~
LtVtL \ i
UJ
or
UJ
>
UJ
a. 1'
ill
signal power and the total noise power "accepted" by the receiver. The
accepted noise power is that portion of the total receiver-input noise
threshold level also depends upon the characteristics of the limiter and
hence the threshold level may, in some cases, possibly be lowered by
improvements in the limiter characteristics.
the threshold level point; this situation is due to the fact that the pre-
Si
<
o
I
H
I
_l
<
Z
o
(O
H
3
a
i-
O
I
oc
UJ
>
o
UJ
<T
liJ
>
on
X)
T3
(UN-COMPRESSED")
.< .K c = (P;'-Pr'), db«|0L0G l0
<r {|^
LlI
P
I
_i
<
z
o
en
Q.
THRESHOLD LEVELS
I-
3
O
UNCOMPRESSED BANDWIDTH
UJ
cr
UJ
> COMPRESSED BANDWIDTH
UJ
cr
The modified design curves, well below threshold and for high
values of B r /f , will parallel the original curves and will be shifted
and will join the original design curves at the original threshold-level
points. Above the threshold-level points, the modified design curves
figure 4-1 1.
-87-
Kc ,db
THRESHOLD LEVEL
CQ
2— noise power
average
oc
at the decoder input.
ratio, S
oc
/N
The ,
particular values of S /N
as shown in figures 5- 1 and 5-2.
,
oc oc
In this paper the decoder-unit performance is determined, for
\E
15
CL
>- _l
h-
UJ
-5
h- ^*
-ABOVII THF *ESH< DLD LE VEL
-10
if)
-15
UJ UJ
a:
O cr
Q- ui
•20
Ul UJ
en cl
•25
ui
o
<
en
ui -30
>
<
-35
-40
0.01 0.1 I 5 10 20 40 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 995 99.8 9R9 99.95 99.98 9999
Figure 5- I
-90-
10.0
1 l\
7.0
5.0
•
3.0
DISTRIBUTION B
/_ FIG. 5-1
2.0
J
1.0
/
UJ //
0.7
cr DISTRIBUTION A \
UJ nvj.
0.5 ~> l
0-
'\ \
LU
0.3
cr
0.2
cr
o
cr
cr
0.1
cr 0.07
Ul
i-
0.05
<
cr
< 0.03
c_>
0.02
Ul
Q.
>
I-
UJ 0.01
0.007
UJ 0.005
<
cr
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
10 12 14 16 II 20
Fig. 5-2
-91-
"measured steady signal" curve shown in figure 5-3 is typical
combining.
istics, (c) the order of diversity, and (d) the combiner characteristics.
ed) average message error rate should not exceed a specified value for
1 * -
92-
£
mi II 1
UJ jn cr erf
o cr
g"
o
<->
X u. u. Z
o
in o CM
O Q
CO
c-
Q CO
ISTICS
0_ CM
m z O
UJ
UJ z 3 s
STC
U BAS £ uj
z
o
o_ LU
FREQ.
CHANNEL SIGNAL
DURATIO
ASSUMPTIO SIGNAL
11
5 cr T3
< LU
or <i
LL
START-
O
(T
U. -
CURVES
n
2
-
a-
z > UL
SUBCARRIER POINT:
to
FADING
UJ
^
I 1
1 r i
o
SIGNAL -VARYING)
LU
CO o FOLLOWING
< 2
LU or
5-ELEMENT
CO
z CALCULATED
-1
a
UJ
cr
X <
or OF z> X
LU
T
or LU
NON
4SURED
cr
4YLEIGH
1
<
_j
< cr
o
h- h- H c/s;
_i . ( U hi III
UJ <
1
iii
n
or
in
_> •
i—
-C J Q cr a. o
<
1-
<£ > LL 3 Q
>-
Q _i CO
sr
LU l—
I—
> h- Q < X >
o Q
I 3- i 3 5 UJ CO
—i
!>o <Z UJ
c
LU iii<T 3 O 1- <
UJ Z
> UJ
?
cr
£ _i or O 03
UJ
-I
UJ
n
< V 1
c
o
X or cr
Ld
iii
CD o CO
cr
3 nV
UJ
Q
—
c:
0_ E i-
UJ —
_i
X < Q UJ UJ Ll.
>
CO or _l
<
LU
< cr rr
UJ
U
O ..i
> UJ UJ
>
b
u5
H UJ^.
<
a.
_i
.
JL
U
-
Q c3 —i UJ
lu or X LU uj
>
uJ s!fc < > V
z. Ul
I- -I
LU C5 J
££UJ o _l
1—
UJ
Q Q h- c
in
ir
J
.1..
LU c5 1= UJ Ul
5
1-
< LU c1 < o <
3 CO"
_l
K CO 0.
CO
UJ Ul Q
< b: 5: CO Ul
< o X
o 111
LL
7 3
cn
> <
O or
LU
t- (0
UJ
lil
<
.1.
s
< S
_l cr
Li- UJ
I-
Q 1 .'
C S
a
LU 0_
ll
or • ^J >
OlO
o o
CO c
k»"""^ o Q to |z
< • <
-J o o o
LU
2 1
35
*;. r> o
c1
'"-"^
f«
c >
< 2
• UJ
' ,--< < !_ 1 i-
CO o
1
oc oc
proper corrections are required for the effect of the message-signal
multiplexing equipment on this signal-to-noise ratio. Similar informa-
type messages.
There is a need for up-dating voice-message performance data,
similar to that given in figure 5-3 for teletype message errors vs.
signal-to-noise ratios. In the system-design example worked out in
antenna systems.
-96-
The procedures for using the design curves in this report are as
follows:
66
,
A ,
er m m , f
m , . ,
-98-
Calculations
telet VP e
lOLogfS /N / = 3 db
10 oc oc ^message ^ J
and,
S
oc
/N
oc f
y
telet YP e
messagey
V 10 00.
output, we have,
S
oc / voice
= 33 + 2 = 35 db = 3160,
N oc message /
P
m /per teletype \ _ (32 x 110 x 1000) + (7 x 3200 x 3160)
p I message )' 110x1000
mi °
.
K /
and,
10 Log
m per teletype
= 10 Log (677.) = 28.3 db
10 message )
m 1()
net effect of the inclusion of these pilot tone- signals will be to require
message load.
-100-
The value of f is equal to the highest frequency in the modulating
m
baseband signal and is,
f = 12 + (36 x 4) = 156. kc
m
or,
T - T
T
Aa = —
L %L
~r T-
L.
2- + T
o
+ P, /kB. r
it' if
LD
c t du
—
300 - 290
6
7
+ 290 + 200 = 498 deg K
items (6), (7), and (8), and the values of the parameters which were
derived in Subsection 6. 1.
exceeded for only 1. 2 percent of the time, will be 4 db below the power
level, P ms (100%). The value for P
ms (100%), corresponding to 100%
value for P m /p mi . (= P
mn/p mi.). Note that this calculated value for
10 Log lrt D = 4 db
10 ss
10Log& in P
10 mn =10Lo 6gl10„P ms (100%)- 4 db
10Log& 1A
10 p
*mi
.
in P mn -28.3db
=10Log6 10
-102-
or,
lOLog^dOOO)^1 ^) 10Log
10
(110) - 10Log
10
(156000)
From figure 4-2, using the above calculated ordinate -scale value
er m
expression for the abscissa- scale value, we obtain for the SSBSC-AM
system,
10 Log.. P
10 r
=52+10 Log,„
°10 (498 + 625) - 207. 5 = -125.1 dbw
B., =
if
B ,
rf
= f
m =156 kc.
6.3 Equipment Design Procedures, FM Systems, for a
Rayleigh- Fading Type of Received Signal, Dual
Diversity, and Maximal -Ratio Combining
B = B •
rf if
The first step in the design procedure is to ascertain which one of
P /p in:
m mi .
derived at the point in the FM- system design where the bandwidth ratio,
10Log
10 (1000^fg^) + 10Log 10 (110)-10Log 10 (152000) + 10Log 10 (677.,
er
)
yt^
m m m .
B Ji m =10.5
rf
or
10Logs in P
5 ^p
10 Log,
mn -28.3db
=
10 Vi .
10
Note that this calculated value for p applies to this specific example,
mi
.
section 7.
-108-
system design curves of this report may be used as a guide for deter-
mining proper test procedures, and also for estimating equipment test-
case the design equations and the design curves in this report may be
used to obtain quantitative estimates of the performance of the radio
communication system.
is not necessarily the median for an hour but that the period of time
might only be a fraction of an hour, or it might be several hours; the
above definitions of the sampling period may be used to clarify the
Combining the data in figure 6-1 with that in figure 6-2, using the
directly upon the median power level, P , of the received RF- signal,
as given in figure 6-1. The total time to be considered in figure 6-3 is
identical to the total time indicated in figure 6-2; that is, if figure 6-2
for one day, then figure 6-3 will show the distribution of the message
error rate for the same period of time, that is, for the same day;
similar results may be obtained for a portion of a day, for one week,
-105
-120
<
Q
UJ
o-d
a: .
UJ _i
Q_ <
11 -125
I
t>
— lil
UJ a;
i
c
-130
I
-135
0.5 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 85 90 95 98 99 99.5
NON-DIVEF*SITY
3
i
i
" DUAl^^*"
0.7
0.5
QUADRUPLE
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
001
0.01 I 5 10 20 304050 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.5 99.9 99.95 99.99
and the various parameters such as, the RF- signal spectrum bandwidth,
this report. However, these design curves are basic and of course are
may be used to indicate the power level of the received RF signal. The
generator output and the receiver input. Proper corrections (see Ap-
pendix A) will yield the available RF signal power at the receiver input
terminal.
-114-
P LT
t
= (P
r T
L,
bm L c L.
t
L, )/G
du p
(7.1)
or,
10Log
1()
P =10Log
t 1()
P
r
+ 10Log
10
L
T
+ 10Log
1()
L^
(7.1a)
- 10Log,„
5 G 10
+ 10Log5 lrt (L L L n ), dbw
p 10 c t du'
where,
P = Transmitter output average power, watts.
P = Required available receiver -input median of the
non-diversity signal power level, watts. Median
values of P are used primarily because of the
fact that calculations of the path transmission
loss, L, yield results in terms of median
,
bm kT o"
Pt = (R B. r F L L )/G (7.2)
x
t if T p
or,
Norton, Rice, Elder, 19&1, Appendix III] . For a receiver with no spur-
ious responses,
T + (L x
- 1) T + L (L - 1) T + L LJF r
- 1)
a c c c t t c t , >
? 3
o
The factors in (7. 3) are identical to the factors used in (4. 3) and
* These factors apply only to the case where non- reflecting impedance-
matching conditions prevail in the transmitting and receiving antenna
systems, except at the receiver input terminals.
-116-
The factor R in (7.2) is the predetection signal-to-noise ratio,
RB.,FkT 1
P = . . ° (7.4)
r L L. L n
du
c t
P RB.JkT °
lf
f
mA (T A + T
er
)
ctdumA
L L LJ f (T A + T
er
)
(7.5)
L L. L, (T. + T
C t du A ^-
)
F= ^
T
(7.6)
o
P
r
R B if k R B k
rf
(7.7)
f
m (T A + T er f f
A )
m m
in the design curves in figures 4-2, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, and 4-7.
The required transmitter -output power, P , may be determined in
terms of either:
— ,
-117-
(7.2) and (7. 2a) involve the additional factors, F and R, each as a
P. f P
R = — = (7.8)
N. r k(T A + T ) B..
if A er if
P
a
(7.9)
L L L k(T + T )B. r
c t du A er if
P G
t p
(7.10)
L L L L, k(T A + T er'
L, ) B.
T bm c t du A v
if
-118-
where,
-23
k = Boltzman's constant = 1.3804 x 10
T = Effective receiving-antenna system output
noise-power temperature, in degrees Kelvin;
see Appendix A, pp. 157-161.
P
(7.11)
r L L L,
c t du
T bm c t du
-119-
CONCLUSIONS
combiner performance, after due allowance is made for all other factors
then our methods are justified; since the overall results should be sim-
The design curves shown are basic and may be used to determine
sets of curves showing the system-performance characteristics for
various combinations of the system parameters. These design curves
involve the fundamental parameters of the system and hence may be
ACKNOWLEDGE ME NTS
The material for this report was obtained through the assistance of
between the East Coast Relay Station, Frederick, Md. , and La Plata,
Md. , to carry out system-performance tests; and also the funding of
the project. The cooperation of the Commanding Officers at the ECRS
and the La Plata Station, Major Alfred K. Granschow and Major Howard
L. Hall, and the assistance of the personnel at these Radio Comm.
Stations, is gratefully acknowledged. Other persons who were of
assistance in this program are: Sgt. George H. Farmer, R. F.
Kaltenbach, and Sen. Sgt. R. L. Prather, all of Pepperrell AFB;
Richard V. Locke, Burt E. Nichols, and Dave Karp of Lincoln Labo-
ratories; Joe S. Turner, Wm. Long, L. R. Goodell, and Keith Garlets
of Collins Radio Co.; Don Glen, B. F. Quereau, J. A. Clark, B. D.
REFERENCES
Albersheim, W. J., and Schafter, J. P., Echo distortion in the FM
transmission of frequency-division multiplex, Proc. IRE ~~
40 ,
Bell, R. L. , Induced grid noise and noise factor, Proc. IRE (Sept. 1951).
for FM
systems carrying frequency division multiplex, IRE Con-
vention Record, Part 8, 298 (1958).
LIST OF SYMBOLS
-L 3
k Boltzman's constant = 1.38042 x 10 joules per degree
Kelvin.
M T
I
Ditto, for the product (B
c
(S
oc
/N
oc
) )T
I
.
-128-
3.
ated within the antenna- system units.
P
Message loading ratio, being the ratio of the total
m average power level of the modulating signal to the
average power level of a message signal.
P
R= T7
^— Predetection total signal-to-total noise ratio. For the
Nif case of a varying received signal, R will be in terms of
its median value.
1 J\ IX
—
-131-
z Characteristic output impedance of the duplexer. In
du
general this is the characteristic output impedance of
the network which precedes the receiver.
4-11 Compression on
Effect of Bandwidth FM
System Design Curves 87
receiving-system parameters: F
Gx T x etc., as indicated
, L , , ,
x x
in this figure. The method used to determine the total pre-detection
noise-power level in the receiver consists of properly adding the noise-
power outputs of the receiving-system (linear twoport network )
power delivered* to and absorbed at the input of the unit (including the
noise power originating in the unit) and the resultant available* noise
power at the output of the unit. The use of delivered noise powers at
LU
co
>•
co
CD
2
>
q:
i
<
o
<
Q
o
O
_i
CD
-137-
making it possible to define and to calculate the impedance mismatch
the power gain or the dissipative transmission loss, and the effective
ers Handbook [ Term an, 1943] and the ITT Handbook [pp. 549-616] .
-138-
The power delivered to and absorbed by a load having an input
impedance Z ( = R + j X ), when connected to the output terminals of
E
2 l I
P
del
=
I * I
Ri = ',
^TT X R*i (A -
l)
1
Z + Z I
'
g i
becomes
2
i
E i
P
mat
. =
I
L- I
x Ra (A. 2)
. l
„ c.
K
Z
|
4
g
Z = Z„
*
, and hence R = R.
*
, and X = -X„
i
. The available Fpower is
g g g
defined as the maximum power which may be obtained from a given
source, and is
Z Z
|E |E
P
aV
s ^-
Z
|
x R.
l
= S —
|
(A. 3)
4R 4R
g g
-139-
(b) conjugate -impedance matching is a special case of impedance
P ,
del_
_ 4 | Z |V
g_i 4(R
2
+ X
2
R
gi )
M mat s
P mat
= = g
2
{A4)
|Z +Z.|
|
R |
Z + ZJ
I
R
g g g g
P, ,
4 R R„
M av =—
-
P
del
=
„
g
s
„
*
c
ik c\
(A. 5)
av
i
Z + Z J i
g ^
identical only
~ when the ratio X /R is equal to zero. Hence, these
g g
powers are approximately equal when the ratio X /R is very much
less than 1. In other words, maximum power transfer and non-reflect-
impedances,
^ Z and Z . In turn, Z. and Z may be calculated
in on in on
-140-
from the network input and output image impedances, Z and Z ,
looking into the input terminals of the network with the output term-
inals terminated by the output image impedance; note that the input
ZT
I
= \T~Z
oc
Z
sc
=R I T + iX T
J
I
(A. 6)
v
and output image impedances are equal to each other and also equal to
the characteristic impedance of the line.
in on
of a network in a tandem-network system in terms of network impedances
In a system of tandem networks, the impedance mismatch factors,
M. , at the input terminals of the networks are functions of the various
in
network image impedances, or the equivalent T or tt network imped-
ances, and the generator and the load impedances. Each point or
equal to (F -l)kT B
non
the transducer unit, k is
[ Friis, 1944] ; where F
n
Boltzman's constant, and T
is the noise figure of
is the "standard
o
reference temperature" of the generator impedance used to measure
F and is assumed to be 290 degrees Kelvin [ IRE Comm. on Noise,
n
I960] . If the generator or source-impedance temperature, T , is
-142-
N . + N
_ ei ag . . , .
ao
als.
^ '
M.
ln)
)
n
(N
ao
"
. + N
ag
)
< A ^>
tanh e = -x / ^ (A. 7)
-144-
It can be shown [ Siegman, 196la] that the exact expression for the
(maximum or available) noise power originating in a lossy passive
h f B
N n= exp(hf/kT)-l (A ?b)
-
and is valid for the radio frequencies and ambient temperatures used in
B
n
5L;IiV d£ (A 7e)
-
linear passive lossy bilateral twoport network unit are shown dia-
gramatically in figure A-l. Figure A-l applies to the case of im-
ei er
The objective is to determine the available noise -power output
from the network, N , in figure A-l, in terms of the various system
ao
parameters.
The (fictitious) noise power N ., is contributed by the network and
through the mismatch plane, M. , [ Rothe and Dalke, 1956; Haus and
Adler, 1958; IRE Subcommittee 7.9 on Noise, 19&0; Bell, 1951;
N ei . = (F - l)kT B
on (A. 8)
n
N ag =kT B (A. 9)
g g
-23
where, k = Boltzman's constant = 1.3804 x 10
T = Generator output-impedance (noise-power) temperature
B = Generator effective bandwidth
g
LINEAR. PASSIVE
LOSSY BILATERIAL Mij = M ir
TWOPORT NETWORK y
M in LOAD
OR
•on Zj» RECEIVER
•in (=Z ir )
Tg B Bn. Fn » Ln i
Tn
,
g
%i 'din Mjn ^ogBn /Bg tN ei )'
Ndir
Te B n TeoBnV
MTeo +Ter )B if
M ir
w= k j *
•dn
.
F = NOISE FACTOR
Fig.A-l
-146-
Na = -r^
L
(A. 9a)
° dn
(
(N
ag
B /B ) + N ex ^ .
(N B /B ) + (F - l)kT B ]
ag n g n o n/
(A. 9c)
L
an
p. 86] , see also [Strum, 19^6, 19^8; Grimm, 1959, I960] ; we have
N . = (L - l)kT B
n n
(A. 10)
ei n
where,
T = Thermal temperature of the lossy elements of the
network.
L = Dissipative transmission loss factor, defined above,
n
figure. When the receiver -input impedance is not matched to the out-
ted back through the antenna system where it will be absorbed in the
transmission line and also re-radiated from the antenna, and multiple
reflections will not exist in the receiving system. Consequently, if
terminals.
From the above discussion it is evident that impedance mismatch
conditions, at more than one point in the receiving-antenna system,
From (A. 11), (A.6d), and the fact that the system is always
L
an
=L n (A.12)
-
-148-
(A. 11), and (A. 12), and also referring to figure A-l, we have
B /B N
N ao =
((N
VN ag
"5 v!
"
L
g
5
) +
^
eij
.
)
(A. 14)
n
N ag B /B + (L
n
- l)kT B
n n,*-
A n g
N ao = - s-r:
L,
(A. 15)
n
nition does not contribute any noise; however, this unit receives and
el
made for the effects of this noise power by using the results of equip-
simply additive. Hence, for our purpose the available noise power at
NAA
= kT B
a a
(A.
v 16)'
du
Interfering- signal noise power is also added to the receiving system
from the local transmitter through the duplexer. The level of this
The position
r of the main portion
r of the RF spectrum
^ of P„
it
must
be well outside of the RF spectrum included by B and the receiver
"image-frequency" spectrum. Note that in the above definitions the
available noise power, N au , is distributed uniformly over the effective
bandwidth r B,
of the duplexer, while the available noise power
,
^ N. is
du it
(assumed) to be distributed uniformly over the effective bandwidth of
the receiver, B . or B... The selectivity characteristics of the duplex-
rf if
er and the receiver-input circuits are relied upon to exclude the local-
transmitter power (outside the bandwidth B .) from the receiver IF
rf
circuits.
-151-
the position of the effective bandwidth of the power-measuring device,
(in this case the receiver) relative to the position and the shape of
the power spectrum of P. .
N it\
N
N^
Td
= M. (
/ au
irVv B
-^
+ -ii )B. £
B.,. i if
(A. 18)
if /
n
du
4 R R.
(M. ) = ^-ir 2 ,
(A. 19)
irav
|z, +z.
du
|
lr
output, M. is
du du ir
(M. ) = (A. 20)
ir mat i
„ „ i
?
£-
n
Z, +Z. .
R,
du du
!
ir
-152-
where,
R, = Resistive component of the output impedance of the
du j
duplexer.
i
(A. 15). This procedure will be used in a later section of this Appendix
to calculate the value for N , the total noise power at the duplexer
output terminals, preceding the receiver input terminals.
Receiver Noise
M.
ir
N er = M.
ir
(F
r
- l)kT
o
B. r
if
(A. 21)
where,
M. = Impedance mismatch factor at receiver-input term-
inals, as given by (A. 16)
>
if
= "^- Cg (f)df (A. 22)
r
where,
G = Effective receiver power gain, as a ratio; this
factor is defined as the ratio of the signal power
delivered to the receiver input terminals to the
available output signal power in the receiver pre-
detection or IF circuit at an arbitrarily specified
frequency. This frequency may correspond to
that of maximum gain.
width.
Z.
du
. In practice, the ratios X du /R du
n n
and X. /R.
lr lr
are each very
much less than unity, and hence conjugate -impedance matching and
order to obtain the optimum or minimum value for the receiver noise
delivered noise power, N (see (A. 18)), from the receiving system
which precedes the receiver, and this total noise power level is
N if= <
N Td +M ir N er )G r < A ' 23 >
equal to the sum of the noise power contributed by all of the channels.
The above ideas are now used as a guide in determining the funct-
ional relationship between the pre-detection noise power level, N ,
-155-
N
—-]B
i
it\
N e
if
= G
r
M lA B
+
B
,
lf
+ M.
ir
(F
r
- 1) kT B.,
lf
(A. 24)
du if^ °
Each of the two terms inside the overall brackets on the right-
hand side of (A. 24) represents components of the total noise power
delivered to the receiver-input terminals. The noise power contribu-
ted by the receiver, and delivered to the receiver input [ IRE Subcom-
mittee 7.9 on Noise, i960] is given by , M. (F - l)kT B. r ;
ir r o if
see (A.
1
21 The noise power,
). ^ N' = (N /B + N„ /B.,)B.-, is com- ,
>.
T au' du it' if if
posed of the noise power received by the antenna, N plus the noise ,
width B „ (or B..) at the receiver input terminals. This noise power,
rf if
N' , is available at the output of the network which precedes the
N au N, -1
it
N' = B., (A. 25)
T ^ B B - II
du "
i£
du
The factors within the brackets of (A. 25) may now be determined
N N N B /B (L -l)kT B,
au it L du t n
du du du it
B B
du du du du if D
it
B L
if D
-l)kT B
A B ac'/B a l)kT B
(N A ) + (L B (L -
c c ac t t t t du
L L
c t du ac t du
(L -l)kT B
du du du it
(A. 26)
B
du if D
Since N.
A
= kT a B , see (A. 16), (A. 26) may be written as
a
L L L
du if c t du t du du
it
(A. 27)
if D
where,
L , L , L Transmission (dissipative) loss factors for the
c t du
antenna circuit, transmission line, and the
duplexer network, respectively; as a ratio^ see p. 143
c
-157-
r N au N.
it
,
r
r
T
a
+ (L - 1 ) T + L
c
(L-l)T
x + L L
c
(L,
x
du
-1)T,'
du
P^
it
c c t ' t t
kB
T B if L D ^
c t du
(A. 28)
kB i£ L D
c t du
(A. 30)
total noise power received by the antenna, plus the noise power origi-
nating within the receiving antenna system. The noise power, NL, is
-158-
" available" at the duplexer output terminals. The portion of N' that
The factors * L
du D , L
and L^ in (A. 30) have been defined
, L, ,
c t
J\ c t du
degrees Kelvin, and also if P. is in watts and B. r is in c/s of band-
it if
width.
determined from (A. 30) is seen to depend upon: (1) received noise-
power temperature of the antenna, T , (2) thermal temperatures of
c t du
and (4) other factors such as, the receiver IF bandwidth B , the
It should also be noted that (A. 30) is restricted to the case where
"
300 + (1.12 - 1) 2 90 + 1.12 (1.58 - 1) 2 90
A 1.12 x 1.58
L and L. , have the dual role of effectively reducing the antenna temp-
erature, T , and also contributing to the resultant noise temperature,
cL
W
result will be a degradation of the predetection signal-to-noise ratio,
same
(standard) temperature, T , and if impedance -matching conditions look-
ing toward the antenna, exist throughout the receiving-antenna system;
that is: T
c
=T =T,du =T o
t
(A. 31)
-160-
T - T P
T . = T~^
c
—
t
2—
du
+T + , „
if
T
D
(A. 32)
N. r =
if
Gr M.
ir
[T
A +T er
A ] kB..
if
(A. 34)
ion of (A. 34) shows that the receiver IF noise power level, N , depends
upon both the receiving antenna-system noise power level, kT ^.-,
Pm
S = K, x Gr x-^=- (B. 1)
oc 1 Pm x
where,
S = a particular message-channel average signal power
level, at the radio receiver output, or decoder input.
N = K x G x B (B.2)
oc Z r c
-164-
where, K = constant of proportionality, dependent upon the radio-
system parameters.
B = bandwidth of a particular message-signal channel, at
the receiver output, in c/s. This bandwidth is assur
to be equal to the spectrum of the message signal.
oc m
The "constant" K in (B. 3) is a function of the radio system param-
eters; its functional form and its value depend upon the type of radio
p ml B (S /N ).
cl oc oc 1
(B 4)*
p " B (S /N ).
mZ cZ oc oc Z
or, in general;
p
~ml
mi
.
"
B
B
cl
ci
.
(S
(S
oc
oc
/N
/N
oc
oc
).
T l
1
(B.5)
and,
p . B .(S /N ).
rni ci oc oc l ._ , .
(B 6)
r-
mn
=
B..(S. ,/N )
en oc oc n
-
-165-
From (B. 4) to (B. 6) we obtain:
B AS /N ).
cl oc oc 1
P ml" P mnB en (S oc 7n oc Tn (B.7)
B _(S /N ).
cZ oc oc 2 . .
= P mn {B 8)
m2 B (S /N )
'
en oc oc n
B .(S /N ).
Cl OC OC 1 .„ ..
(B 9)
"mi^mn B cn (S oc / N oc )
n
-
or, in general:
[B (S /N )]
=
c
v
oc' oc
/J
Aa
P P mn (B 10)
mA B
cn
(S
oc
/n
oc ) n
'
mB
= P
[
mn B cn
B
c
(S
x
(S
/N
/n
„
o& oc'>] B J
)
mm
H)
(B -
oc oc n
[ B (S /N )]
/J ^
=
c
v
oc / oc NT (B 12)
._.
P mN P mn B (S /N
'
)
cn oc oc n
P
m = MA p*mA + M^B py mB„
A . + ...+ MN nvT p
^mn (B.13)
v
-166-
where, M = number of simultaneously- active message signals
each of which requires the same value for the product
[B (S /N )]
c oc oc A
M„B = Ditto, for the product
^ [ B
c
(S
oc'
/N
oc ,J
)]
B
.
M„
N
= Ditto, for the product [ B
c
(S
oc
/N
oc
)]
N
.
P mn /S
// oc
m B (S /N ) (
M r f
A [B c( 5T K +m Jb/-^\
B c^N
+ L ...
cn oc oc n oc oc
(B.14)
x oc' x oc
S % .S
m N
x OC' x OC' x oc /
mi B .(S
Cl OC
/N
OC
T
1
(B.15)
power ratio, P. f /N. f , at the IF output, that is, at the input to the lim-
iter of a "conventional" type FM radio receiver, exceeds (approximat-
to-noise ratio, S /N , at the receiver output, and the ratio of the radio-
o o
frequency signal power level, P , to the total noise power at the receiv-
N
o
= —
4 *
3
—- x —d
P..
x r3
fn
k
x — lf
B. r
(C.l)
if if
where,
D n
= demodulator conversion factor,
d
P = total average IF signal power at the receiver limiter
input, in watts.
\
-168-
output noise power is inversely proportional to the IF signal power P.,»
N
oc
= — X
P-
if
X(f
b ' V X
IT if
(C 2 »-
f is [Black, 1953] :
S
oc
= 2 it
2
D^
d
AF 2c (C.3)
AF C2
—
S
N
oc
=
_
- x
2
(f
,
3
- f
B. f
*
3
)
x -^
w
P..
if
(C.4)
b a
\
-169-
AF c = (p
mm /P )'
Vz
AF (C.5)
where,
p = average power level of a particular sinusoidal modu-
lating signal in the baseband; the frequency of the
modulating signal being f c/s.
P = total average modulating- signal power level in the
baseband signal.
AF = peak radio-frequency carrier deviation in c/s for a
single sinusoidal modulating baseband signal, having
an average power level equal to the total average
power level of the total baseband signal, P
m
The message-channel signal-power loading ratio, p m /P » is
(f
Da
- f ), is related to the message -signal bandwidth B
c
, as follows,
f - f = K B (C.6a)
b a M c
where,
K = factor which depends upon the type of multiplex
M system.
B = message- signal channel bandwidth, in c/s.
-170-
For SSBSC frequency-division multiplex, being considered in this
paper, K = 1 therefore,
M
f
K" f = B. (C.6b)
b a c
= f (C.6c)
2 c
3 3 2
f - f = 3 B f (C.6d)
b a c c
where,
f = Center frequency of the message channel in the
baseband signal spectrum, in c/s.
(B ) =f x <^(AF /f ) (C.7)
rf c c c c
-171-
where,
B . - Radio-frequency spectrum bandwidth which includes
3TX
all components or sidebands having amplitudes equal
to or greater than one percent of the unmodulated
carrier amplitude.
m )
B = B (C.9)
rf if
Therefore,
(AF/f (CIO)
B. r = f
if mx <j>
m )
terms we obtain:
S B P 2 P
oc
X
c
X
m =
1
- X
,/AF\ X
/AF
-r—
\
X — if
(C.ll)
.
J—
N oc f
m pm 2
<j)(-
T
Vf
x m /v
J
(
V f
c /J
N
P. r =
if
G r M.lr P r (C.12)
N. r =
if
Gr M.
lr
[T.+T
A er
] kf
m x $(^-\
Ifm 7
(C.13)
therefore,
P., P
if r
(C14)
NT "
if
[T
AA
+ T
er
]~kf
m x <(> (A F/f
m )
where,
G = power gain of the cascaded RF and IF linear sections
of the FM receiver.
N oc
oc
X
B
f
cm/
m
X
P
p rn
= (
\v
, A ^
AF
—
£
c '
x
\
J
2
\ X — t—
r—
2k(T +T)f
A A
P
er m
rrz (C.13)
. <-.
-173-
Note that the left-hand side of (C.15) coincides with that of (C.ll);
er m ,
parameter values. This situation does not apply to the receiver per-
formance in the threshold region; in this region the receiver -output
sisnal-to-noise
5 ratio, S
*^
/N
approaches the same value for all
,
oc oc
frequencies in the modulating baseband signal. Hence f in (C. 15) was
made equal to f , the maximum frequency in the modulating signal,
in order to obtain a design equation which is conservative above the
threshold region. Equation (C. 15) is reproduced as (4.19) in Section
4.6.1.1, withf = f
c m .
-174-
APPENDIX D
Method of Estimating the Performance Characteristics of Radio
Receivers and Message-Signal Decoding Units,
for a Time-Varying Signal.
available at the receiver input. Where N' is the antenna- system noise
power which is available at the receiver input terminals, and lies with-
in the RF signal
5 spectrum
^ bandwidth B A=B.
rf
r ).
if
N er is the noise con-
and the receiver noise on a power basis and the resultant (for the case
of radio systems operating at and above VHF) is assumed to have the
characteristics of "white noise", with a steady average value. In the
ed to the message
6 -channel signal-to-noise
6 ratio, S /N (see Section
oc oc
4), in order to conform to symbols used in Sections D. 1 and D. 2.
-175-
In general, the statistical characteristics of both P and N must
r T
be considered. The characteristics of Pr to be considered are (1) the
cumulative (time) distribution and (2) the fade rate. The character-
istics of N to be considered are (1) the cumulative (time) distribution,
including average and median power levels, and (2) the spectral density
sidered, provided that their distributions are known and also provided
that the performance characteristics of the combiner are known for
these other distributions. The fade rate of P at its median level is
r
assumed to be lower than the lowest binary-bit rate in the modulating
message signal. In other words, it is assumed that there is no apprec-
values of P r'/f m (T
A. + T
er'
) and receiver output
r message
6 -channel
signal-to-noise ratios, S /N
Normalized abscissa and ordinate .
oc oc
scales are used to conform to other work in this report; see Section
mm
P /p
from
. Note that A F/f
this characteristic, for a
m = 1 for this curve and hence curves derived
er
),
m
1.
r
-177-
GRAPHICAL METHOD
FOR DETERMINING FM RECEIVER PERFORMANCE
50
55
RAYLEIGH- FADING NON-DIVERSITY
STEAD f RECI3VE0 i SIGNAL
RECEIVED 9GNAL
50
AF 1
lNoc> ove\ 'm
fei
«5
— 1
40
55
F
111 JO
<->
a
H a
o 25
m HI 20
oV
H
o 14 15
10
Jfe? ?t?
/
/
-5
/
-210 -205 -200 -195 -ISO -1(5
b-180 -225
/-220 -215 -210 -205 -200 -195 -190 -*5 -ISO
(Pr)med
-160
o (P| )medV
g -IM Jkrt
4-- t\ ...
c
to \. !
i
a
Jo -190 §
•^B 2 &r
1 a?
° -200
OT
\
1
a.- X. i
Q
3 -210
O
\a
to 'o
1
-220
001 I N 30 50 TO 90 95 99 995 99.9 99S5 99 99 aa i to so so n so 15 nsu susms mm
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED
Flfl. D-lb Fl»0-lc
-178-
carried out using ordinate -scale values as numerical ratios instead of
decibel units. This value of (S
) /N
together with the value of
,
oc ave.oc
P (med.)from figure D-lb, were plotted as shown in figure D-ld. Add-
r
itional points for the FM receiver performance characteristic curve in
figure D-ld were obtained from similar distributions (curve A-A) in
curve in figure D-ld depends directly upon the accuracy of the measur-
ed receiver-performance curve in figure D-la and the accuracy of the
oc oc'
acteristics and the combiner characteristics.
oc' oc
put. More in detail, we need to know the relationship between the
S /N , and
oc oc
(2) the statistical characteristics of:
(c)
x the message-channel
6 signal-to-noise
& ratio, S /N
'
oc' oc
In this work it is assumed that the performance characteristic of
oc oc
coder-unit performance characteristic for the non-time -varying
oc oc
at the decoder-unit input. In this case, the decoder unit consisted of a
radio receiver input. The method of obtaining this distribution, and its
S
average value, (/ —
oc\ — is shown in Section D. 1.
j
, Note that figure
^
octave.
D-2b is identical to figure D-lc, except that the ordinate scale values
-181-
GRAPHICAL METHOD
FOR DETERMINING MESSAGE- DECODER PERFORMANCt
y- 10 .J
M— # 5
K 3
1
u
c
2
1
— -E~,«
1
1 1 1
o «•'
* 05
°3
Z
a-
1
Oi
S^ION DIVERSITY
°N j 01
V fc! 007
005
-1
e,
\ • ? 0.03 \
y
< -DUAL
S3 *
= r-'_
E-
— «-
ao2
> DIVER
SIT Y
-
•- -
0.007 \
03 £ 0005
i
i 0.2
i
;\ —
o QUADRUPLE A_
!
»
.
Y - \ -o S
0j0O2
01
DIVERSITY
0.07
£ 00007
!
I
0.05
3 00005
0.03
nm -. \
j
~UJ
1
£\ ^
0.02
\1« c/ave I
0.01
—I-
"DI52025J03540455055
0.0001
m
AVERAGE OF THE T1ME-\«RYING S AT THE TELETYPE RECEIVER INPUT, db
0.007 x x
0.005 Fifl. D-Zd
0.003
'
i( Noc
4 6 I 10 12 H 16 II 20
mm mSjve
"
i
" "I
I
1
0.7
—
05
N 3TE (i) B c = 108 C^ _ L^i_
6»)NON DIVERSITY 0.3
R£ YLEIGH-FADING
0.2
RF Q4RRIER SIGNAL
E"j
-ANoc/ave |
0.I
Woe)
1
0j07
0.05
i
ill 4^4
0.03
-j*-
002
0.0I
0.007
3u 0:005
0.003
0.002
TT
i
ta
-20 N l / 1
-182-
the ordinate -scale values in figure D-2b correspond to the abscissa-
The average
B value of the distribution shown in figure
6 D-2c, E ,
ave.
was obtained byy numerical integration
6 of the curve. This value of E
ave.
together
5 with the value of (S
v ) /Nfrom figure
B D-2b, were
. plotted
^
oc'ave
oc'
as shown in figure D-2d. Additional points for the non-diversity curve
in figure D-2d were obtained usingthe above procedures and the non-
S
oc
diversity distribution in figure D-2b, but with different
WASHINGTON, D. C.
BOULDER, COLO.
Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Cryo-
genic Technical Services.
•'•<
n
Si
n
Hh ass
Hm m
Ssnl
V'
1
v ^\' r .v,vv;-;