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Grammar PAU 1
Verb tenses
 By + a time=no later than
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT I had studied (había estudiado)
I study/He studies He doesn´t study He is studying  For+period of time(how long)
Had + Participio (-ed/3ª columna)
+ he/she/it = -s, -es
Pasado del pasado (1ª acción q ocurrió) for 20 years
- don´t/doesn´t + V Am/is/are + ing
? do/does + S + V
Already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just  During+noun (when)
By the time the police arrived, the thieves had gone
Hábitos, costumbres Ocurriendo en ese mnto/ during the summer
Horarios Temporales
Verdades universales Acciones futuras planeadas
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS  Ando/endo: ing
I had been studying (llevaba estudiando)
Frequency adv: Always,usually,never.. Now, at the moment,today Had + been + ing  Ado/ido:-ed/3ªcolumna
Stative verbs: like,love,need,believe right now,this year,listen! Acción q requiere un proceso y un resultado en el Have/has/had +: -ed/3ªcolumna
hate,belong,want,seem,prefer,think… look! pasado
 Am/is/are/was/were+ -ing
All morning, the whole day, for two hours, since last
PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS year, until, before  Estaré : will be
I studied/I didn´t study I was studying
+ -ed/2º columna  Habré: will have
FUTURE SIMPLE BE GOING TO PRESENT CONTINUOUS
- Didn´t + V Was/were + ing
I will study I am going to study I am studying  NO se pone –ed/2ªcol en
? did+S+V
Acción terminada Acción no terminada
+ will+V Am Am preguntas ni en negativas
- Won´t +V Is + going to + V Is + -ing
Yesterday, …ago, in 1998 Last…, while, as, ? Will+S+V are are en el pasado simple
Last… when, suddenly Last…at 3 o´clock
 Predecir  Futuro de intención  Acción futura planeada,  Recuerda la –s de 3ªpers
 Decision espontánea (voy a + infinitivo) y organizada.
PRESENT PERFECT I have studied  Dar un aviso  Acción futura  Algo q ocurrirá seguro en Present simple afirmat
Have/has + Participio (-ed/3ª columna)  Acción futura no planeada  (Presnte d indicat
Acción indefinida-ocurrió/empezó en el pasado, hace referencia al planeada español “Mañana voy a
presente/continua ahora Alicante-Tomorrow I´m
going to Alicante)
 For:durante-desde hace  So far:hasta ahora
 Since:desde  Never:nunca
 Already:ya/todavía(+)medio  Before:antes FUTURE CONTINUOUS FUTURE PERFECT
 Yet:ya/todavía(-)(?) final  Lately:últimamente I will be studying I will have studied
 Just:acabar de(medio)  Recently:recientemt Will+be+ing Will+have+Partcipio(ed/3ªcolumna)
 Ever:alguna vez(?)medio  How long…? Cuanto tiempo..? (Estaré estudiando) (habré estudiado)
Algo q estará en proceso en un Algo q habrá ocurrido en el futuro
tiempo específico en el futuro
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I have been studying By this time, this time next week.. By this time next month, by 10 o´clock,
Have/has + been+ ing On Thursday, in the next year By the end of.., in three months
Acción q requiere un proceso y un resultado
All morning, for two hours, the whole day, How long..?, since 1998
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C O N D I T I O N A L S Grammar PAU 2

If + present simple , will + infin If I see Ann, I´ll invite her

1ST TYPE Unless(if not) modal If you don´t finish your homework, you can´t go out
( si estudias…) imperative If they see you, run
probable present simple If I am late, my parents worry
2ND TYPE If + Past simple , would + infinitive If I worked harder, I´d get better marks
(si estudiases…) could If I had a lot of money, I could have my own airplane
Improbable might If she worked harder, she might have a better job
3RD TYPE If + past perfect, would have + Participio If I had caught the bus, I would have been in time
(Si hubieses estudiado…) could have
Imposible ( past) might have

 Wish = Desearía- Gustaría • I wish = Ojalá

W I S H / if only a  If Only=Ojalá – Si al menos..

Wish / If only + Situaciones presentes que He wishes her house were bigger
Past Simple quisiéramos cambiar/mejorar If only I lived near the school
Wish / If only + Hechos pasados lamentando lo I wish I had studied hard at school (Ojalá q hubiera estudiado mas ..
Past Perfect ocurrido
Wish / If only + Deseos sobre situaciones If only she would call me more often
Could futuras, indicando q es poco
Would + Infin probable q ocurran

Oraciones temporales

Se forman como las de 1st conditional : Present simple , future simple . Lo que cambian son las conjunciones : as son as , by the time , when ,
the moment (that) , as long as , etc.
I will phone you as soon as I arrive home
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Grammar PAU 3
P A S I V E V O I C E
TEN EN CUENTA QUE…

They gave Diana a camera last week  Al poner en pasiva una frase afirmativa cuenta el número de
palabras que tiene el verbo en activa. En pasiva tiene que
SUJETO + VERBO + OI + OD + CC haber una más.
 Al poner en pasiva una frase interrogativa debes empezar
por el auxiliar.
SUJETO (OI) + BE+PARTICIPIO + OD + CC + (BY+SUJETO) Are they preparing the meal? Is the meal being prepared?
Diana was given a camera last week  Si la pasiva es negativa, “ not” va con el primer auxiliar
They are not making the meal.
SUJETO (OD) + BE+PARTIC. + OI + CC + (BY+SUJ) The meal is not being prepared
A camera was given to Diana last week
Normalmente verás:
TRANSFORMACIÓN ACTIVA-PASIVA  Have/has/had + been + participio
 Can,must,could,may,will…+ be + participio
1.Identificar el objeto de la activa(OD/OI)  Is/are/am/was/were + been + participio
2.Lo ponemos de sujeto de la pasiva  Presente: is/am/are + participio
3.Identificamos el tiempo del verbo.
4.Ponemos “to be” en el mismo tiempo + Past Participle (3ª column /-ed) del verbo
5.Ponemos el sujeto de la activa como agente de la pasiva precedido por “by”

HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE

Cuando alguien hace las cosas x nosotros, ej “cortar el pelo,

It is said that.. / He is said to.. Con verbos como pintar un piso, etc.
believed, thought, expected, said, estimate, known, considered, reported… Have/get + object (my room, my hair, ..)+ Participio (-ed/3ªc)
la pasiva se hace de dos formas:
En cualquier tiempo = I´m having, I´ve had, I´ll have
“Experts expect that the Chinese economy will grow”
 I´m having my house painted (Me están pintando la casa)
1. “The Chinese economy is expected to grow”
2. “It is expected that the Chinese economy will grow”  When are you going to have your hair cut? (¿Cuándo te vas
a cortar el pelo?)
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REPORTED SPEECH Grammar PAU 4

Tense DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH DIRECT INDIRECT Now Then

can Could Today That day

Present simple works Past simple worked
May Might
Present continuous Past continuous Tonight That night
Have to Had to
Am/are/is working Was/were working
Must Had to Yesterday The previous day / the day before
Past simple worked Past perfect had worked
Last week The previous week / the week before
Past continuous Past perfect continuous Los verbos más usados en el
estilo indirecto son: A month ago The previous month / the month before
Was/were working had been working
 + , - : said, told, added, Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after
Present perfect Past perfect explained, begged, promised,
have/ has worked had worked offered, replied, declared, Next week The following week / the week after
stated
Present perfectcontinuous Present perfect continuous Here There
 ? : asked, wondered, wanted
have/has been working had been working
to know, inquired This That
Past perfect simple Past perfect simple  Commands: told, ordered,
had worked had worked asked These Those

Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

h
had been working had been working

Future simple will work Would + infin would work

Orders ... “Stop driving so fast” “Don´t tell anybody”

¿ Yes/no questions Did you speak to Mary yesterday? She asked

?
Reported verb:order,warn,advise…+ Compl.Indirect+ (not)to infinitive
ask + if/whether + S+V She asked if/whether I had spoken to Mary
“My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast”
 ¿ Wh-questions Who are you writing to? She asked “He begged me not to tell anybody”
ask + wh- + S+V She asked who I was writing to

i
Suggestions Sujeto + suggest + …lo sugerido
 …that+ suj+ verbo en infinitivo Let´s watch the news, Tom suggested = Tom suggested that we watch the news
 …Gerundio -ing sin especificar el sujeto Let´s phone the police inmediately = He suggested phoning the police inmediately
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Grammar PAU 5

Pron. Relat + Verbo = NO se puede omitir

Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo= SI
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES


Información esencial para la comprensión de la frase
Los pronombres who, which y that pueden omitirse si no hacen de sujeto
(El sujeto de la frase y el sujeto de la frase de relativo sean diferentes)
x
The man (who) we met at the bus stop told me the truth ( The man who visited us yesterday is a professor = NO se puede omitir)
Suj de la oración d relativo Suj de la oración d relativo
Whose = no se puede sustituir
 Si el relativo lleva preposición, lo mas común es omitirlo y poner la prepos. detrás del verbo. The boy (who/that) I talked to was nervous

NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

 Siempre va entre comas
 La información es extra, no es esencial para entender la frase. PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
 El relativo NO se puede omitir Which & that cosas/animales
 No se usa that Who & that personas
Whose (cuyo) posesión Nunca es sujeto- no se puede omitir

Too easy for me,

teacher
I ADVERBIOS RELATIVOS
When & that un momento en el tiempo
Where lugares (no suele omitirse/ no se sustituye x that)

b
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Grammar PAU 6

USE MODAL EXAMPLE

OBLIGATION  Must They have to wear a uniform Ten en cuenta que…
tengo la obligación de, #  Must y have to tienen un significado similar (obligación,
debo, tengo que  Have to (no modal: has to) I must finish this exercise debo, tengo que); aunque
NECESSITY  Need to (no modal)(+) She needs to speak to you  must solo se usa en presente y * have to en los d+ tiempos

 Needn´t You needn´t come if you don´t want to pero…

NO OBLIGATION =  Mustn´t y don´t have to tienen un significado muy
No hace falta que  Don´t have to(no modal) You don´t have to come if you don´t want to diferente:
PROHIBITION  Mustn´t You mustn´t smoke at school
 Mustn´t indica prohibición (no puedes) y
no puedes
ABILITY  Can (presente) I can play the piano  Don´t have to no obligación (no hace falta que)
Se, puedo, soy capaz  Could (pasado) I could climb mountains  Need to no es modal; se usa en afirmativa igual q have to
 Be able to I will be able to drive a bus y expresa obligación y necesidad
-todos los tiempos
 Needn´t si es modal y expresa no obligación(no hace falta
POSSIBILITY  May (puede que) They may begin acting like criminals
 Might (pudiera ser que) He might come q) igual q don´t have to
(posib + remota) (Cuando un verbo no es modal quiere decir que se conjuga,
 Could (puede que) They could be on the train now es decir lleva –s de 3ª pers., necesita aux do/does para ?,
DEDUCTION/  Must (I´m sure) That must be your mother
-, etc)
CERTAINTY (esa debe ser tu madre)
 Can´t (It´s imposible) That can´t be true  Would , (?) se usa para pedir a alguien q haga algo
(eso no puede ser verdad)
MODALES PERFECTOS
Must have + PP Algo casi seguro q pasó/conclusión lógica Mary didn´t come yesterday. She must have been ill
May/might have + PP Para hacer una suposición sobre algo pasado She may have forgotten our meeting
Could have+ PP Se pudo hacer algo pero no se hizo I could have gone with her, but I decided to stay home
Couldn´t have+ PP Certeza de que algo no ocurrió She really loved him. She couldn´t have broken up with him
Would have+ PP Se quiso haber hecho algo pero no se pudo debido a causas externas I would have passed English in June, but I didn´t study hard
Should have+ PP Nos lamentamos de lo ocurrido y de q no haya pasado lo q queríamos You should(ought to) have told them we aren´t going out today
Shouldn´t have+ PP Critica un hecho pasado indicando q no debería haber ocurrido I shouldn´t have drunk so much, I can´t go home now
Needn´t have+ PP No había necesidad d hacer lo q se hizo I was going to make dinner. You needn´t have made it
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MODALS Grammar PAU 7

Modal Uso Example

Can Habilidad I can drive a bus
Permiso Can I go to the toilet?
Posibilidad She can come to the party
Pedir algo Can you lend me some money
Can´t Imposibilidad I can´t lift this box
Deducción Those can´t be my keys. I´ve got them SHOULD / HAD BETTER (´d better)
Could Habilidad en el pasado I could play the guitar when I was five
Preguntar formalmente Could you tell me the time, please? Should se usa para dar un consejo, una opinión
Especular Whose could these glasses be? Had better es otra forma muy coloquial de expresar lo mismo.
Sugerir We could go to the theatre También expresa advertencia: Será mejor que…, Más vale que
Couldn´t Imposibilidad en el pasado I couldn´t ride a bike when I was five + Suj + ´d better + verbo en forma base = es mejor que+subjuntivo
Be able to Habilidad I will be able to pass this subject You´d better see the doctor (es mejor que veas al médico)
May / Might Posibilidad It might rain tomorrow - Suj + ´d better not + verbo en forma base
May Pedir algo educadamente May I borrow your book, please? You´d better not go out in the rain(es mejor q no salgas con la lluv)
Would Pedir algo formalmente Would you come with me to the wedding?
Ofrecer (con like) Would you like some tea?
Hábitos en pasado(used to) She would tell us stories VERBS + ADJECTIVES
Must Obligación, You must be quiet in the library
Deducción John must be very busy. He didn´t come  Verbs + adverbios de modo (describen la acción)
Have to Obligación I have to study hard if I want to pass He sings badly. They run fast

I need to buy some meat for dinner  Verbos + adjectives = los q se refieren a estados o percepciones
Need to Obligación
smell +good/bad taste+salty seem+tired feel+emotional
Needn´t No obligación You needn´t do all the exercises
look + adjective & look like + noun (parecer)
Don´t have to No obligación We don´t have to attend the conference Look as if + sentence (parece como si….)
Mustn´t Prohibición You mustn´t step on the grass Look + ing (gustar en gral)
Feel like + ing (apetecer)
Should /ought to Consejo , opinión You should tell the truth
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Infinitive & gerund Grammar PAU 8

GERUND INFINITIVE INFINITIVE OR GERUND

 Como sujeto (hechos en gral)

INFINITIVE con to INFINITIVE sin to Verbos q pueden ir con gerundio o
Smoking is harmful infinitivo
 Como sujeto (hechos concretos)  Después de los modales :
 Después de preposiciones  FORGET (olvidar)
To apply for that job would be a can, could, might, etc
He is interested in doing Pilates + ing- olvidar algo ocurrido enel pasado
good idea
 Después de go+sport  Después de los verbos make & let
 Detrás de algunos adjetivos (busy, +to – olvidarse de hacer algo
He went swimming yesterday cuando los sigue un pronombre  REGRET (lamentar)
happy, ready, tired, etc) y
 Después de ciertas expresiones He makes me feel happy
adverbios (fast, high,low,slowly,etc) + ing- arrepentirse d haber hecho
It´s worth (merece la pena) His parents let him participate in
I´m happy to see you algo en el pasado
There is no point in…
 Con “too & enough” the race + to –lamentar lo q se va a decir a
It´s no use in …(no vale la pena) He is too young to drive
 Después d los verb de percepción continuación
 Después de verbos d preferencia  Después de Wh- words
feel, hear, see, taste,etc  REMEMBER
love, like, dislike, hate, enjoy , I don´t know what to do
 Después de would rather(preferir) +ing :recordar algo q se hizo enl pasado
prefer, would mind  Después de verbos como
y had better(será mejor que) + to: acordarse d hacer algo
 Después de verbos como
advise offer  STOP
I would rather wait till tomorrow
avoid forgive agree order +ing: dejar un hábito
You had better start at once
allow prepare + to: dejar d hacer algo para hacer
can’t / keep (‘continue’)
(be allowed to) promise otra cosa
couldn’t help look forward
ask prove  TRY
can’t / to
choose refuse +ing: intentar hacer algo
couldn’t give up
decide seem +to: experimentar
stand (don’t) mind expect swear  MEAN
consider miss fail teach +ing: implicar, suponer
deny pardon happen tell +to: querer
detest resist hesitate want

dislike suggest warn

hope
enjoy understand would like
learn
wish
manage