University of Okara

Department of Commerce
Mid-Terms Exam Semester 4th 2021

Submitted By

Name: Zillay Husnain

Class: BS Banking & Finance

Roll No: F19-BSBF-1019

Semester: 4th

Subject: Organization Behavior

Assignment Topic: Personality & Values

Submission Date: 05-05-2021

Submitted To

Respected Sir Dr. Amjad Ali

 Personality & Values
Personality
• Personality is defined as: the enduring or lasting patterns of behavior and
thought (across time and situation).
• Most often described in terms of measurable traits that a person exhibits,
such as shy, aggressive, submissive, lazy, ambitious, loyal and timid.
Measuring Personality:
• Self-reports Surveys
▪ Most common
▪ Prone to error
• Observer-ratings Surveys
▪ Independent assessment
▪ May be more accurate
Personality Determinants:
• Heredity is the most dominant factor
▪ Twin studies: genetics more influential than parents
• Environmental factors do have some influence
• Aging influences levels of ability
▪ Basic personality is constant
Measuring Personality Traits:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator:
• Most widely used personality-assessment instrument in the world
• Individuals are classified as:
▪ Extroverted or Introverted (E/I)
▪ Sensing or Intuitive (S/N)
 ▪ Thinking or Feeling (T/F)
▪ Judging or Perceiving (J/P)
• Classifications combined into 16 personality types (i.e., INTJ or
ESTJ)
• Unrelated to job performance
The Big-Five Model
■ Extroversion: This dimension captures one’s comfort level with relationships.
Extroverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
■ Agreeableness: This dimension refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to
others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who
score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
■ Conscientiousness: This dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly
conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those
who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and
unreliable.
■ Emotional stability: (often labeled by its converse, neuroticism)—This
dimension taps a person’s ability to withstand stress. People with positive
emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high
negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
■ Openness to experience: This dimension addresses one’s range of interests and
fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and
artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the openness category are
conventional and find comfort in the familiar.
Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB:
• Core self-evaluation
Self like/dislike
• Type A personality
Competitive, urgent, and driven
 • Self-monitoring
Adjusts behavior to meet external, situational factors
• Proactive personality
Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action and perseveres
Values
Represent basic, enduring convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state
of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of
conduct or end-state of existence."
Value Systems
• Represent a prioritizing of individual values by:
▪ Content – importance to the individual
▪ Intensity – relative importance with other values
• The hierarchy tends to be relatively stable
• Values are the foundation for attitudes, motivation, and behavior
• Influence perception and cloud objectivity
Rokeach Value Survey
• Terminal values Refers to desirable end-states of existence. Goals that a
person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.
Examples of Terminal Values
• A comfortable life (a prosperous life)
• An exciting life (stimulating, active life)
• A sense of accomplishment (lasting contribution)
• A world of peace (free of war and conflict)
• A world of beauty (beauty of nature and the arts)
• Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all)
• Family security (taking care of loved ones)
 • Freedom (independence, free choice)
• Happiness (contentedness)
Instrumental values
Refers to preferable modes of behavior, or means of achieving the terminal
values.
Examples of Instrumental Values
• Ambitious (hard working, aspiring)
• Broad-minded (open-minded)
• Capable (competent, efficient)
• Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful)
• Clean (neat, tidy)
• Courageous (standing up for your beliefs)
• Forgiving (willing to pardon others)
• Helpful (working for the welfare of others)
• Honest (sincere, truthful)